J-A32017-17
NON-PRECEDENTIAL DECISION - SEE SUPERIOR COURT I.O.P. 65.37
COMMONWEALTH OF PENNSYLVANIA : IN THE SUPERIOR COURT OF
: PENNSYLVANIA
:
v. :
:
:
WILLIAM JAMES COST, :
:
Appellant : No. 723 MDA 2017
Appeal from the Judgment of Sentence April 25, 2017
In the Court of Common Pleas of Lackawanna County
Criminal Division at No(s): CP-35-SA-0000152-2016,
CP-35-SA-0000153-2016
BEFORE: OTT, J., DUBOW, J., and STRASSBURGER, J.*
MEMORANDUM BY DUBOW, J.: FILED APRIL 24, 2018
Appellant, William James Cost, appeals from the Judgment of Sentence
entered by the Lackawanna County Court of Common Pleas following his
convictions after a bench trial of two counts of summary Harassment.1 After
careful review, we affirm.
Briefly, Appellant lives across the street from the Giedieviells family in
Dickson City in Lackawanna County. On February 28, 2016, Officer
Christopher Tully of the Dickson City Police Department responded to the
Giedieviells’s home after Appellant had almost hit Shannon Giedieviells with
his car. Officer Tully issued Appellant a warning and told the Giedieviells
family to document any further incidents involving Appellant in a log.
____________________________________________
1 18 Pa.C.S. § 2709(a)(3).
____________________________________
* Retired Senior Judge assigned to the Superior Court.
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Over the next few months, the Giedieviells family recorded “numerous
incidents involving [Appellant], including using his key fob to cause his car
horn to beep, sometimes up to 20 times, whenever they exited their home.”
Trial Court Opinion, 6/20/17, at 1-2. On May 4, 2016, Officer Tully cited
Appellant for Harassment. Appellant continued to engage in this behavior,
and on July 5, 2016, Officer Tully again cited Appellant for Harrassment.2
On September 12, 2016, a district magistrate found Appellant guilty in
both cases, and Appellant filed an appeal to the Court of Common Pleas of
Lackawanna County. After a trial de novo, the Honorable Vito P. Geroulo
found Appellant guilty of the two summary offenses of Harassment on April
25, 2017. That same day, the trial court sentenced Appellant to 10 to 90
days’ incarceration in each case to be served consecutively.3
On April 26, 2017, Appellant filed Notices of Appeal in both cases.
Both Appellant and the trial court complied with Pa.R.A.P. 1925.
Appellant presents seven issues on appeal:
I. Whether horn honking is a protected activity under the 14th
and 1st Amendment[s]?
II. Whether pursuant to 18 [Pa.C.S.] § 2709(e) [Appellant] could
not be prosecuted for engaging in protected activities?
____________________________________________
2 Officer Tully noted “36 separate acts” in the second citation.
3 On April 28, 2017, the trial court entered a formal Order denying
Appellant’s summary appeal and sentencing Appellant. The trial court
stayed Appellant’s sentences until resolution of the instant appeal.
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III. Whether there was insufficient evidence to find [Appellant]
guilty of the summary offense of harassment?
IV. Whether the trial court erred by failing to allow [Appellant]
the right of allocution?
V. Whether the trial court erred by not considering [Appellant’s]
character, age, and personal characteristics when he sentenced
[Appellant] to incarceration?
VI. Whether the trial court erred in sentencing [Appellant] to
incarceration since imprisonment was not necessary?
VII. Whether [Appellant] should have been given a jury trial?
Appellant’s Brief at 5.4
First Amendment
In his first two issues, Appellant avers that, because he “engaged in
protected activity of horn honking[,]” 18 Pa.C.S. § 2709(e)5 precluded his
prosecution. Appellant’s Brief at 7-11. Appellant claims that he engaged in
constitutionally protected activity by honking his horn to lock and unlock his
____________________________________________
4 As a prefatory matter, Appellant’s argument section, which includes 11
distinct issues, does not correspond with the seven issues presented in his
Statement of Questions Involved as required by Pa.R.A.P. 2119(a). See,
e.g., Graziani v. Randolph, 856 A.2d 1212, 1216 (Pa. Super. 2004)
(where appellant’s argument section contained “nine discrete sections that
corresponded in no clear way to the three questions presented,” the Court
addressed only those aspects of the argument that clearly pertained to each
question as stated). We need not, and will not, consider any issue that is
not contained in Appellant’s “Statement of Questions Involved” or that is not
fairly suggested thereby. See Pa.R.A.P. 2116(a) (stating, inter alia, “No
question will be considered unless it is stated in the statement of questions
involved or is fairly suggested thereby”); Graziani, supra at 1216.
5 18 Pa.C.S. § 2709(e), one subsection of the criminal Harassment statute,
provides: “This section shall not apply to constitutionally protected activity.”
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vehicle and protect his property. Id. at 8. Appellant argues that “a citizen
has the constitutional right to honk his horn to lock/unlock his vehicle.” Id.6
In determining whether certain speech is protected by the First
Amendment, which is a question of law, our standard of review is de novo
and our scope of review is plenary. Commonwealth v. Davidson, 938
A.2d 198, 203 (Pa. 2007).
The First Amendment generally prohibits government interference with
an individual’s freedom of speech. Our Supreme Court has explained that
“the protections of the First Amendment do not end at the spoken and
written word.” Commonwealth v. Bricker, 666 A.2d 257, 260-61 (Pa.
1995) (quoting Texas v. Johnson, 491 U.S. 397, 404 (1989)).
Conduct will not be labeled speech “whenever the person engaging in
the conduct intends to express an idea.” Id. at 261 (citations omitted).
Instead, the First Amendment only protects “conduct sufficiently imbued
with the elements of communication [.]” Id. (citations omitted). The First
Amendment applies fully to expression concerning “philosophical, social,
artistic, economic, literary, or ethical matters.” Id. (citation omitted).
As an initial matter, Appellant mischaracterizes the record and
disingenuously recasts his own conduct as simply intentionally unlocking and
____________________________________________
6 Aside from the Statement of Questions, Appellant does not otherwise
discuss or even mention the 14th Amendment in his Brief.
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locking his car to protect his property, which honked the horn.7 The record
belies Appellant’s benign characterization of his conduct and intent. The
evidence showed much more: Appellant’s honking was excessive, pervasive,
and he also took other physical actions indicating his intent.
Given these mischaracterizations and the certified record before this
Court, we conclude that Appellant’s conduct does not constitute
constitutionally-protected expression within the meaning of the First
Amendment.8 Appellant’s conduct did not concern philosophical, social,
artistic, economic, literary, or ethical matters as described in the above
cases. Rather, Appellant’s conduct demonstrated an effort to harass the
Giedieviells. He is not entitled to relief on this claim.
Sufficiency of the Evidence
Appellant next avers that the evidence was insufficient to support his
Harassment convictions. Appellant’s Brief at 11-12. Appellant specifically
____________________________________________
7 Appellant’s attempt to downplay or outright contradict the facts elicited in
the lower court is more akin to a challenge to the weight of the evidence.
See, e.g., Commonwealth v. Melvin, 103 A.3d 1, 39 (Pa. Super. 2014)
(the appellate court may not weigh the evidence and substitute its judgment
for the fact-finder when examining the sufficiency of the evidence).
8 Given our resolution of this issue, we need not address Appellant’s attempt
to frame his issue as a broad constitutional issue of first impression, i.e.,
whether “a citizen has the constitutional right to honk his horn to lock/unlock
his vehicle.” Appellant’s Brief at 8. See 1 Pa.C.S. § 1922; Commonwealth
v. Veon, 150 A.3d 435, 455-56 (Pa. 2016) (acknowledging the “canon of
constitutional avoidance” and explaining that courts should not decide a
constitutional question unless absolutely required to do so).
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challenges the elements of intent and course of conduct. As described
above, we note that Appellant’s framing of his conduct mischaracterizes the
record and evidence presented in the lower court. Regarding his intent,
Appellant claims that his horn honking was a constitutionally protected
activity and had a legitimate purpose: to lock and unlock his vehicle.
Regarding his course of conduct, Appellant argues that days would go by
between incidents of horn honking so the conduct was not continuous every
day.
We review claims regarding the sufficiency of the evidence by
considering whether, “viewing all the evidence admitted at trial in the light
most favorable to the verdict winner, there is sufficient evidence to enable
the fact-finder to find every element of the crime beyond a reasonable
doubt.” Commonwealth v. Melvin, 103 A.3d 1, 39 (Pa. Super. 2014).
Further, a conviction may be sustained wholly on circumstantial evidence,
and the trier of fact—while passing on the credibility of the witnesses and
the weight of the evidence—is free to believe all, part, or none of the
evidence. Id. In conducting this review, the appellate court may not weigh
the evidence and substitute its judgment for the fact-finder. Id. at 39-40.
“A person commits the crime of harassment when, with intent to
harass, annoy or alarm another, the person . . . engages in a course of
conduct or repeatedly commits acts which serve no legitimate purpose[.]”
18 Pa.C.S. § 2709(a)(3).
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The statute defines “course of conduct” as “[a] pattern of actions
composed of more than one act over a period of time, however short,
evidencing a continuity of conduct. The term includes lewd, lascivious,
threatening or obscene words, language, drawings, caricatures or actions,
either in person or anonymously.” 18 Pa.C.S. § 2709(f). “An intent to
harass may be inferred from the totality of the circumstances.”
Commonwealth v. Cox, 72 A.3d 719, 721 (Pa. Super. 2013).
Although the term “legitimate purpose” has not been clearly defined,
“the import of the phrase . . . is broadly to exclude from this subsection any
conduct that directly furthers some legitimate desire or objective of the
actor. This element of the residual offense should limit its application to
unarguably reprehensible instances of intentional imposition on another.”
Commonwealth v. Wheaton, 598 A.2d 1017, 1019 (Pa. Super. 1991)
(citation omitted).
The Honorable Vito P. Geroulo, sitting as the trial court, has authored
a comprehensive, thorough, and well-reasoned Opinion, citing the record
and relevant case law in addressing Appellant’s sufficiency claim. After a
thorough review of the record, the briefs of the parties, the applicable law,
and the comprehensive and well-reasoned Opinion of the trial court, we
conclude that there is no merit to Appellant’s sufficiency claims on appeal.
Accordingly, we affirm on the basis of the trial court’s June 20, 2017
Opinion. See Trial Court Opinion, 6/20/17, at 4-7 (concluding that the
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evidence was sufficient to support Appellant’s Harassment convictions
because Appellant, inter alia, excessively honked his horn hundreds of times
at all hours of the day and night while the complainants were present,
including from within their driveway and even after he had been cited the
first time).
Allocution
Appellant contends that his sentence must be vacated because the
trial court did not permit Appellant to exercise his right of allocution.
Appellant’s Brief at 16-17.
The Pennsylvania Rules of Criminal Procedure require that “[a]t the
time of sentencing, the judge shall afford the defendant the opportunity to
make a statement in his or her behalf[.]” Pa.R.Crim.P. 704(C)(1). It is the
sentencing court’s obligation to inform the defendant of his right to speak
prior to sentencing. Commonwealth v. Thomas, 553 A.2d 918, 919 (Pa.
1989). Where the trial court fails to inform the defendant of his right, a
resentencing hearing is required. Id.; see also Commonwealth v.
Hague, 840 A.2d 1018, 1019 (Pa. Super. 2003) (holding that the failure to
afford a defendant the right to allocution requires remand to allow for
allocution prior to resentencing).
“[T]o preserve a claim of error pertaining to the right of allocution, the
defendant must raise the claim before the trial court at the time of
sentencing or in a post-sentence motion, or suffer waiver of the claim on
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appeal.” Commonwealth v. Hardy, 99 A.3d 577, 579 (Pa. Super. 2014)
(citing Commonwealth v. Jacobs, 900 A.2d 368, 372 (Pa. Super. 2006)
(en banc)).
Here, the trial court did not inform Appellant of his allocution right in
accordance with Pa.R.Crim.P. 704(C)(1), and Appellant did not address the
trial court prior to sentencing. See N.T., 4/25/17, at 64-67. However,
Appellant did not raise this claim before the trial court at the time of
sentencing or in a post-sentence motion. Accordingly, Appellant waived this
claim. Hardy, supra at 579; Jacobs, supra at 372.
Discretionary Aspects of Sentence
Appellant next challenges the discretionary aspects of his sentence.
Appellant’s Brief at 17-19. Appellant presents two challenges to the
discretionary aspects of his sentence. First, Appellant contends that the trial
court erred by not considering Appellant’s character, age, and personal
characteristics during sentencing. Id. at 17-18. Second, Appellant argues
that the trial court erroneously sentenced him to incarceration. Id. at 19.
Challenges to the discretionary aspects of sentence are not appealable
as of right. Commonwealth v. Leatherby, 116 A.3d 73, 83 (Pa. Super.
2015). Rather, an appellant challenging the sentencing court’s discretion
must invoke this Court’s jurisdiction by (1) filing a timely notice of appeal;
(2) properly preserving the issue at sentencing or in a motion to reconsider
and modify the sentence; (3) complying with Pa.R.A.P. 2119(f), which
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requires a separate section of the brief setting forth “a concise statement of
the reasons relied upon for allowance of appeal with respect to the
discretionary aspects of a sentence[;]” and (4) presenting a substantial
question that the sentence appealed from is not appropriate under the
Sentencing Code, 42 Pa.C.S. § 9781(b). Id. (citation omitted).
Appellant did not preserve either issue raised in this challenge to the
discretionary aspects of his sentence: he failed to raise them at sentencing,
and he did not file a post-sentence motion or motion to reconsider his
sentence presenting these issues to the trial court.
In addition, Appellant failed to include a Pa.R.A.P. 2119(f) Statement
in his Brief addressing his challenges to the discretionary aspects of his
sentence. The Commonwealth has objected to its omission. See
Commonwealth’s Brief at 8-9. Appellant has, thus, waived his challenge to
the discretionary aspects of his sentence. Pa.R.A.P. 2119(f). See also
Commonwealth v. Sanchez, 848 A.2d 977, 986 (Pa. Super. 2004)
(holding that appellant waived challenge to discretionary aspects of sentence
where he failed to include in his brief a Pa.R.A.P. 2119(f) Statement).
Right to Jury Trial
In his final claim, Appellant argues that he was erroneously deprived
of his right to a jury trial. Appellant’s Brief at 22-23.
A defendant is entitled to a jury trial where he or she “faces a charge
which, alone, could lead to imprisonment beyond six months.”
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Commonwealth v. Harriott, 919 A.2d 234, 237 (Pa. Super. 2007) (citation
omitted). In contrast, a defendant is not entitled to a jury trial “if an offense
bears a maximum incarceration of six months or less.” Id. (citation
omitted).
“Similarly, where a defendant is tried for multiple offenses which do
not individually allow for imprisonment exceeding six months, there is no
jury trial right on those particular offenses, even if multiple convictions could
yield an aggregate incarceration above six months.” Id. (citation omitted).
In Commonwealth v. McMullen, 961 A.2d 842, 847 (Pa. 2008), our
Supreme Court held that a defendant has no right to a jury trial simply
because the petty crimes with which he is charged expose him to an
aggregate sentence greater than six months.
In the instant case, the Commonwealth charged Appellant with two
counts of Harassment as a summary offense, each of which carried a
maximum sentence of not more than 90 days’ imprisonment. See 18
Pa.C.S. § 1105 (“Sentence of imprisonment for summary offenses”).
Pursuant to Harriott and McMullen, Appellant was not entitled to a jury
trial. Thus, this claim merits no relief.
The parties are instructed to attach a copy of the trial court’s June 20,
2017 Opinion to all future filings.
Judgment of Sentence affirmed.
Judge Ott joins this memorandum.
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Judge Strassburger files a concurring memorandum.
Judgment Entered.
Joseph D. Seletyn, Esq.
Prothonotary
Date: 04/24/18
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Circulated 03/14/2018 04:09 PM
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:_(.,:_ I
I_.·, . j j l·- •
COMMONWEALTH OF : IN THE COURT OF COMMON PLEAS
PENNSYLVANIA OF LACKAWANNA COUNTY
vs. CRIMINAL ACTION
WILLIAM JAMES COST,
Defendant NOS.16-SA-152 & 153
. . . . .....................................................................................................
..... . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . .
' .
OPINION
GEROULO,J.
On September 12, 2016, Defendant William Cost was convicted before a
district magistrate judge of two counts of harassment in the above-captioned cases.
The defendant appealed to this court, and on April 28, 2017, following a summary
appeal trial on April 25, 2017, this court found the defendant guilty of both charges.
He was sentenced to 10 to 90 days of incarceration in each case. On April 26, 2017,
the defendant filed a Notice of Appeal of the judgment of sentence to the Superior
Court. This opinion is filed in compliance with Rule 1925(a) of the Pennsylvania
Rules of Appellate Procedure.
I. BACKGROUND
, On May 4, 2016, Officer Christopher Tully of the Dickson City Police
Department filed a citation, charging the defendant with harassment. The defendant
lives on Bank Street in Dickson City, across the street from the Giedieviells family.
The events that led to this citation began on February 28, 2016, when Officer Tully
Appendix 6
was called to the Giedieviells' home because the defendant had almost hit Shannon
Giedieviells with his car. Officer Tully issued a warning and told the Giedieviells
family to keep a log of incidents that occurred with the defendant. The family did so
and recorded numerous incidents involving the defendant, including using his key fob
to cause his car horn to beep, sometimes up to 20 times, whenever they exited their
home. After the first citation was issued, the defendant continued to engage in this
behavior. Officer Tully filed the second citation on July 5, 2016.
On September 12, 2016, District Magistrate John Pesota found the defendant
guilty of harassment in both cases. On October 6, 2016, the defendant filed a notice of
summary appeal. On April 25, 2017, a trial was held before this court, and on April
28, 2017, this court issued an order denying the summary appeal and sentenced the
defendant to 10 to 90 days in Lackawanna County prison in each case, but stayed the
sentences until his appeal is decided. On April 26, 2017, the defendant :filed a Notice
of Appeal of the judgment of sentence to the Superior Court, and this court ordered
him to file a concise statement of the matters complained of on appeal within 21 days
pursuant to Pa.R.A.P. 1925(b). On May 9, 2017, the defendant filed a Statement of
Matters Complained of on Appeal, and on May 12, 2017, filed an amended statement.
II. DISCUSSION
A. Defendant's 'statement
In his statement, the defendant submits that the issues for appeal are: ( 1)
whether horn honking is a protected activity under the First Amendment, and therefore
precluded as a basis for a harassment charge; (2) whether the evidence was sufficient
to support a conviction for harassment and whether the Commonwealth failed to show
that the defendant had the intent to annoy, alarm or harass the victims; and (3) whether
the sentence was inappropriate since the Commonwealth did not seek a jail sentence,
the court failed to consider the proper factors, other summary appeal defendants
2
Appendix 7
sentenced on the same date as the defendant did not receive a sentence of jail time,
other defendants who have been convicted of harassment did not receive a sentence of
jail time, the sentences should have merged since the same facts were the basis for
both charges, and the defendant was denied his right to allocution and a jury trial.
B. Analysis
The defendant asserts that horn honking is a protected activity under the First
Amendment and the trial court erred when it held that it was not protected speech. As
this court found at the time of trial, any action, even a constitutionally protected
action, when canied to excess can be annoying, harassing and alarming to other
individuals. Transcript of April 25, 2017 Summary Appeal Trial at 64. The Superior
Court has held that there is no First Amendment protection for speech that is intended
to alarm or annoy another person. Commonwealth v. Duncan, 363 A.2d 803 (Pa.
Super. 1976). This is because the courts cannot enforce freedom of speech at the
expense of rights of others, and speech that is intended to alarm or annoy invades the
privacy interests of others and is prohibited by 18 Pa.C.S.A. § 2709. Id. Moreover,
words and sounds alone can constitute harassment. Commonwealth v. Lutes, 793
A.2d 949 (Pa. Super. 2002); Commonwealth v. Barzyk. 692 A.2d 211 (Pa. Super.
1997). See also Commonwealth v. George, 2014 WL 10980151 (Pa. Super. 2014)
(sounding car horn, pointing laser light, and yelling out the window are not protected
activities and can constitute a course of conduct intended to harass, annoy or alarm a
person). Here, the defendant did not deny that he engaged in the excessive horn
honking, sometimes up to 20 times, whenever his neighbors left their home, but rather
argued that it was protected activity. Because excessive horn honking that alarms and
3
Appendix 8
annoys others is prohibited by 18 Pa.C.S.A. § 2709 and can constitute harassment, the
defendant's claim fails.
The defendant also asserts that the evidence was insufficient to prove that he
committed harassment. Evidence will be deemed sufficient to support the verdict
when it establishes each material element of the crime charged and the commission of
the crime by the accused, beyond a reasonable doubt. Commonwealth v. Johnson, 910
A.2d 60 (Pa. Super. 2006). When reviewing a sufficiency claim, the court must view
the evidence in the light most favorable to the Corrunonwealth, giving the prosecution
·· the benefit of all reasonable inferences to be drawn from the evidence. Id. at 64. A
sufficiency argument that is founded upon disagreement with the credibility
determinations made by the fact finder, or discrepancies in the accounts of the
witnesses, does not warrant relief, for it is within the province of the fact finder to
determine the weight to be accorded each witness's testimony and to believe all, part
or none of the evidence introduced at trial. Id.
A defendant is guilty of harassment when, with the intent to harass, annoy or
alarm another person, he engages in a course of conduct or repeatedly commits acts
which alarm or seriously annoy such other person and which serve no legitimate
purpose. 18 Pa.C.S.A. § 2709(a)(3). A course of conduct is a pattem of actions
composed of more than one act over a period of time, however short, evidencing a
continuity of conduct. 18 Pa.C.S.A. § 2709(f). Intent to harass may be inferred from
the totality of the circumstances. Lutes, 793 A.2d at 961.
In this case, Shannon Giedieviells testified that she lives across the street from
the defendant, and that on February 28, 2016, as she was stepping into her boyfriend's
4
Appendix 9
car, the defendant drove past his own house and drove toward her very fast, missed
hitting her by 5 to 8 inches, and drove up intoher yard. Transcript of April 25, 2017
Summary Appeal Trial at 13-14. She testified that after this incident, any time that
she came out of her home, or any guests entered or exited her home, she could see the
defendant using his key fob to beep the horn of his car excessively. Id. at 15-16. She
testified that most of the time, the defendant would not get into his car, but would just
stand in his yard beeping the horn. Id. at 16. She kept a log of the multiple times that
he engaged in this behavior, and recorded over 100 incidents. Id. at 16, 25. She
testified that he would beep the horn 5 to 8 times, and sometimes 20 times. id. at 17.
She testified that she remembered that on February 21, 2016, she had guests over who
were sitting on her porch and the car horn went off20 times. Id. She testified that this
behavior happened multiple times a day, and at all hours of the day and night. Id.
Renee Giedieviells, Shannon's mother, testified that she also experienced the
excessive horn beeping, and remembered one incident when she was getting pizza out
of her car and saw the defendant point his key fob at her and beep the horn 8 times.
Id. at 27. She testified that the defendant did not go into his car or near his car. Id.
She testified that she also experienced the incident on February 21, 2016, when the
family was on the porch and the defendant caused the horn to beep 20 times. Id. at 29.
She testified that it was directed at her family and that she saw the defendant pointing
the key at her. Id.
Ryan Buckley, Shannon's boyfriend, testified that on February 28, 2016, as he
and Shannon were standing on the curb entering his car, the defendant drove down the
street very fast, past his own house, and past his driveway, and pulled in almost hitting
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Appendix 10
Shannon and putting his front passenger tire into the yard. Id. at 40. He testified that
the defendant then backed up, turned around and pulled into the spot in front of his
house. Id. He testified that the car was 5 to 8 inches away from Shannon. Id. at 41.
He testified that he has observed the defendant beeping his car horn very often, and
remembered one incident where the defendant pulled his car into the Giedieviells'
driveway and laid on the horn. Id. He testified that another time, when he was letting
the dog out, the defendant pulled up in front of the house, waved at him and beeped
his horn. Id. He testified that both of these incidents occurred before February 28,
2016. Id. at 42.
The defendant testified that he uses his car for work, and stores supermarket
supplies in it, so he has to go back and forth to his car a lot Id. at 47. He testified that
numerous times during the day, he goes into his car to get stuff and pushes the locking
button once to lock the driver door, and beeps it four times to lock the passenger door
and trunk to make sure that everything is locked. Id. at 48. He testified that when he
locks the car numerous times, he wants people to know that his car is locked and
secure. Id. He testified that it was not his intent to annoy, harass or alarm Shannon or
her family. Id.
As this court found at the time of the trial, beeping the horn once or twice is
one thing, but 20 times or 6 times is intended to harass and this can be inferred from
the evidence. Id. at 65. The court found that while no one could expressly testify as to
the defendant's intent, the testimony of the Giedieviells was credible, and the
testimony of the defendant was not credible. Id. The court found that this was a dead
end street, that it did not have a lot of traffic, and the court could not see a legitimate
6
Appendix 11
purpose to honking the horn numerous times at all hours of the day and night. Id. The
court found that doing it in the way described by the victims showed that it was with
the intent of causing inconvenience, annoyance or alarm. Id. The court found that it
was a course of conduct since it was happening so often. Id. Even after the defendant
received the first citation for engaging in this behavior, filed on May 4, 2016, he
continued the excessive horn honking until after the second citation was issued. Thus,
there was sufficient evidence for this court to conclude that the defendant engaged in a
course of conduct that alarmed or seriously annoyed the victims, that served no
legitimate purpose, and that was intended to annoy, harass or alarm the victims. The
Commonwealth established each material element of the crime charged beyond a
reasonable doubt and the evidence was sufficient to support the defendant's
convictions.
Finally, the defendant argues that his sentence was inappropriate since the
Commonwealth did not seek a jail sentence, the court failed to consider the proper
factors, other summary appeal defendants sentenced on the same date as the defendant
. . .
did not receive a sentence of jail time, other defendants who have been convicted of
,·
harassment did not receive a sentence of jail time, the sentences should have merged
since the same facts were the basis for both charges, and the defendant was denied his
right to allocution and a jury trial. A claim that the sentence imposed by the trial court
was inappropriate is a challenge to the discretionary aspects of the sentence.
Commonwealth v. Seagraves, 103 A.3d 839 (Pa. Super. 2014); Commonwealth v.
Marts. 889 A.2d 608 (Pa. Super. 2005). In order to challenge a discretionary aspect of
sentencing, the defendant must show that there is a substantial question that the
7
Appendix 12
sentence imposed is not appropriate under the Sentencing Code or contrary to the
fundamental norms underlying the sentencing process. Id. Although the sentencing
guidelines do not apply to summary offenses, a person convicted of a summary
offense may be sentenced to a term of imprisonment, as long as the maximum is not
more than 90 days. 18 Pa. C.S.A. § 106. Moreover, if a sentence of imprisonment has
been imposed after a trial de novo in a summary proceeding, the trial judge must direct
the defendant to appear for the execution of sentence on a date certain unless the
defendant files a notice of appeal within the 30 day time period. Pa. R. Crim. P. 462.
This court complied with these requirements here. The defendant's argument that
other summary appeal defendants sentenced by the court and other summary appeal
defendants convicted of harassment sentenced by other courts did not receive
sentences of imprisonment is irrelevant and not a factor that the court must consider.
Furthermore, the defendant's argument that the sentences for the two cases should
have merged is misplaced since the defendant did not halt the behavior after the first
citation was issued, and it was the excessive horn honking after the first citation was
issued that led to-the second citation. Because the defendant has not demonstrated that
the sentence imposed was not appropriate and contrary to the norms of the sentencing
process, the sentence was not inappropriate here.
8 Appendix 13
BY THE COURT:
cc: Cynthia Pollick, Esq.
Office of District Attorney
9
Appendix 14