STATE OF VERMONT
SUPERIOR COURT ENVIRONMENTAL DIVISION
Vermont Unit Docket No. 124-9-13 Vtec
Dorr et al Earth Extraction Appeal DECISION ON MOTION
Decision on Cross-Motions for Partial Summary Judgment
This case involves a sand and gravel extraction operation on two parcels of land in the
Town of Manchester, Vermont (the Town). The extraction operations on both parcels pre-date
the Town’s zoning ordinances and constitute a pre-existing use. On May 7, 2013 the Town
Planning Director and Zoning Administrator (ZA) issued an opinion that Donald Dorr, Dorr Oil
Company, Inc., and MGC, Inc. (Appellants) needed a zoning permit to “commence or continue”
any extraction operations on either parcel. Appellants appealed this opinion to the Town of
Manchester Development Review Board (DRB). In an August 21, 2013 decision, the DRB
affirmed the ZA’s determination that a zoning permit was necessary for extraction operations
on one or both of the parcels. Appellants timely appealed that decision to this Court. In their
motion for partial summary judgment, Appellants ask this court to hold that an expansion in the
area being excavated does not require a permit as a matter of law. The Town has filed a cross-
motion for summary judgment taking the opposite position. Appellants are represented in this
appeal by Nathan H. Stearns, Esq. The Town is represented by Robert E. Woolmington, Esq.
Factual Background
For the sole purpose of putting the pending motions into context the Court recites the
following facts which it understands to be undisputed unless otherwise noted1:
1. On July 22, 1987, Logan Dickie, Jr. and Phyllis Beattie Dickie conveyed approximately 89
acres of land (the Property) located off Barnumville Road in the town of Manchester,
Vermont to Real Estate Equities, Inc. (REEI).
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Many of our facts are taken from the parties’ stipulated facts. Facts relating to real property ownership and prior
permitting efforts are helpful to a general understanding of the land at issue in this matter, however, these facts
are not material to the legal question we consider in this decision.
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2. The Property contains a significant deposit of sand and gravel that extends throughout
the Property.
3. On June 7, 1994, REEI conveyed approximately 47 acres of the northern portion of this
parcel (the Northern Parcel) to Dorr Oil Company. This included an approximately 50
foot wide access road to the Northern Parcel that REEI had acquired after the 1987
conveyance.
4. Also on June 7, 1994, REEI conveyed approximately 42 acres of the southern portion of
the Property (the Southern Parcel) to Donald Dorr in his individual capacity.
5. On May 9, 1995 REEI executed a document entitled “Corrective Warranty Deed” that
purported to convey the Northern Parcel to Donald Dorr in his individual capacity. That
same day, Mr. Dorr executed a warranty deed that purported to convey the Northern
Parcel to MGC, Inc. a corporation controlled by Mr. Dorr. It is unclear whether the
parties purported to have executed these conveyances had any legal interest in the
property at that time.
6. At least three small areas on the Southern Parcel and one small area on the Northern
Parcel were used for sand and gravel extraction operations prior to the adoption of the
Town of Manchester Zoning Ordinance in 1970. The parties dispute the extent, timing,
and continuation of those uses.
7. The parties agree that there has been expansion in the area that has been physically
disturbed in order to extract sand and gravel from the Property. The parties dispute the
extent, location, and timing of this expansion.
8. On November 9, 1972, Albert Rossi obtained Act 250 Land Use Permit #8B0018 to
develop a 19-lot subdivision on a parcel of land abutting what is now the Northern
Parcel.
9. On November 24, 1987, an amendment to Land Use Permit #8B0018 reconfigured the
previously approved subdivision. This permit amendment, #8B0018-1, was issued to
then-owners REEI and Richard Booth.
10. On July 25, 1990, Richard Booth, owner of the Northern Parcel, obtained Vermont State
Subdivision Permit EC-8-0760 authorizing a 19-lot subdivision on the Northern Parcel.
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11. On September 7, 1990, Richard Booth obtained Act 250 approval for a 19-lot subdivision
on the Northern Parcel under Permit #8B0018-2. The Permit was amended on
September 25, 1992 as Permit #8B0018-3 and again on October 11, 1994 by the current
owner of the Northern Parcel, Donald Dorr, as Permit #8B0018-4.
12. In addition to the Act 250 Permit for a subdivision on the Northern Parcel, Town
Subdivision Permits were also issued. In a decision dated May 14, 1990, the Town of
Manchester Zoning Board of Adjustment (ZBA) approved a 19-lot subdivision on the
Northern Parcel. Based on this ZBA approval, Town Permit # 89-04-15 was issued to the
then-owner Richard Booth, on May 22, 1990. The ZBA decision prohibited the
extraction of gravel except as part of the construction of the infrastructure and
residential uses contemplated in the subdivision permit. Gravel extraction for sale was
expressly prohibited.
13. On October 14, 1992, the Town of Manchester Zoning Board of Adjustment (ZBA)
approved amendments to the 1990 Town Permit related to the access road and fire
pond in lieu of water storage tanks as originally approved. A Permit was issued based
on this decision on November 17, 1992.
Discussion
In their cross-motions for summary judgment, the parties primarily dispute what
constitutes an “expansion” of the preexisting sand and gravel extraction operation such that a
municipal permit is required. While there are significant facts that are either in dispute or have
not been fully presented to the Court, the parties agree on two things: first, that the gravel
extraction operation existed prior to the current zoning ordinance, and second, that the area
where extraction operations occur has expanded since the adoption of the zoning ordinance.
Based on these facts alone, the question of whether a permit is required under the current
ordinance is appropriate for summary judgment and ripe for this Court’s review.
We will grant summary judgment to a moving party upon a showing that “there is no
genuine dispute as to any material fact and the movant is entitled to judgment as a matter of
law.” V.R.C.P. 56(a); V.R.E.C.P. 5(a)(2). When considering cross-motions for summary
judgment, the Court looks at each motion individually and gives the opposing party the benefit
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of all reasonable doubts and inferences. See City of Burlington v. Fairpoint Commc'ns, Inc.,
2009 VT 59, ¶ 5, 186 Vt. 332. We must “accept as true the [factual] allegations made in
opposition to the motion for summary judgment” so long as they are supported by materials in
the record. Robertson v. Mylan Labs., Inc., 2004 VT 15, ¶ 15, 176 Vt. 356 (internal citations
omitted); V.R.C.P. 56(c) (laying out summary judgment procedures). Both the party claiming
that a material fact is undisputed and the party seeking to establish a dispute of material fact
must support their assertions with citations to materials in the record. V.R.C.P. 56(c).
The Town of Manchester Zoning Ordinance (the Ordinance) has a section dedicated to
“Earth Products Removal.” Ordinance § 8.3. This section allows for the removal of “[t]opsoil,
rock, sand, gravel, or similar materials” in any district, provided a special permit is issued by the
Development Review Board. Id. at § 8.3.1. In addition to satisfying all criteria for conditional
use approval, “including considerations of noise and vibration,” this special permit also requires
consideration of grading plans, drainage plans, and reclamation of the site after conclusion of
the operation, as well as special consideration for removal of earth resources from streambeds.
Id. The Ordinance further provides that “[e]xisting sand and gravel, or other extractive
operations, must conform with the bylaw from its effective date with respect to any
enlargement of the area on which such operations are conducted.” Id. at § 8.3.2. The primary
question now before the Court is whether § 8.3.2 requires Appellants to obtain a permit under
§ 8.3.1 in order to continue sand and gravel extraction on the Property.
The familiar rules of statutory construction apply to the interpretation of a zoning
ordinance. In re Appeal of Trahan, 2008 VT 90, ¶ 19, 184 Vt. 262. We will “construe words
according to their plain and ordinary meaning, giving effect to the whole and every part of the
ordinance.” Id. Where the plain meaning of the ordinance is clear it must be enforced and no
further interpretation is necessary. Vermont Alliance of Nonprofit Orgs. v. City of
Burlington, 2004 VT 57, ¶ 6, 177 Vt. 47 (citing Hill v. Conway, 143 Vt. 91, 93 (1983)). In
construing statutory or ordinance language, our “paramount goal” is to implement the intent of
its drafters. Colwell v. Allstate Ins. Co., 2003 VT 5, ¶ 7, 175 Vt. 61. We will therefore “adopt a
construction that implements the ordinance's legislative purpose and, in any event, will apply
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common sense.” In re Laberge Moto-Cross Track, 2011 VT 1, ¶ 8, 189 Vt. 578 (quotations
omitted).
The Town argues that based on the plain language of section 8.3.2, any enlargement of
the area actually being excavated requires a permit because the area being excavated is the
area where operations are being conducted at any given time. While this is one possible
interpretation, we find that the phrase “enlargement of the area on which such operations are
conducted” is open to multiple reasonable interpretations.
Appellants argue that under the “diminishing assets” doctrine, the majority rule in the
United States, the entire parcel containing the resource is the area of the operation. As one
court has described the diminishing assets doctrine:
In a quarrying business the land itself is a material or resource. It constitutes a
diminishing asset and is consumed in the very process of use. Under such facts
the ordinary concept of use . . . must yield to the realities of the business in
question and the nature of its operations. We think that in cases of a
diminishing asset the enterprise is “using” all that land which contains the
particular asset and which constitutes an integral part of the operation,
notwithstanding the fact that a particular portion may not yet be under actual
excavation. It is in the very nature of such business that reserve areas be
maintained which are left vacant or devoted to incidental uses until they are
needed. Obviously it cannot operate over an entire tract at once.
Du Page County v. Elmhurst-Chicago Stone Co., 165 N.E.2d 310, 313 (Ill. 1960). Appellants
argue that if the Court adopts the diminishing assets doctrine, a mere expansion in the area
being excavated since the adoption of the zoning ordinance cannot be grounds to require a
permit under the Ordinance as a matter of law.
To date, neither this Court, nor the Vermont Supreme Court, has expressly adopted the
diminishing assets doctrine with respect to local zoning regulations. Prior Act 250 decisions are,
however, illustrative of the issue before the Court. In considering whether preexisting gravel
extraction operations require a State Land Use (Act 250) Permit, the former Environmental
Board has adopted a similar rule based on similar reasoning:
The Board has previously ruled that contiguous expansion of the excavation area
within the pre-existing tract is not a change, provided that the excavation
operation is expanded and operated in essentially the same manner as it was
before [the adoption of Act 250]. It is in the nature of gravel pits to continue to
expand the extraction area while following a gravel vein.
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E.g. Re: Dale E. Percy, Inc., Declaratory Ruling No. 251, Findings of Fact, Conclusions of Law, and
Order at 5 (Vt. Envtl. Bd. Mar. 26, 1992) (citations omitted).2 We find no reason why this same
logic and reasoning should not apply within the municipal land use context. Thus, we conclude
that the area being used by an earth extraction operation includes not only the area of land
presently disturbed but the entire parcel containing the resources on which extraction activities
are taking place as well. An enlargement of the area of disturbed land, without any other
changes, does not therefore require a permit under Ordinance § 8.2.3.
This, however, does not mean there are no limitations on a preexisting sand and gravel
extraction operation or that such an operation may never need a permit.3 Ordinance section
8.3.2 states only that an existing sand and gravel extraction operation needs a permit for any
enlargement of the area of operation. While we conclude that the diminishing assets doctrine
informs the definition of “area on which such operations are conducted” under § 8.3.2, neither
this conclusion nor the plain language of § 8.3.2 eliminates the requirement that preexisting
non-conforming uses obtain authorization before increasing extraction rates, truck traffic, or
the type or amount of equipment in use. The Ordinance provides that “[n]o nonconforming use
shall be extended or expanded, except with the approval of the Development Review Board
. . . .” Ordinance § 8.1.1(3). Additionally, “[a] nonconforming use, which has been discontinued
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The Vermont Supreme Court has held that the diminishing assets doctrine does not obviate the requirement that
a preexisting development receive an Act 250 permit if it undergoes a substantial change. In re L.W. Haynes, Inc.,
150 Vt. 572, 574 (1988). It is within the context of these Act 250 cases that the Environmental Board had applied
reasoning substantially similar to the diminishing assets doctrine and the Board’s reasoning was not disturbed by
the Vermont Supreme Court on appeal. Re: Robert and Barbara Barlow, Declaratory Ruling No. 234, Findings of
Fact, Conclusions of Law, and Order, at 8–9 (Vt. Envtl. Bd. Sept. 20, 1991) (applying rule similar to diminishing
assets doctrine), aff'd, In re Barlow, 160 Vt. 513 (1993).
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The Supreme Court of New Hampshire has adopted the diminishing assets doctrine, but requires the person who
excavates earth resources to first “prove that excavation activities were actively being pursued when the law
became effective; second, he must prove that the area that he desires to excavate was clearly intended to be
excavated, as measured by objective manifestations and not by subjective intent; and third, he must prove that
the continued operations do not, and/or will not, have a substantially different and adverse impact on the
neighborhood.” Town of Wolfeboro (Planning Bd.) v. Smith, 556 A.2d 755, 759 (N.H. 1989); see Town of Levant v.
Seymour, 855 A.2d 1159, 1166 (Me. 2004) (noting that to avail himself of the diminishing assets doctrine “[t]he
excavator must show by objective evidence that the land where the excavator wants to extend excavation was
clearly intended to be excavated before the ordinance became effective”). “Further, where more than one lot is
owned by the excavator prior to the ordinance, expansion is not allowed to a lot that had not previously been part
of the excavation operation.” Seymour, 855 A.2d at 1166 (citing Hansen Bros. Enters., Inc. v. Bd. Of Supervisors of
Nev. County, 907 P.2d 1324, 1340 (Cal. 1996)). While we recognize these limitations adopted by other
jurisdictions, the question of whether such limitations may apply to a case before the Court is not before us and
we do not decide that question here.
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for a continuous period of 19 months, shall not be resumed thereafter.” Id. at § 8.1.1(4).
Nothing in § 8.3.2 exempts preexisting nonconforming sand and gravel extraction operations
from these ordinance provisions. Case law also supports our finding that an increase in
extraction rates, truck traffic, or the type or amount of equipment in use requires a permit.
“One of the primary goals of zoning is to gradually eliminate nonconforming uses because ‘they
are inconsistent with the purpose of developing use-consistent areas in communities.’ As such,
we strictly construe zoning ordinances allowing nonconforming uses.” In re Casella Waste
Management, Inc., 2003 VT 49, ¶ 9, 175 Vt. 335 (quoting In re Gregoire, 170 Vt. 556, 559 (1999)
(mem.)) (internal citations omitted). Within the Act 250 context, increased extraction rates at a
preexisting gravel extraction operation and corresponding increases in the number and size of
trucks entering and exiting the operation, which may result in a significant impact under the ten
Act 250 Criteria, constitute a “substantial change” to the preexisting operation which requires
an Act 250 Permit or amendment. In re Barlow, 160 Vt. 513, 522–23 (1993). We see no reason
why significant changes in extraction rates, truck traffic, the type or amount of equipment
being used, and similar factors would not constitute an expansion of a preexisting
nonconforming sand and gravel extraction operation as well. At this stage of this matter,
however, we do not have sufficient undisputed facts regarding the historical sand and gravel
extraction operation or Appellants’ current use of the property to determine whether
Appellants’ use constitutes an enlargement of the preexisting operation.
Finally, we note that it is undisputed that the Northern Parcel was subject to both State
and Municipal permits that prohibited sand and gravel extraction operations. The facts before
the Court are not sufficiently clear as to whether these permits were abandoned or expired,
and if so, when such expiration or abandonment occurred, or whether sand and gravel
extraction continued on the Northern Parcel while it was subject to the permit conditions. The
Court is therefore unable to determine whether extraction can take place without a permit or
permit amendment on the Northern Property.
In its cross-motion for summary judgment the Town also asks this Court to find as a
matter of law that the storage of construction materials on the parcel constitutes a change in
use requiring a permit. The scope of the appeal is limited, however, to issues raised in the
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Statement of Questions. V.R.E.C.P. 5(f); In re Garen, 174 Vt. 151, 156 (2002). Here, the
Statement of Questions makes no reference to the storage of construction materials, nor could
it as the DRB decision appealed to this Court relates only to the expansion of the gravel
extraction operation. We therefore conclude that any questions related to storage of
construction materials on the Property are not properly before the Court.
Conclusion
Pursuant to the diminishing assets doctrine as it relates to earth resource extraction
operations, a lawfully preexisting sand and gravel extraction operation may continue to expand
along a vein of sand or gravel within the greater parcel without the expansion alone
constituting an enlargement of the area on which such operations are conducted under the
Town of Manchester Zoning Ordinance. Other significant changes to a lawfully preexisting use
may, however, require that the operation come into compliance with the current zoning
regulations. Because there are insufficient undisputed facts about Appellants’ current
operation, the relation of that operation to the pre-zoning operation, and the effect of permits
received and changes in ownership of the Property, we cannot determine whether Appellants’
operation requires a zoning permit under the Town of Manchester Zoning Ordinance.
For the above stated reasons, we therefore DENY both Appellants’ Motion for Summary
Judgment and the Town’s Cross-Motion for Summary Judgment.
Electronically signed on October 10, 2014 at 10:38 AM pursuant to V.R.E.F. 7(d).
_________________________________________
Thomas G. Walsh, Judge
Superior Court, Environmental Division
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