In re R.H.

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document
Appellate Court Date: 2018.05.16
15:58:29 -05'00'

In re R.H., 2017 IL App (1st) 171332

Appellate Court In re R.H., a Minor (The People of the State of Illinois, Petitioner-
Caption Appellee, v. R.H., Respondent-Appellant).

District & No. First District, Second Division
Docket No. 1-17-1332

Filed December 29, 2017
Rehearing denied January 25, 2018

Decision Under Appeal from the Circuit Court of Cook County, No. 17-JD-331; the
Review Hon. William G. Gamboney, Judge, presiding.

Judgment Affirmed.

Counsel on Michael J. Pelletier, Patricia Mysza, and Patrick F. Cassidy, of State
Appeal Appellate Defender’s Office, of Chicago, for appellant.

Kimberly M. Foxx, State’s Attorney, of Chicago (Alan J. Spellberg
and Annette Collins, Assistant State’s Attorneys, of counsel), for the
People.

Panel JUSTICE HYMAN delivered the judgment of the court, with opinion.
Justice Pucinski concurred in the judgment and opinion.
Presiding Justice Neville dissented, with opinion.
 OPINION

¶1 When an adolescent’s behavior crosses the legal line from imprudent and irresponsible to
criminal conduct, the State steps into the role of the parent and, through the doctrine of
parens patriae and the juvenile court system, attempts to set the adolescent on a more
productive path through life. Toward this end, juvenile courts have had to grapple with
adjudicated delinquent minors’ use of social media in the context of conditions of probation.
¶2 Here, a juvenile court, as a condition of probation for an adjudicated delinquent minor’s
own protection, required the removal of any references to gangs, guns, or drugs on the minor’s
social media accounts. The minor asserts that this condition of probation violates
constitutionally-protected free speech.
¶3 R.H. is not the only juvenile who has received a similar probation restriction. Just after we
heard oral argument, another division of this court issued a decision striking the restriction as
unconstitutional. In re Omar F., 2017 IL App (1st) 171073. We asked the parties to submit
supplemental briefs on Omar F.’s relevance to R.H.’s case.
¶4 We disagree with Omar F. We hold that this content-based restriction on speech passes
strict scrutiny, as it is narrowly tailored. And, given the State’s responsibility to its juvenile
probationers, the State has a compelling interest in restricting social media and related activity
to protect adjudicated delinquent minors from destructive and antisocial influences and
prevent reoffending.

¶5 I. BACKGROUND
¶6 The State filed a petition for adjudication of wardship for 16-year-old R.H., charging him
with aggravated unlawful use of a weapon, unlawful possession of cannabis, and unlawful
possession of cannabis with the intent to deliver.
¶7 R.H. admitted gang membership. His social media accounts included photographs of R.H.
with a gun, making “gang signs” with fellow gang members, and smoking cannabis. In his
social media postings, R.H. wrote about his own gang and denigrated members of rival gangs.
In 2016, after someone shot R.H., he refused to cooperate with police. Later, he dropped out of
school fearing harm for his gang affiliation.
¶8 The trial court found R.H. guilty of the offenses and placed him on two years of probation.
Among the conditions of probation, the trial court ordered that R.H. have no contact with “any
gangs, guns, or drugs which means it looks to me, [R.H.], you need to get some new friends.”
The trial court also ordered that R.H. delete from his social media accounts “all references to
gangs, guns, or drugs.” (The parties at oral argument agreed that the order encompasses both
deleting posts and refraining from posting new items as he was ordered to have no “contact”
with gangs, guns, or drugs.)

¶9 ANALYSIS
¶ 10 R.H. contends that the probation condition restricting him from posting about gangs, guns,
or drugs on social media is an unconstitutional content-based restriction that fails for lack of
sufficiently narrow tailoring. (R.H. does not challenge the separate condition prohibiting him
from “contact” with gang members, guns, or drugs.) The State responds that delinquent minors
do not possess unlimited first amendment rights and the probation condition narrowly focused

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 on R.H.’s rehabilitation.

¶ 11 Strict Scrutiny
¶ 12 First, we need to determine under what level of review we should examine the restriction.
R.H. argues that this is a content-based restriction and thus requires strict scrutiny.
¶ 13 A government regulation of speech is content-based if the regulation applies to particular
speech due to “the topic discussed or the idea or message expressed.” Reed v. Town of Gilbert,
576 U.S. ___, ___, 135 S. Ct. 2218, 2227 (2015). A regulation targeting specific subject matter
is content-based even if it does not discriminate among viewpoints within that subject. Id. at
___, 135 S. Ct. at 2230. R.H.’s order qualifies as a content-based restriction because it restricts
his social media postings on three express topics (gangs, guns, and drugs), even without
specifying whether the content is pro- or anti-gangs, guns, or drugs. Courts review
content-based restrictions under a strict scrutiny standard, and the regulation must be
“narrowly tailored to serve compelling state interests.” Id. at ___, 135 S. Ct. at 2226; United
States v. Playboy Entertainment Group, Inc., 529 U.S. 803, 804 (2000).

¶ 14 Compelling Government Interest
¶ 15 The State’s interest in restricting R.H.’s social media activity stems from its relationship
with him as a juvenile probationer who has engaged in illicit, self-destructive activities. Under
parens patriae, Illinois courts have more latitude in their approach toward disciplining juvenile
offenders. In re O.H., 329 Ill. App. 3d 254, 260 (2002). Parens patriae represents the “general
power and obligation of the government as a whole to protect minors and the infirm.” (Internal
quotation marks omitted.) In re D.S., 198 Ill. 2d 309, 328 (2001). Parens patriae power is
codified in the Juvenile Court Act of 1987 (Juvenile Court Act or Act) (705 ILCS 405/1-1
et seq. (West 1998)), which explicitly “charges the circuit court with the duty to act in the best
interests of the minor and for the minor’s own protection.” D.S., 198 Ill. 2d at 328.
Delinquency proceedings seek to protect and rehabilitate, not punish, minors. In re B.S., 192
Ill. App. 3d 886, 891 (1989).
¶ 16 The Juvenile Court Act contains a nonexhaustive list of conditions juvenile courts may
impose. One of these is that the minor “refrain from having any contact, directly or indirectly,
with certain specified persons or particular types of persons, including but not limited to
members of street gangs and drug users or dealers.” 705 ILCS 405/5-715(2)(s) (West 2016).
The trial court imposed this condition and ordered R.H. to have no contact with gangs, guns, or
drugs. Though it implicates R.H.’s first amendment right to free assembly, he does not
challenge this condition, nor does he address whether “contact” includes the type of social
media activity that he does challenge.
¶ 17 The trial courts have considerable deference in fashioning probation conditions intended to
rehabilitate. People v. Kimbrell, 291 Ill. App. 3d 605, 607 (1997). Courts may impose
restrictions outside those the statute lists so long as the condition (i) is reasonable and (ii) has
some connection between it “and either (a) the underlying crime or (b) the behavior or attitude
of the defendant that the trial court thinks needs adjusting.” In re M.P., 297 Ill. App. 3d 972,
977 (1998).
¶ 18 In ascertaining the reasonableness of the social media probation condition imposed on
R.H., we need to examine the behavior that led R.H. to be adjudicated delinquent. People v.

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 Stocke, 212 Ill. App. 3d 547, 554 (1991). R.H. was arrested for possession with intent to
deliver cannabis, possession of cannabis, and unlawful use of a weapon. R.H. has a history of
criminal behavior, dropped out of school fearing gang retaliation, and had been shot. The gang
information report indicated that R.H. was affiliated with the Unknown Vice Lords, a criminal
street gang operating on Chicago’s southwest side. Particularly relevant, R.H. used his social
media accounts to taunt rival gang members and posted a number of pictures of himself
displaying gang signs, posing with guns, and smoking what appears to be cannabis. R.H.’s past
actions demonstrate the reasonableness of the probation condition. Id.
¶ 19 R.H.’s past postings of pictures of himself displaying gang signs, holding guns, and
smoking cannabis foment and glorify criminal behavior. The postings also communicate to
members of his gang and other gangs an endorsement of and a willingness to engage in
criminal activities. Indeed, the implications of R.H.’s posts do not simply affect his chances of
future employment; they put R.H., his family, and anyone else in his vicinity, in danger of
bodily harm. We are mindful that social media postings like R.H.’s do not exist in a vacuum
but sometimes, sadly, spill out into real-world violence. We conclude from all this that the
State has a compelling interest in restricting R.H.’s social media activity on these three related
and insidious topics, closely related to his crimes, as a means of preventing him from further
criminal acts.
¶ 20 Our conclusion is supported by case law allowing restrictions of speech by minors not on
probation. Minors are entitled to some, but not all, of the constitutional protections
traditionally afforded to adults. Bellotti v. Baird, 443 U.S. 622, 633 (1979) (plurality opinion).
Different constitutional standards apply to minors because of “the peculiar vulnerability of
children; their inability to make critical decisions in an informed, mature manner; and the
importance of the parental role in child rearing.” Id. at 634.
¶ 21 This distinction between minors and adults manifests in several obvious ways. Most
relevant here, the creation of a separate court system for juveniles shows that the law treats
minors and adults differently. Id. at 635. Schools need not tolerate speech by minors that
disrupts their educational mission, even where the speech would be entitled to first amendment
protection outside of the school context. Hazelwood School District v. Kulhmeier, 484 U.S.
260, 266 (1998). Curfew laws do not implicate constitutional questions so long as they
properly further the State’s compelling interest in protecting children. People v. Chambers, 66
Ill. 2d 36, 44 (1976).
¶ 22 We find further support in case law restricting the behavior of adult probationers, who cede
some of their constitutional rights on conviction. In re H.G., 322 Ill. App. 3d 727 (2001). A
probation condition that implicates fundamental constitutional rights has to reasonably relate
to the “compelling state interest in reformation and rehabilitation.” (Internal quotation marks
omitted.) In re J.W., 204 Ill. 2d 50, 78 (2003). To be reasonable, a probation condition must
narrowly focus on its rehabilitative goal. In re J.G., 295 Ill. App. 3d 840, 843 (1998). In
assessing a probation condition’s reasonableness, courts also consider if (i) the probation
condition reasonably relates to rehabilitation, (ii) the value of the probation condition to
society plainly outweighs the loss of the probationer’s constitutional rights, and (iii) less
restrictive means are available. People v. Rizzo, 362 Ill. App. 3d 444, 456 (2005). Courts also
may look to the individual characteristics of the defendant. Stocke, 212 Ill. App. 3d at 554.
Even if R.H. were an adult probationer, the social media restriction would meet these goals.

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¶ 23 Narrow Tailoring
¶ 24 We must consider whether the order has been drawn narrowly to achieve its ends while
also limiting its intrusiveness and whether the trial court could have achieved the same
objective without imposing this probation condition as written. In so doing, we reiterate our
supreme court’s admonition that delinquency proceedings are not the equivalent of criminal
prosecutions. See In re Rodney H., 223 Ill. 2d 510, 520 (2006) (proceedings under Juvenile
Court Act are not criminal); In re W.C., 167 Ill. 2d 307, 320 (1995).
¶ 25 We find the restriction sufficiently narrow. The condition focuses on the goal of reforming
R.H.’s behavior and steering him away from involvement with gangs, guns, and drugs. The
order limits its reach to the matters specifically related to the exact behavior for which R.H.
was adjudicated delinquent. This case is not like Packingham v. North Carolina, 582 U.S. ___,
137 S. Ct. 1730 (2017), where a statute prohibited sex offenders from using any social
networking site also used by minors. Id. at ___, 137 S. Ct. at 1733. The Supreme Court held
that this violates the first amendment, as it prohibited all access to social media rather than
prohibiting posting about particular topics. R.H. is not restricted from all social media activity.
Instead, he is prohibited from posting about gangs, guns, and drugs, which is consistent with
the statutory condition, also imposed but not challenged, prohibiting direct or indirect contact
with “members of street gangs and drug users or dealers.” 705 ILCS 405/5-715(2)(s) (West
2016); see also In re Hugo G., 322 Ill. App. 3d 727, 739 (2001) (upholding probation
restriction prohibiting juvenile from associating with gang members).
¶ 26 Finally, R.H.’s social media activity is not incidental to the goal of rehabilitation, since
adolescents often use social media to communicate with each other about their activities
(including their illegal activities, as R.H. demonstrated). If the juvenile court has any hope of
steering R.H. toward a new direction and productive life, it would be absurd to target only
real-world behavior and ignore online activity. And if the trial court tried to restrict only
postings that glorified guns, gangs, or drugs, R.H.’s probation officer would be in the
impossible position of parsing each of his social media posts to determine a violation. For the
restriction to be effective, it must be practical, it must be feasible, and it must be enforceable.
¶ 27 We are not faced with the issue of whether this restriction might or might not pass
constitutional muster for an adult; rather, the issue concerns the constitutional rights of minors,
and the constitutional rights of minors are neither equal to nor coextensive with those of adults.
Bellotti, 443 U.S. at 633 (different constitutional standards apply to minors). For a juvenile
probationer, the Act demands that the trial court intrude into the minor’s private life and
impede his or her constitutional freedoms to rehabilitate him or her. See J.G., 295 Ill. App. 3d
at 842 (main purpose of Juvenile Court Act is to correct and rehabilitate); see, e.g., J.W., 204
Ill. 2d at 78 (recognizing that statutory condition prohibiting juvenile offender from entering
geographic area restricts basic constitutional right to interstate travel but is not automatically
invalid).
¶ 28 While not binding on this court, other jurisdictions have upheld similar probation
conditions to that imposed on R.H. See State v. H.L.M., No. 11-10-356, 2014 WL 1884320, *1,
6 (N.J. Super. Ct. App. Div. May 13, 2014) (condition of parole banning woman from
referencing her family in future blog posts did not violate first amendment because ban was
narrowly tailored, protected victims of her crime, and advanced rehabilitation). And in ruling
on a separate issue, this court itself has evaluated the constitutionality of similar restrictions.

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 See In re Sebeyoun W., 2017 IL App (1st) 161778-U (similar probation condition imposed
where juvenile sentenced to probation for possessing gun with defaced identification marks).
¶ 29 The dissent contends that the trial court should be required to include an intent provision in
the order, i.e., that R.H.’s probation can only be revoked if it is shown that he knowingly
violated a condition. This would be inconsistent with Illinois law, which states that conduct
resulting in a probation revocation need not “be of a criminal nature, let alone criminally
culpable.” People v. Allegri, 109 Ill. 2d 309, 315 (1985) (finding insanity not valid defense to
violation of probation condition). A defendant who does not even realize he or she is violating
a condition can still have his or her probation revoked if the nonculpable conduct “frustrate[s]
the goals of a probationary sentence.” (Internal quotation marks omitted.) People v. Jurisec,
199 Ill. 2d 108, 121 (2002). Hence, we cannot read a “knowingly” requirement into a probation
condition, as this would be contrary to the principles and goals of probation. Allegri, 109 Ill. 2d
at 314 (recognizing “probation as a privilege”). If R.H.’s online activities frustrate the goals of
his probation, then that probation can be revoked without a finding that he intended to violate a
condition.
¶ 30 We also note that even though the wording suffices and the parties agree as to the order’s
meaning, this order, like many orders, in retrospect could have been worded more expansively.
The trial court instructed R.H. to remove all “references” to gangs, guns, or drugs from his
social media accounts but did not specify whether this referred to posting images, words, or
both and did not instruct him whether he was permitted to make new posts on these subjects.
Nor did it refer to other methods of electronic communication (such as e-mail or texting).
When a trial court issues a probation condition not specifically listed in the statute, extra care
should be taken so that the probationer (particularly a minor) understands what constitutes
compliance and potential noncompliance. Again, here, at oral argument, the parties
acknowledged the order’s meaning.
¶ 31 We recognize the difficulty of drafting an effective order consistent with constitutional
demands and sensitive to the characteristics of young people engaged in delinquency. See
Miller v. Alabama, 567 U.S. 460, 471 (2012) (noting, because juveniles lack maturity, they are
prone to “recklessness, impulsivity, and heedless risk-taking” and are more vulnerable to peer
pressure). The dissent contends that the trial court should have named which gangs and which
visual symbols, colors, or words associated with those gangs R.H. was prohibited from
posting. But this is impractical and counterproductive.
¶ 32 The dissent’s approach would require the trial court (along with R.H.’s probation officer)
to acquire and maintain comprehensive knowledge of the gang identities and activities
surrounding R.H., something that may or may not be consistent with his geographical location,
and something that is constantly in flux due to the ever-changing fashions and interests of
young adults like R.H.
¶ 33 If the trial court prohibited R.H. from posting pictures of himself wearing a Bulls jersey,
based on information that a gang wearing Bulls jerseys operated a block from R.H.’s home,
that prohibition would become stale the moment the members of that gang decided to change
their shirts, move their activities, or splintered to form new, separate gangs. There is no
practical way for the trial court to be able to keep up with this information. Further, R.H.’s
social media presence (and the existence of Chicago public transportation) allows him to
connect with gang members who might not live or operate within the boundary around R.H.’s

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 physical location. Limiting the prohibition to specific gangs in specific areas would allow R.H.
to continue to connect with gang life, which is antithetical to rehabilitation.
¶ 34 The same impracticality extends to the dissent’s suggestion that the trial court must define
the word “gang.” The trial judge, the probation officer, and, surely, R.H. know what “gangs”
mean, and to suggest otherwise, as do the articles cited by the dissent, is sophistry. If the trial
court aims for specificity, it runs the risk of making the order too narrow to cover the behavior
that should be prohibited for the juvenile to rehabilitate him- or herself, and invites an
uncooperative and resistant juvenile to find ways to maneuver around the prohibitions.
Further, a juvenile who wants to comply with the order would likely find it easier to follow a
broad prohibition (“no references to guns, gangs, or drugs”) than one whose specifics require
juveniles to engage in legal interpretation (“no references that glorify or attempt to glorify
guns, gangs, or drugs”, “no excessive references to guns, gangs, or drugs,” or “no positive
references to guns, gangs, or drugs”). There is no positive benefit to either R.H. or society for
allowing R.H. to post about gangs in any context—there is no benefit to muddling the order
with specifics.
¶ 35 The legislature has instructed us that an important purpose of the statute is for the trial court
to rehabilitate the juvenile so that the minor can “mature into a productive member of society.”
705 ILCS 405/5-101(1)(c) (West 2016). To ensure R.H.’s rehabilitation, the trial court needs
flexibility to craft an effective probation condition. No matter the order’s text, the juvenile
court process will require the juvenile’s probation officer and the trial court to use their
discretion and common sense, always keeping in mind the purpose of the order is to
rehabilitate, reduce future offending, and foster the errant youth’s accountability. See 705
ILCS 405/5-101(1) (West 2016); see also W.C., 167 Ill. 2d at 320 (delinquency proceedings
are “protective” and purpose of Juvenile Court Act “is to correct and rehabilitate, not to
punish”).

¶ 36 Second-Prong Plain Error
¶ 37 Even if we had found constitutional error, R.H.’s claim would still fail because he cannot
pass the second prong of the plain error test. See People v. Thompson, 238 Ill. 2d 598, 613
(2010) (if error not preserved in trial court, defendant must show that clear or obvious error
occurred and either (i) evidence is so closely balanced that error alone threatened to tip scales
against defendant or (ii) error was so serious that it affected trial’s fairness and challenged
integrity of judicial process). R.H. claims that the restriction on his first amendment rights is
“serious” error.
¶ 38 We disagree; an error that challenges the integrity of the judicial process is one like that in
Thompson, where a trial court fails to ensure that jurors understand and accept important
concepts like the presumption of innocence. Id. at 606. Nor is this case similar to People v.
Lewis, 234 Ill. 2d 32 (2009), where a trial court imposed a “street-value” fine on a defendant
without making any evidentiary finding as to the actual “street-value” of the drugs Lewis had
sold. Id. at 35. Our supreme court concluded that this was “serious” plain error because without
evidence on the value of the drugs, “the fine has no basis in the statute or the evidence and will
be arbitrary.” Id. at 48. That arbitrariness affected the proceeding’s fairness and implicated the
integrity of the judicial process. Id. Nothing like that happened here. R.H. has not alleged that
the trial court lacked evidence establishing the relevance of his social media posts to his crimes
and his rehabilitation. Nor was R.H. deprived of an opportunity to question the probation

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 condition. Just because an error implicates the constitution does not turn it into a “serious”
error.

¶ 39 The Relevance of Omar F.
¶ 40 While R.H.’s case was pending, another division of this court issued its decision in
Omar F., 2017 IL App (1st) 171073. Omar F., a minor, was charged with armed robbery with a
firearm, aggravated robbery, and robbery and adjudicated delinquent. Id. ¶¶ 3, 21. The social
investigation revealed similar past charges, and Omar admitted that his friends were “gang
involved,” though he denied being in a gang himself. Id. ¶¶ 23, 25. Omar stated that he admired
his older brother because he had “ ‘been in the system before but has turned his life around.’ ”
Id. ¶ 26. The trial court sentenced Omar to probation and told him to “ ‘stay away from gangs,
guns, and drugs’ ” and to “ ‘clear those from [your] social media.’ ” Id. ¶ 31.
¶ 41 On appeal, the court found that these two conditions were overbroad and not narrowly
tailored. Id. ¶ 60. While restricting Omar’s real or online contact with gang members was
reasonably related to rehabilitative goals, the restrictions did not allow for any exceptions for
legitimate purposes or provide enough guidance to avoid violating the orders. Id. ¶ 63. The
court went on to find that these restrictions constituted second-prong plain error, stating that if
the restrictions were so vague that if Omar could inadvertently violate them while acting in a
constitutionally protected manner, “then the judicial process is not functioning as intended.”
Id. ¶ 68.
¶ 42 Having asked the parties to address Omar F., we will explain why we decline to follow its
lead. First, Omar F. is factually distinguishable, as its analysis focused on the restriction from
“contact” with gang members (as opposed to restrictions on particular social media topics).
The Omar F. court was particularly concerned by the no-contact order because it could
potentially prohibit Omar from seeing gang members in family or educational settings; worse,
Omar could potentially violate the probation restriction without meaning to or even knowing
he was violating it. Id. ¶ 63.
¶ 43 Those concerns are not present here. R.H. is not challenging the “no contact” order, only
the restriction on his social media topics. R.H. controls his own social media accounts and can
simply avoid posting about the prohibited topics; unlike Omar, he does not need to worry about
inadvertent contact with guns, gangs, or drugs in his social media accounts. (And, as explained,
there is no requirement that R.H.’s probation can only be revoked from a deliberate violation of
a probation condition.) We do not see why R.H. needs any kind of exception from this limited
restriction in his online life. Nor is there any potential, irreplaceable value in allowing R.H. to
post about these topics, unlike Omar, who could conceivably be rehabilitated through the good
influence of family members with crimes in their pasts or getting an education. R.H. can
certainly rehabilitate himself without posting about guns, gangs, or drugs.
¶ 44 Second, Omar F.’s conclusion that the restriction is overbroad and not narrowly tailored
does not address the specific restriction here. Omar F. focuses on the “no contact” order and
does not distinguish between that and the restriction on social media topics. Instead, it muddles
the two restrictions together by noting that “contact” could include both physical, in-person
contact, and contact through “online social platforms.” Id. ¶ 61. That is undoubtedly true—but
again, R.H. does not contest the restriction on “contact,” only the restriction on certain topics
online.

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¶ 45 Finally, we strongly disagree with Omar F.’s conclusion that the restriction constitutes
“serious” plain error. The only precedent cited by Omar F. is Lewis, 234 Ill. 2d at 48, which, as
explained, is not on point. The “serious error” category is meant to be limited and not to hold
every potential error that has constitutional implications; most errors that occur in a sentencing
hearing have some constitutional aspect.
¶ 46 Finding no constitutional error, we decline to address R.H.’s argument that the alleged
error should be reviewed as ineffective assistance of counsel.

¶ 47 Affirmed.

¶ 48 PRESIDING JUSTICE NEVILLE, dissenting:
¶ 49 Because the probation condition in the juvenile court’s order violates R.H.’s right to due
process, I respectfully dissent.
¶ 50 The Juvenile Court Act (705 ILCS 405/1-1 et seq. (West 2016)) gives the juvenile court
broad discretion to impose conditions on the probation of minors found delinquent. 705 ILCS
405/5-715 (West 2016). But “[t]he court’s discretion is limited by constitutional safeguards
and must be exercised in a reasonable manner.” In re J.W., 204 Ill. 2d 50, 77 (2003). To
comport with R.H.’s right to due process, the probation condition “must be sufficiently precise
for the probationer to know what is required of him, and for the court to determine whether the
condition has been violated.” (Internal quotation marks omitted.) In re Sheena K., 153 P.3d
282, 294 (Cal. 2007); see United States v. Loy, 237 F.3d 251, 262 (3d Cir. 2001) (a probation
condition violates due process of law if it either forbids or requires the doing of an act in terms
so vague that men of common intelligence must necessarily question its meaning and differ as
to its application).
¶ 51 The juvenile court here, as a condition of probation, restricted R.H. from posting to his
social media accounts any “references to gangs.” But “[e]xperts studying gangs agree with the
Supreme Court and consider the term ‘gang’ ‘notoriously imprecise.’ Scott Cummings &
Daniel J. Monti, Gangs—The Origins and Impact of Contemporary Youth Gangs in the United
States 278 (1993); Robert K. Jackson & Wesley D. McBride, Understanding Street Gangs 20
(1992) (meaning of ‘gang activity’ is ‘as varied as the background and perspectives of those
attempting to define it’).” Stephenson v. Davenport Community School District, 110 F.3d
1303, 1309 (8th Cir. 1997). When a regulation proscribes gang activity, the regulation must
define the term “gang.” City of Harvard v. Gaut, 277 Ill. App. 3d 1, 7 (1996); Stephenson, 110
F.3d at 1309. For the probation condition to provide any guidance, it must define the term
“gang” with sufficient clarity that R.H. can determine whether the court will find that he
violated the conditions of probation by referring to the Medillin cartel, the Russian mafia, the
Ku Klux Klan, or political parties closely affiliated with such organizations. I suggest that the
court should specify in the order the gangs to which R.H. must make no reference, and the list
should include the gangs that operate in the areas where R.H. lives or works or goes to school
or any other areas where R.H. regularly appears.
¶ 52 Even if the order defines or lists gangs, the order does not comport with the requirements of
due process unless it explains what counts as a reference to a gang. The probation condition
does not take into consideration the pictorial, nonverbal nature of much of social media. In
Stephenson, Stephenson wore a tattoo in the shape of a crucifix, and a court found that the

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 tattoo violated an order prohibiting Stephenson from displaying gang symbols. The
Stephenson court explained:
“[C]ommon religious symbols may be considered gang symbols under the District
regulation. The meaning of Stephenson’s tattoo, a cross, is contested by the parties as
Stephenson considers it simply a form of ‘self-expression’ while Appellees believe it is
a gang symbol. A significant portion of the world’s population, however, views it as a
representation of their Christian religious faith. Indeed, the list of ‘prohibited’ materials
under the regulation includes other potential religious symbols. See The City of
Harvard v. Gaut, 277 Ill. App. 3d 1, 214 Ill. Dec. 68, 660 N.E.2d 259, 261 (1996)
(officers testifying at hearing ‘acknowledged that the six-pointed star is a symbol of
Judaism as well as of the gangs affiliated with the Folk Nation’). ***
***
Sadly, gang activity is not relegated to signs and symbols otherwise indecipherable
to the uninitiated. In fact, gang symbols include common, seemingly benign jewelry,
words and clothing. For example, color combinations frequently represent gang
symbols. Gaut, [277 Ill. App. 3d at 4], 660 N.E.2d at 261 (police officers testified that
the ‘best-known gang “colors” were black and gold (Latin Kings and other People
Nation affiliates) and blue and black (Folk Nation affiliates)’). Indeed, the colors red
and blue are the colors of our flag and the colors of two prominent gangs: the Bloods
and Crips. Baseball caps, gloves and bandannas are deemed gang related attire by high
schools around the country, Paul D. Murphy, Restricting Gang Clothing in Public
Schools: Does a Dress Code Violate a Student's Right of Free Expression?, 64 S. Cal.
L. Rev. 1321, 1328 (July 1991), as well as collegiate logos. Gaut, [277 Ill. App. 3d at
5], 660 N.E.2d at 261 (Duke University baseball cap is a Folk Nation emblem). A male
student wearing an earring, Olesen v. Board of Educ. of Sch. Dist. No. 228, 676 F.
Supp. 820, 821 (N.D. Ill. 1987), or allowing a shoelace to go untied, Gaut, [277 Ill.
App. 3d at 4], 660 N.E.2d at 261, is engaging in actions considered gang related. Even
a student who innocently refers to classmates as ‘folks’ or ‘people’ is unwittingly
speaking in the parlance of the Midwestern gangs ‘Vice Lords’ and ‘Black Gangster
Disciples.’ [Citation.] In short, a male student walking the halls of a District school
with untied shoelaces, a Duke University baseball cap and a cross earring potentially
violates the District regulation in four ways.” Stephenson, 110 F.3d at 1308-11.
¶ 53 Thus, a photograph, posted to a social media website, that includes, in the background, a
person wearing blue, or a cross, or a baseball cap, or a shoe with untied laces, or a picture of a
cat in front of a blue wall, or a wall with an American flag or a crucifix may violate the
probation condition the juvenile court imposed on R.H. here. Even a picture of R.H. standing
in an open field may violate the court’s order—if a court decides that the depiction of the blue
sky refers to a gang that uses blue as its gang color. The order as written invites arbitrary
enforcement, in violation of R.H.’s right to due process. See Chalifoux v. New Caney
Independent School District, 976 F. Supp. 659, 667 (S.D. Tex. 1997).
¶ 54 To meet the requirements of due process, the order should specify the offending symbols
that must not appear in any image R.H. posts, shares, likes, or favorites on social media. To
formulate the list of banned symbols, the court should seek assistance from probation officers
and other persons familiar with gang activity in the areas where R.H. lives or works or goes to
school or any other areas where R.H. regularly appears.

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¶ 55 Finally, the court should state plainly in its conditions of probation that to show a violation
of the conditions, the prosecution must prove that R.H. knowingly used a gang symbol or
otherwise referred to a gang. The court must include the knowledge condition “to give
defendant fair warning of what areas to avoid and ensure[ ] that he will not be found in
violation due to a factual mistake, accident, or misfortune.” People v. Barajas, 131 Cal. Rptr.
3d 412, 421 (Ct. App. 2011).
¶ 56 I agree with the majority that the juvenile court has authority to enter an order restricting
R.H.’s use of social media. Because the order the trial court entered gives neither R.H. nor any
court or officer seeking to enforce the order any guidance as to what postings or other actions
on social media will violate the order, I must dissent from the majority’s affirmance of that
order.

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