STATE OF WEST VIRGINIA
SUPREME COURT OF APPEALS
State of West Virginia,
FILED
Plaintiff Below, Respondent June 11, 2018
EDYTHE NASH GAISER, CLERK
SUPREME COURT OF APPEALS
vs.) No. 17-0391 (Wyoming County 16-F-120) OF WEST VIRGINIA
Jimmy Dean Mullins,
Defendant Below, Petitioner
MEMORANDUM DECISION
Petitioner Jimmy Dean Mullins, by counsel Timothy P. Lupardus, appeals the Circuit
Court of Wyoming County’s March 28, 2017, order sentencing him to a cumulative term of
incarceration of 8 to 120 years following his conviction for 8 counts of Delivery of a Schedule II
Controlled Substance – Oxycodone. The State of West Virginia, by counsel Benjamin F. Yancey
III, filed a response in support of the circuit court’s order. On appeal, petitioner argues that his
sentence is disproportionate to the offenses charges and that the circuit court erred in (1)
admitting his recorded phone calls into evidence, (2) failing to direct a verdict of acquittal upon
insufficient evidence, and (3) failing to strike certain jurors for cause.
This Court has considered the parties’ briefs and the record on appeal. The facts and legal
arguments are adequately presented, and the decisional process would not be significantly aided
by oral argument. Upon consideration of the standard of review, the briefs, and the record
presented, the Court finds no substantial question of law and no prejudicial error. For these
reasons, a memorandum decision affirming the circuit court’s order is appropriate under Rule 21
of the Rules of Appellate Procedure.
In May of 2016, petitioner was indicted on nine counts of Delivery of a Schedule II
Controlled Substance – Oxycodone.1 These charges stemmed from several controlled buys
carried out by Wyoming County Sheriff’s Department Captain Don Cook, a member of the
Southern West Virginia Regional Drug and Violent Crime Task Force. Working in conjunction
with a confidential informant (“CI”), Ina New, law enforcement’s investigation resulted in
petitioner selling controlled substances to the CI nine times during a period of time between
April of 2015 and December of 2015.
Petitioner’s jury trial took place over five days in September of 2016. During voir dire,
petitioner moved to strike one juror and two replacement jurors for cause, citing alleged bias due
to either their relationships to law enforcement and the prosecution or prior experiences with
issues regarding substance abuse. The circuit court declined to strike the jurors for cause, after
which petitioner used peremptory strikes on the jurors at issue.
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One count from the indictment was eventually dismissed.
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At trial, CI New testified to the multiple purchases of controlled substances at issue
herein, all of which were recorded. The recordings were also entered into evidence. The State
further produced evidence from multiple witnesses establishing a chain of custody as to the
controlled substances petitioner sold and the results from the West Virginia State Police lab that
established the substances to be oxycodone. Further, the State introduced recorded telephone
calls petitioner made from Southern Regional Jail in which he stated that he needed to find a
legitimate job and quit selling drugs. Ultimately, the jury convicted him of all eight counts.
In March of 2017, the circuit court sentenced petitioner to eight terms of incarceration of
one to fifteen years and ordered that the sentences be served consecutively. It is from the
sentencing order that petitioner appeals.
“The Court applies a de novo standard of review to the denial of a motion for judgment
of acquittal based upon the sufficiency of the evidence.” State v. Juntilla, 227 W.Va. 492, 497,
711 S.E.2d 562, 567 (2011). Moreover,
[t]he function of an appellate court when reviewing the sufficiency of the
evidence to support a criminal conviction is to examine the evidence admitted at
trial to determine whether such evidence, if believed, is sufficient to convince a
reasonable person of the defendant’s guilt beyond a reasonable doubt. Thus, the
relevant inquiry is whether, after viewing the evidence in the light most favorable
to the prosecution, any rational trier of fact could have found the essential
elements of the crime proved beyond a reasonable doubt.
Syl. Pt. 1, State v. Guthrie, 194 W.Va. 657, 461 S.E.2d 163 (1995). Further,
[a] criminal defendant challenging the sufficiency of the evidence to support a
conviction takes on a heavy burden. An appellate court must review all the
evidence, whether direct or circumstantial, in the light most favorable to the
prosecution and must credit all inferences and credibility assessments that the jury
might have drawn in favor of the prosecution. The evidence need not be
inconsistent with every conclusion save that of guilt so long as the jury can find
guilt beyond a reasonable doubt. Credibility determinations are for a jury and not
an appellate court. Finally, a jury verdict should be set aside only when the record
contains no evidence, regardless of how it is weighed, from which the jury could
find guilt beyond a reasonable doubt.
Id. at 663, 461 S.E.2d at 169, Syl. Pt. 3, in part. With these standards in mind, we turn first to
petitioner’s assignment of error challenging the circuit court’s denial of his motion for judgment
of acquittal.
Petitioner argues that the evidence was insufficient to support any of the eight counts for
which he was convicted. In support, he alleges that none of the videos of the controlled buys
show a complete transaction and that his testimony established that CI New was selling or
attempting to sell him Xanax during the buys in question. Petitioner further argues that CI New
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lacked credibility, especially in light of the fact that she had been charged with forty-eight
felonies related to stealing from an elderly neighbor for whom she served as a caretaker prior to
her cooperation with authorities. Although petitioner acknowledges the extensive nature of the
State’s evidence, he argues that it was simply insufficient to support his conviction. We do not
agree, especially considering the rigorous burden petitioner faces in mounting a challenge to the
sufficiency of the evidence.
Pursuant to West Virginia Code § 60A-4-401(a), “[e]xcept as authorized by this act, it is
unlawful for any person to manufacture, deliver, or possess with intent to manufacture or deliver,
a controlled substance.” West Virginia Code § 60A-4-401(a)(i) goes on to instruct that
[a]ny person who violates this subsection with respect to . . . [a] controlled
substance classified in Schedule I or II, which is a narcotic drug, is guilty of a
felony and, upon conviction, may be imprisoned in the state correctional facility
for not less than one year nor more than fifteen years, or fined not more than
twenty-five thousand dollars, or both[.]
Petitioner does not challenge the fact that oxycodone is a Schedule II Controlled Substance. See
W.Va. Code § 60A-2-206(b)(1)(P). Instead, petitioner argues that the evidence shows that he did
not deliver the controlled substance in question. However, petitioner’s argument on this issue is
predicated heavily upon credibility issues concerning his own testimony and that of CI New.
According to petitioner, CI New lacked credibility and his own testimony established that she
was selling or attempting to sell him controlled substances during the controlled buys. We find
that these arguments are inappropriate for appellate review, as they turn entirely on credibility
determinations. As noted above, “[c]redibility determinations are for a jury and not an appellate
court.” Guthrie, 194 W.Va. at 663, 461 S.E.2d at 169, Syl. Pt. 3, in part. Indeed, “[a] reviewing
court cannot assess witness credibility through a record. The trier of fact is uniquely situated to
make such determinations and this Court is not in a position to, and will not, second guess such
determinations.” Michael D.C. v. Wanda L.C., 201 W.Va. 381, 388, 497 S.E.2d 531, 538 (1997).
At trial, the State presented testimony from CI New and Captain Cook concerning the
controlled buys, in addition to the recordings of those transactions and evidence concerning the
chain of custody of the oxycodone and the testing to confirm that it was a controlled substance.
In short, the evidence overwhelmingly established that, on eight separate occasions, petitioner
delivered oxycodone to CI New pursuant to Captain Cook’s investigation. Accordingly, we find
that the evidence at trial was sufficient to support petitioner’s convictions.
As a related matter, petitioner argues that the circuit court erred in admitting into
evidence his recorded telephone calls made while he was at Southern Regional Jail awaiting trial.
According to petitioner, before the Regional Jail and Correctional Facility Authority was
permitted to disclose his recorded calls, a determination as to their necessity for purposes of
prosecution was required. According to West Virginia Code § 31-20-5E(a)(4)(B), “[t]he contents
of inmates’ telephone calls, emails and other forms of electronic communications may be
disclosed to the appropriate law-enforcement agency only if the disclosure is . . . [n]ecessary for
the investigation of a crime[.]” Accordingly, petitioner argues that the determination as to
whether the calls were necessary for the investigation of a crime must be made prior to
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disclosure, which was not done in the instant matter. Instead, testimony established that all of
petitioner’s calls were copied onto a disk and provided to the prosecution without prior review.
We find, however, that it is unnecessary to address this assignment of error. Even assuming,
arguendo, that the circuit court erred in admitting the evidence in question, such error was clearly
harmless as the other evidence admitted, as outlined above, overwhelmingly established
petitioner’s guilt.
This Court has held that
[a]ssessments of harmless error are necessarily content-specific. Although
erroneous evidentiary rulings alone do not lead to automatic reversal, a reviewing
court is obligated to reverse where the improper exclusion of evidence places the
underlying fairness of the entire trial in doubt or where the exclusion affected the
substantial rights of a criminal defendant.” Syllabus Point 4, State v. Blake, 197
W.Va. 700, 478 S.E.2d 550 (1996).
Syl. Pt. 2, State v. Varlas, 237 W.Va. 399, 787 S.E.2d 670 (2016). Again assuming that the
introduction of the recorded calls in question constitute an erroneous evidentiary ruling, we find
that the introduction of such evidence did not place the underlying fairness of the entire trial in
doubt or otherwise affect petitioner’s substantial rights. According to petitioner, the evidence in
question was clearly prejudicial, given that it included his statements to the effect that he needed
to find a legitimate job instead of selling pills and that he did not believe it was “right of the State
to try and put a man in prison for a long time for selling a pill.” Although these statements
amount to petitioner admitting to the conduct at issue, it is clear that they were unnecessary for
the jury to convict him on all counts, given the overwhelming evidence from the State that
established petitioner sold CI New oxycodone on eight separate occasions. On appeal, petitioner
argues that this evidence was key to his conviction, given that the jury asked to listen to the
recordings again during deliberation. Petitioner fails to acknowledge, however, that this request
was denied and the jury was instructed to consider the evidence from its own recollection, as
with all testimonial evidence. Accordingly, we decline to grant petitioner relief in this regard.
Next, petitioner argues that the circuit court failed to strike certain jurors for cause.
Without addressing the specific allegations petitioner raises against each individual juror that he
asserts establish that there “at least appear[ed] as though there could be some partiality issues[,]”
we note that petitioner ultimately used his peremptory strikes on these specific jurors. We have
previously held as follows:
A trial court’s failure to remove a biased juror from a jury panel, as
required by W. Va.Code § 62-3-3 (1949) (Repl.Vol.2010), does not violate a
criminal defendant’s right to a trial by an impartial jury if the defendant removes
the juror with a peremptory strike. In order to obtain a new trial for having used a
peremptory strike to remove a biased juror from a jury panel, a criminal defendant
must show prejudice. The holding in Syllabus point 8 of State v. Phillips, 194
W.Va. 569, 461 S.E.2d 75 (1995), is expressly overruled.
Syl. Pt. 3, State v. Sutherland, 231 W.Va. 410, 745 S.E.2d 448 (2013). On appeal, petitioner
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wholly fails to allege prejudice in his use of peremptory strikes on the jurors at issue. Instead,
petitioner focuses solely on his allegations that the jurors “at least appear[e]d” to be impartial
and, thus, should have been stricken for cause. Without ruling on the specific issue of whether
the circuit court should have stricken these jurors for cause, we find that, even assuming the
jurors were biased, petitioner’s right to an impartial jury was not violated because he removed
the jurors in question with peremptory strikes. Accordingly, it is clear that petitioner is entitled to
no relief in this regard.
Finally, petitioner argues that the circuit court’s imposition of eight consecutive sentences
totaling an effective term of incarceration of 8 to 120 years is disproportionate to the crimes for
which he was sentenced. “‘The Supreme Court of Appeals reviews sentencing orders . . . under a
deferential abuse of discretion standard, unless the order violates statutory or constitutional
commands.’ Syl. Pt. 1, in part, State v. Lucas, 201 W.Va. 271, 496 S.E.2d 221 (1997).” Syl. Pt.
1, State v. James, 227 W.Va. 407, 710 S.E.2d 98 (2011). First, it is important to note that
petitioner’s eight sentences of one to fifteen years of incarceration are all within the limits set
forth in the applicable statute. See W.Va. Code § 60A-4-401(a)(i). Petitioner acknowledges this
fact, as well as our prior holding that “‘[s]entences imposed by the trial court, if within statutory
limits and if not based on some [im]permissible factor, are not subject to appellate review.’
Syllabus Point 4, State v. Goodnight, 169 W.Va. 366, 287 S.E.2d 504 (1982).” Syl. Pt. 3, State v.
Georgius, 225 W.Va. 716, 696 S.E.2d 18 (2010). In regard to this holding, petitioner argues that
the sentencing order herein is deficient because the circuit court failed to set forth the factors it
considered in sentencing, thus rendering him incapable of determining if the sentences at issue
were based on an impermissible factor. We do not agree.
Petitioner cites to no authority requiring a sentencing court to specifically enumerate in
its sentencing order every factor it considered in imposing its sentence. Moreover, petitioner
failed to include a transcript of the sentencing hearing in the appendix on appeal. We have held
that “[t]he general rule is that there is a presumption of regularity of court proceedings; it
remains until the contrary appears and the burden is on the person who alleges such irregularity
to affirmatively show it.” Syl. Pt. 3, State ex rel. Godfrey v. Rowe, 221 W.Va. 218, 654 S.E.2d
104 (2007) (citation omitted). For these reasons, we find that petitioner has failed to establish
that the sentences at issue were based on any impermissible factor and we decline to grant him
relief in regard to his request that the matter be remanded for additional findings.
Next, the Court finds no merit to petitioner’s argument that our holding in Goodnight
referenced above does not apply because the judge that imposed his sentence was not the same
judge that presided over his trial. In support of this argument, petitioner asserts that this Court’s
specific language that “sentences imposed by the trial court” are not subject to appellate review
under certain circumstances requires the same judge to preside over both trial and sentencing.
Simply put, there is no holding in Goodnight or any of our subsequent cases to support this
assertion, and petitioner cites to no such authority, beyond his own interpretation of Goodnight.
Indeed subsequent to Goodnight and without including the language regarding trial courts upon
which petitioner bases his argument, we have reiterated the fact that sentences such as
petitioner’s are not subject to appellate review. See Syl. Pt. 3, State v. Booth, 224 W.Va. 307, 685
S.E.2d 701(2009) (“While our constitutional proportionality standards theoretically can apply to
any criminal sentence, they are basically applicable to those sentences where there is either no
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fixed maximum set by statute or where there is a life recidivist sentence.” (citation omitted));
State v. Sugg, 193 W.Va. 388, 406, 456 S.E.2d 469, 487 (1995) (“As a general proposition, we
will not disturb a sentence following a criminal conviction if it falls within the range of what is
permitted under the statute.”). Accordingly, we find that petitioner’s argument that, because “he
was not sentenced by his trial court judge, . . . the rule barring review of sentencing announced in
the Goodnight decision does not apply” is without merit. As such, it is unnecessary to address
petitioner’s argument regarding the allegedly disproportionate nature of his sentences, because
the same are not subject to appellate review.
For the foregoing reasons, we affirm.
Affirmed.
ISSUED: June 11, 2018
CONCURRED IN BY:
Chief Justice Margaret L. Workman
Justice Robin Jean Davis
Justice Menis E. Ketchum
Justice Elizabeth D. Walker
Justice Loughry, Allen H., II suspended and therefore not participating.
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