STATE OF VERMONT
ENVIRONMENTAL COURT
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Bergmann Act 250 Subdivision } Docket No. 158-8-05 Vtec
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Decision and Order on Petitioners’ Motion to Disqualify
When this case was first before the Court, then-Appellant-Applicants Charles and
Hermine Bergmann had appealed from a decision of the District Environmental
Commission #2 (District Commission) denying an Act 250 land use permit amendment
(#2W0611-2) for a subdivision they proposed in the Town of Newfane. This case was
assigned Docket No. 158-8-05 and may also be referred to in this decision as “the 2005
case.”
The Bergmanns have been represented throughout these proceedings by Stephen
R. Phillips, Esq., with the firm of Kristensen, Cummings, Phillips & Carroll, P.C. The
Natural Resources Board had entered an appearance as an interested person and was
represented by Melanie Kehne, Esq. No other party appeared, despite inquiry by the Court
regarding whether notice had been sent to the parties who had appeared when the matter
was before the District Commission, and the Court’s determination that notice of the filing
of the appeal had been sent to the Lilienthals and their then-attorney, Elana S. Baron, Esq.
The Court proceeded to consider the Bergmanns’ appeal on its merits,1 on the basis
1
As discussed in the Court’s April 2006 decision in the above-captioned matter, and
more recently in In re: Free Heel, Inc., d/b/a Base Camp Outfitters, Docket No. 217-9-06
Vtec (Vt. Envtl. Ct., March 21, 2007), even though no other party appears in or objects to
an application, because the appeal is de novo, it is not before the Court in the nature of a
default judgment. Rather, the Court must independently examine the material facts, and
may only grant the motion if Appellants are entitled to judgment under the applicable
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of the materials filed with their motion for summary judgment. The Court issued a written
Decision and Order on April 11, 2006, approving the proposed subdivision, and
remanding the matter to the District Commission for it to perform the ministerial task of
issuing Act 250 Land Use Permit amendment #2W0611-2 in accordance with the Court’s
Decision and Order. The District Commission issued Act 250 Land Use Permit amendment
#2W0611-2 on June 7, 2006. If that issuance had been an appealable action by the District
Commission, the last day for filing such an appeal would have been July 7, 2006.
On July 10, 2006, the Lilienthals filed a purported notice of appeal of the District
Commission’s issuance of Land Use Permit amendment #2W0611-2; on July 11, 2006, the
South Newfane Baptist Church filed to join in the Lilienthals’ appeal. This case was
assigned Docket No. 1582-7-06 and may also be referred to in this decision as “the 2006
case.” Both the Lilienthals and the Church were represented at that time by Elana S. Baron,
Esq., who also filed a motion in the 2006 case to stay “the issuance of” Land Use Permit
amendment #2W0611-2. In response to the Bergmanns’ motion to dismiss the 2006 case,
Attorney Baron filed a motion for “interlocutory appeal” and a further “motion to stay all
pending motions and proceedings.” The Court denied the motion for interlocutory appeal
in an entry order dated August 8, 2006, stating that no decision had been issued in the 2006
case from which an appeal (interlocutory or otherwise) could be taken, and stating that if
Appellants wished “to move to reopen the 2005 appeal,” they were “free to do so.” In a
substantive law, as the Court is obligated to apply the substantive standards that were
applicable before the tribunal appealed from. 10 V.S.A. §8504(h); V.R.E.C.P. 5(g); and see
In re: Outdoors in Motion, Inc., Act 250 Amendment, Docket No. 208-9-06 Vtec (Vt. Envtl.
Ct., Dec. 26, 2006) (Durkin, J.) (unpublished entry order).
2
The coincidence that the cases received the same sequential number in each of two
successive years was pointed out to the parties by the Court and they were asked to be
careful to distinguish between the two cases.
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second entry order in the 2006 case, the Court denied the motion to stay, with leave to
renew it if the 2005 case were reopened.
After briefing of the Bergmanns’ motion to dismiss the 2006 case, on August 21,
2006, the Court granted the motion to dismiss, noting that the issuance of the permit had
merely been a ministerial act by the District Commission based on the Court’s decision in
the 2005 case, and denied the motion to stay, reiterating that the purported appellants had
not moved to reopen the 2005 case.
On August 23, 2006, four months after the Court’s decision was issued in the 2005
case and two-and-a-half months after the District Commission had issued the Act 250
Permit amendment, Attorney Baron moved in the 2005 case (the above-captioned case) on
behalf of the Lilienthals and the Church for relief from judgment under V.R.C.P. 60(b)and
to stay the Act 250 Permit Amendment.
The status of the matter as of the time of this filing was that the permit was in effect,
as a stay is not automatic. 10 V.S.A. §8504(f); V.R.E.C.P. 5(e).
On September 6, 2006, Theodore C. Kramer, Esq., of Kramer Law Offices, moved to
withdraw, stating that Elana S. Baron, Esq., had left the firm of Kramer Law Offices and
would be working with the law firm of Kristensen, Cummings, Phillips & Carroll, P.C., as
of September 11, 2006. On September 26, 2006, Attorney Robert M. Fisher entered his
appearance on behalf of the Lilienthals, and on October 2, 2006, Theodore C. Kramer, Esq.,
for Kramer Law Offices, filed with the Court a letter clarifying that the firm’s withdrawal
had intended to include representation of the Church as well as the Lilienthals. The South
Newfane Baptist Church never entered an appearance in the above-captioned 2005 case nor
sought to participate in the renewed Motion for Relief from Judgment filed on behalf of the
Lillienthals on October 2, 2006.
The Lilienthals’ based their motion on the ground that although they had personally
received a copy of the 2005 notice of appeal filed by the Bergmanns, their attorney at the
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time, Elana S. Baron, Esq., then with the firm of Kramer Law Offices, P.C., either did not
in fact receive a copy of the notice of appeal, even though her name and address appear
correctly on the Bergmanns’ certificate of service, or, if she received it, that her failure to
enter an appearance or file a cross-appeal on behalf of the Lilienthals represents mistake,
inadvertence or excusable neglect to justify relief from judgment.
On October 2, 2006, the Lilienthals also moved to disqualify Attorney Phillips and
the law firm of Kristensen, Cummings, Phillips & Carroll, P.C., from representing the
Bergmanns. They argue, pursuant to Vermont Rules of Professional Conduct (V.R.P.C.)
1.9 and 1.10, that, as their former attorney, Elana S. Baron, Esq., had become employed with
the law firm representing the Bergmanns, not only is she disqualified pursuant to V.R.P.C.
1.9, but that the firm of Kristensen, Cummings, Philips & Carroll, P.C. is disqualified
through ‘imputed disqualification’ pursuant to V.R.P.C. 1.10.
In general, motions to disqualify counsel “should be resolved with extreme caution
because they may be used as a litigation tactic,” Nelson v. Green Builders, Inc., 823 F.Supp.
1439, 1444 (E.D. Wis. 1993). The Vermont Supreme Court emphasized the reasons for
disfavoring such motions in Cody v. Cody, 2005 VT 116:
In reaching a decision on a disqualification motion, a court must be
“solicitous of a client's right freely to choose his counsel” and “mindful of the
fact that a client whose attorney is disqualified may suffer the loss of time
and money in finding new counsel, and lose the benefit of counsel's
familiarity with the case.”
Id. at ¶16 (citing Stowell v. Bennett, 169 Vt. 630, 632 (1999) (mem.)). Despite these cautions,
in the circumstances of the present case the facts warrant disqualification, at least as to
Kristensen, Cummings, Phillips & Carroll, P.C.’s representation of the Bergmanns in the
proceedings relating to the Lilienthals’ motion for relief from judgment, especially as
Attorney Baron or her former colleagues from Kramer Law Offices may be witnesses as to
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the mail intake and filing practices of the firm with respect to the copy of the notice of
appeal at issue in the Lilienthals’ argument.
There is no doubt that Attorney Baron herself is disqualified from personally
representing the Bergmanns in this matter, because it involves the same property,
development, facts, and parties that were involved in her earlier representation of the
Lilienthals. See V.R.P.C. 1.9,3 and see Stowell v. Bennett, 169 Vt. 630, 631 (1999) (mem.)
(attorney disqualified if accepted employment adverse to the interests of the former client
in the same or a substantially related matter).
Further, the firm of Kristensen, Cummings, Phillips & Carroll, P.C., as Attorney
Baron’s new firm, must be disqualified by the plain terms of V.R.P.C. 1.10, which states at
subsection (a) that “[w]hile lawyers are associated in a firm, none of them shall knowingly
represent a client when any one of them practicing alone would be prohibited from doing
so” by, inter alia, V.R.P.C. 1.9. However, this language in V.R.P.C. 1.10(a) appears to be
contradicted by the comment to V.R.P.C. 1.9, under the heading “Adverse Positions,”which
states as follows:
The second aspect of loyalty4 to a client is the lawyer’s obligation to decline
subsequent representations involving positions adverse to a former client
arising in substantially related matters. This obligation requires abstention
from adverse representation by the individual lawyer involved, but does not
properly entail abstention of other lawyers through imputed disqualification.
Hence, this aspect of the problem is governed by Rule 1.9(a). Thus, if a
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V.R.P.C. 1.9(a) states: “A lawyer who has formerly represented a client in a matter
shall not thereafter represent another person in the same or a substantially related matter
in which that person’s interests are materially adverse to the interests of the former client
unless the former client consents after consultation.”
4
Although the comment does not clearly identify the ‘first aspect’ of loyalty,
presumably it is the preservation of confidential information discussed earlier in the
comment.
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lawyer left one firm for another, the new affiliation would not preclude the
firms involved from continuing to represent clients with adverse interests in
the same or related matters, so long the conditions of paragraphs (b) and (c)
concerning confidentiality have been met.”
Of course, where the plain terms of the Rule conflict with the comments to a rule,
the plain terms must control, as it is not necessary to resort to the comments for aid in
interpretation. The apparent contradiction is, however, curious, especially since the
hypothetical fact pattern so closely matches the facts of the present case. Nevertheless,
V.R.P.C. 1.10 is clear that, if any lawyer in a firm is disqualified by Rule 1.9, all the lawyers
in the firm are disqualified.5 The Lilienthals’ motion to disqualify must therefore be
granted.
Accordingly, based on the foregoing, it is hereby ORDERED and ADJUDGED that
the Lilienthals’ motion to disqualify the firm of Kristensen, Cummings, Phillips & Carroll,
P.C. from representing the Bergmanns with respect to proceedings on the Lilienthals’
motion for relief from judgment is hereby GRANTED. The Court declines to rule at this
time whether the firm of Kristensen, Cummings, Phillips & Carroll, P.C. may represent the
Bergmanns on the merits if the case were to be reopened, as the disqualification appears
to relate only to confidential information about the timing of and circumstances under
which the Lilienthals and Attorney Baron were informed of the fact that this appeal had
5
It may be that the prompt implementation and continuous maintenance of a
“Chinese wall,” “ethical screen,” or other conflict-avoidance mechanism intended to
insulate the tainted attorney would have allowed the other lawyers in Kristensen,
Cummings, Phillips & Carroll, P.C. to avoid imputed disqualification and to continue to
represent the Bergmanns, but such a conflict-avoidance mechanism would have to have
been in place when Attorney Baron joined the firm. See Restatement (Third) of the Law
Governing Lawyers §124 comment (d) (“The required screening measures must be imposed
in the subsequent representation at the time the conflict is discovered or reasonably should
have been discovered, and they must be of sufficient scope, continuity, and duration to
assure that there will be no substantial risk to confidential client information.”)
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been filed.
The status of the matter as of the present time remains that the permit is in effect.
Briefing on the other pending motions was in abeyance until this disqualification issue was
resolved. On or before April 21, 2007 the Bergmanns shall enter their appearance on their
own behalf or shall file the entry of appearance of an attorney on their behalf. A telephone
conference has been scheduled for April 24, 2007 to schedule the hearing on the motion to
reopen if one is necessary. If an appearance is entered substantially earlier, that conference
may be advanced on the court’s calendar at the request of the parties; please discuss an
agreed time before calling the Court. On or before April 24, 2007, we request Attorney
Kehne to advise the Court whether the Natural Resources Board will remain as a party at
this stage of the proceedings, whether it wishes to withdraw as a party, or whether it
wishes to remain on the service list to receive informational notices only.
Done at Berlin, Vermont, this 23rd day of March, 2007.
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Merideth Wright
Environmental Judge
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