Jones v. Federated Mutual Insurance Company.

FIRST DIVISION
BARNES, P. J.,
MCMILLIAN and REESE, JJ.

NOTICE: Motions for reconsideration must be
physically received in our clerk’s office within ten
days of the date of decision to be deemed timely filed.
http://www.gaappeals.us/rules

June 13, 2018

In the Court of Appeals of Georgia
A18A0039. JONES v. FEDERATED MUTUAL INSURANCE
COMPANY.

BARNES, Presiding Judge.

Verlinda and Kevin Jones appeal the summary judgment entered against them

and in favor of Federated Mutual Insurance Company. They contest the trial court’s

ruling that they were validly excluded from uninsured motorist coverage provided by

a policy issued by that company. For reasons that follow, we affirm.

Summary judgment is proper “if the pleadings, depositions, answers to

interrogatories, and admissions on file, together with the affidavits, if any, show that

there is no genuine issue as to any material fact and that the moving party is entitled

to a judgment as a matter of law.” OCGA § 9-11-56 (c). “In our de novo review of the

grant of a motion for summary judgment, we must view the evidence, and all
reasonable inferences drawn therefrom, in the light most favorable to the

nonmovant.” (Citation and punctuation omitted.) Cowart v. Widener, 287 Ga. 622,

624 (1) (a) (697 SE2d 779) (2010).

So viewed, the record shows the following. On April 3, 2015, the Joneses were

test-driving a car owned by Five Star Automotive Group, when that car was rear-

ended by a vehicle being driven by Rashod Lamar. Neither of the Joneses had a

personal automobile insurance policy. Seeking to recover damages for alleged injuries

from the car wreck, the Joneses filed the instant action. They named Lamar as a

defendant, and they served a copy of the action upon Federated Mutual, with which

Five Star had an insurance policy (“Policy”) at the time of the collision.1 The Joneses

accepted the liability limits from Lamar’s insurer and executed a limited liability

release pursuant to OCGA § 33-24-41.1,2 thereby exhausting all liability coverage.3

1
See OCGA § 33-7-11 (d).
2
See generally Daniels v. Johnson, 270 Ga. 289, 290 (2) (509 SE2d 41) (1998)
(“The legislature enacted OCGA § 33-24-41.1 . . . to make meaningful the ability of
a claimant to settle with the tortfeasor’s insurance carrier while preserving his
[uninsured motorist] claim.”).
3
See id. at 291 (2) (holding that “if the plaintiff settles for the limits of the
[tortfeasor’s] policy as stated in the policy and executes a limited release in
accordance with OCGA § 33-24-41.1, the plaintiff may pursue his [uninsured
motorist] claim.”)

2
Maintaining, however, that their medical bills stemming from the car wreck exceeded

the amounts received from Lamar’s insurer, the Joneses sought uninsured motorist

coverage under the Policy pursuant to OCGA § 33-7-11, the Georgia Uninsured

Motorist Act (“UM Statute”).4

Federated Mutual moved for summary judgment, asserting that the Policy

afforded the Joneses no uninsured motorist coverage. In support of its motion, Federal

Mutual presented evidence that when Five Star procured the Policy and thus decided

the scope of coverage it would obtain, Five Star’s authorized representative executed

a “Georgia Commercial Automobile Uninsured Motorists Coverage Option Form”

(the “Uninsured Motorist Provision”) selecting thereon a $1,000,000 uninsured

motorist coverage limit for “directors, officers, partners or owners of the named

insured and family members who qualify as an insured.” On that same form, as

Federated Mutual further pointed out, Five Star’s authorized representative expressly

rejected uninsured motorist coverage for “any other person who qualifies as an

insured.” At the time of the collision, as the Joneses stipulated, neither of them was

4
See FCCI Ins. Co. v. McLendon Enterprises, 297 Ga. 136, 137, n. 2 (772
SE2d 651) (“If the [tortfeasor] motorist is uninsured or underinsured, the statutory
characterization is that of ‘uninsured.’”), citing OCGA § 33-7-11 (b) (1) (D) (ii).

3
a director, officer, owner, or partner of Five Star, nor was either a family member of

any Five Star director, officer, owner, or partner.

Notwithstanding, the Joneses opposed Federated Mutual’s motion on grounds

that the Uninsured Motorist Provision – which resulted in “tiered” uninsured motorist

coverage (for different groups of individuals) – was void as contravening both the

plain language of the UM Statute and Georgia’s public policy. Therefore, the Joneses

urged that the $1,000,000 option applied to them each as an “insured” in accordance

with the UM Statute.

After a hearing, the trial court ruled in favor of Federated Mutual. It ascertained

that the plain terms of the Uninsured Motorist Provision revealed the contracting

parties’ intent to exclude uninsured motorist coverage for persons such as the Joneses.

And in rejecting the Joneses’ arguments that the Uninsured Motorist Provision was

void, the trial court relied on Crouch v. Federated Mut. Ins. Co., 257 Ga. App. 604

(571 SE2d 574) (2002), which upheld tiered uninsured motorist coverage (for

different groups of individuals) as contravening neither law nor public policy. Id. at

606 (a). The trial court granted Federated Mutual’s summary judgment motion, and

the Joneses appeal.

4
 1. We first review the applicable statutory and contractual framework. “In

Georgia, an insurer may fix the terms of its policy as it wishes, insuring against

certain risks and excluding others, provided the terms are not contrary to law.” Hurst

v. Grange Mut. Cas. Co., 266 Ga. 712, 716 (4) (470 SE2d 659) (1996).

When an uninsured motorist policy provision is in conflict with the clear
intent of OCGA § 33-7-11, the policy provision is unenforceable and the
statute controls. Exclusions in uninsured motorist endorsements cannot
circumvent the clear mandate of the [UM Statute] by withholding the
protection required.

(Citations and punctuation omitted.) Dees v. Logan, 282 Ga. 815, 816 (653 SE2d 735)

(2007); see Hartford Accident & Indem. Co. v. Booker, 140 Ga. App. 3, 4 (1) (230

SE2d 70) (1976).

In relevant part, the UM Statute states in paragraph (a) (1), “No automobile

liability policy or motor vehicle liability policy shall be issued or delivered in this

state . . . unless it contains an endorsement or provisions undertaking to pay the

insured damages for bodily injury . . . sustained from the owner or operator of an

uninsured motor vehicle. . . .” But paragraph (a) (3) of the UM Statute states, “The

coverage required under paragraph (1) of this subsection shall not be applicable

where any insured named in the policy shall reject the coverage in writing.” Together,

5
these paragraphs provide that uninsured motorist “coverage must appear in every

[automobile liability] policy unless rejected in writing by the insured named in the

policy.” Doe v. Rampley, 256 Ga. 575, 577 (1) (351 SE2d 205) (1987); see also Jones

v. Ga. Farm Bureau Mutual Ins. Co., 248 Ga. App. 394, 396 (546 SE2d 791) (2001)

(“Although an insurer is required to offer [uninsured motorist] coverage initially, a

insured is not required by the statute to carry [uninsured motorist] coverage.”).

We thus turn to the Policy because “[courts] must employ the standard rules of

contract construction to determine the meaning of the provisions of an insurance

policy.” Owners Ins. Co. v. Smith Mechanical Contractors, 285 Ga. 807, 808 (2) (683

SE2d 599) (2009). In this case, the named insured was Five Star. Where, as here, “the

terms and conditions of an insurance contract are clear and unambiguous, they must

be given their literal meaning.” Adams v. Atlanta Cas. Co., 235 Ga. App. 288, 289 (1)

(509 SE2d 66) (1998); see Smith v. Stoddard, 294 Ga. App. 679, 682 (1) (b) (669

SE2d 712) (2008) (“Under Georgia law, contracts of insurance are interpreted by

ordinary rules of contract construction. Where the terms are clear and unambiguous,

and capable of only one reasonable interpretation, the court is to look to the contract

alone to ascertain the parties’ intent.”) (citation and punctuation omitted).

6
Accordingly, the trial court correctly ascertained that the plain terms of the Uninsured

Motorist Provision revealed that the contracting parties intended to exclude uninsured

motorist coverage for persons such as the Joneses. See Crouch, 257 Ga. App. at 607-

608 (c) (rejecting injured motorist’s claim of entitlement to pursue maximum amount

of uninsured motorist coverage provided by a tiered policy, where the language of the

policy plainly excluded the motorist from that option). Even the Joneses acknowledge

in their appellate brief that, in executing the Uninsured Motorist Provision, “Five Star

chose to provide significant protection to its own owners and directors [and other

designated individuals,] while totally excluding all others who would obviously[5] be

using the vehicles.”

2. In an effort to escape the summary judgment ruling and to establish that the

$1,000,000 option of uninsured motorist coverage applies to them, the Joneses

reassert on appeal that the Uninsured Motorist Provision is void as contravening: (a)

the UM Statute; and (b) Georgia’s public policy. See generally Merrill v. Lee, 301 Ga.

34, 36 (2) (799 SE2d 169) ( 2017) (“Parties may establish contract terms on any

5
The Joneses included the word “obviously,” as the Joneses explain in their
brief, because “Five Star sells cars and routinely allows the public to test drive its
vehicles.”

7
subject matter in which they have an interest so long as their agreement is not

prohibited by statute or public policy.”) (citation and punctuation omitted).

(a) Contending that the Uninsured Motorist Provision runs afoul of Georgia’s

UM Statute, the Joneses present the following two arguments.

(i) First, the Joneses emphasize that the UM Statute sets forth a definition of

“insured” that includes “any person who uses, with the expressed or implied consent

of the named insured, the motor vehicle to which the policy applies.” OCGA § 33-7-

11 (b) (1) (B). Maintaining that they fell within that definition, the Joneses argue that

the grant of summary judgment to Federated Mutual impermissibly disregarded that

statutory definition.

This contention lacks merit because, as explained above, paragraph (a) (3) of

the UM Statute expressly authorizes named insureds – such as Five Star in the instant

case – to reject in writing the uninsured motorist coverage required by that statute’s

paragraph (a) (1). See OCGA § 33-7-11 (a) (1, 3); Nat. Union Fire Ins. Co. v.

Johnson, 183 Ga. App. 38, 39 (357 SE2d 859) (1987) (explaining that claim by

employee for uninsured motorist coverage under the employer’s automobile liability

policy was properly rejected, where the employer as the “named insured” had rejected

in writing uninsured motorist coverage pursuant to OCGA § 33-7-11 (a) (3)); see also

8
Nolley v. Md. Casualty Ins. Co., 222 Ga. App. 901, 903 (3) (476 SE2d 622) (1996)

(determining that, because a garage was not required by law to carry

uninsured/underinsured motorist insurance, then it could not be required to offer such

insurance to a customer using a loaner vehicle).

Although the Joneses have cited us to State Farm Mutual Auto Ins. Co. v.

Murphy, 226 Ga. 710 (177 SE2d 257) (1970), that case is inapposite. Although

Murphy concluded that a policy provision excluding uninsured motorist coverage was

void as contrary to the UM Statute, id. at 713-714, that case did not concern a named

insured’s written rejection of uninsured motorist coverage. Id. at 710-713. Accord

Doe, 256 Ga. at 577 (1) (determining that a policy provision excluding uninsured

motorist coverage was ineffective as contrary to the UM Statute, where it was not

“saved by the force of OCGA § 33-7-11 (a) (3) allowing the insured to waive

uninsured motorist coverage,” because the record contained no written waiver of

uninsured motorist coverage, and because “the acceptance of a policy with a non-

confirming uninsured motorist provision is not such a waiver as the statute

contemplates”).

(ii) The Joneses’ second attack upon the Uninsured Motorist Provision as

ruling afoul of the UM Statute asserts that the UM Statute allows a named insured

9
either “to choose an amount of uninsured motorist coverage or to reject uninsured

motorist coverage in its entirety[,] but not to do both.” (Emphasis supplied.)

The Joneses have pointed to no language within the UM Statute as imposing

an “all or nothing” restriction upon uninsured motorist coverage; and we find none.

Had the legislature intended for a rejection of uninsured motorist coverage as to any

one statutorily-defined “insured” to apply to all other statutorily-defined “insureds,”

it could have said so; but it did not. See Jones, 248 Ga. App. at 396-397 (rejecting

claimant’s contention that she remained eligible for “excess” uninsured motorist

coverage because she had not rejected it in writing, reasoning that the UM Statute,

“on its face, does not require an insurer to obtain a written rejection of excess

coverage,” and that “[i]f the legislature meant for the rejection feature to apply

equally to . . . excess coverage, it would have said so explicitly”); Nat. Union Fire

Ins. Co., 183 Ga. App. at 39 (“If the legislature had intended any further formal

requisites for the rejection of uninsured motorist benefits, we must presume it would

have specified them.”). And because “[t]here is nothing in [the statute] imposing such

a requirement, . . . we will not judicially legislate one.” Kight v. MCG Health, 296 Ga.

687, 689 (1) (769 SE2d 923) (2015); see Abdulkadir v. State, 279 Ga. 122, 124 (2)

10
(610 SE2d 50) (2005) (“A court of law is not authorized to rewrite the statute by

inserting additional language that would expand its application.”).

Indeed, the trial court correctly determined that this issue is controlled by the

analogous case of Crouch, 257 Ga. App. at 604, which upheld the named insured’s

freedom of contract to choose tiered uninsured motorist coverage. Id. at 605-606 (a).

In Crouch, an individual was driving a car belonging to an automobile dealership

when the car collided with another vehicle. 257 Ga. App. at 604. The individual

sought uninsured motorist benefits under the dealership’s automobile liability policy,

which split uninsured motorist coverage into two options. Id. One option capped such

coverage at $1,000,000 for “directors, officers, partners, or owners” of the dealership

and included in such limit a “family member” who qualified as an insured; the other

option capped uninsured motorist coverage at $40,000 for “any other person

qualifying as an ‘insured.’” Id. The individual seeking uninsured motorists benefits

was not a director, officer, partner, owner of the dealership, nor a family member of

any such person.

Notwithstanding, the individual attempted to establish that the $1,000,000

option of uninsured motorist coverage applied to her, arguing that “the two options

of UM coverage contained in the Federated policy are not permitted under Georgia

11
law.” Crouch, 257 Ga. App. at 605 (a). Rejecting that argument, this Court espoused,

“As long as the mandatory UM minimum is met and optional UM coverage is offered

pursuant to statutory requirements, a combination of sublimits and interests restricted

to named insureds and resident relatives contravenes neither the law nor public

policy.” Id. at 606 (a). Thus ruling in favor of the insurance company, we reiterated:

“[I]nsurance policies are not excepted from the general principle of freedom of

contract. An insurance company may fix the terms of its policies as it wishes,

provided they are not contrary to law, and it may insure against certain risks and

exclude others.” Id. at 605 (a).

The Joneses point out that the insurance policy underlying Crouch allotted each

group at least some amount of coverage. But that distinction does not lead to an

outcome in their favor. Material here is that, in both Crouch and the instant case, the

tiered options chosen by the named insureds were expressly permitted by the UM

Statute.

Notably, other jurisdictions with uninsured motorist statutory provisions

similar to the UM Statute’s provisions at issue here have upheld tiered uninsured

motorist coverage in accordance with the named insureds’ elections. See, e.g.,

Vaughn, 961 So2d at 819-820 (II) (A) (rejecting argument that a named insured’s

12
decision to accept UM coverage for some insureds prevented it from rejecting UM

coverage for other insureds, where the governing statute allowed the named insured

to reject uninsured motorist coverage totally, and where “nothing in the text of [the

governing statute] prevented [a named insured] from rejecting UM coverage for [one

category of insureds] while accepting UM coverage for other insureds); Stoms v.

Federated Svcs. Ins. Co., 125 A3d 1102, 1107-1108 (III) (B) (Del. 2015) (upholding

as unambiguous a car dealership’s insurance policy that provided uninsured motorist

coverage only “for directors, officers, partners or owners” of the dealership, where

the dealership had complied with the governing statute authorizing it to “reject[] in

writing, on a form furnished by the insurer” uninsured motorist coverage for “any

other person who qualifies as an insured”).

(b) Finally, the Joneses contend that the two options of uninsured motorist

coverage contained in the Uninsured Motorist Provision raise “a significant public

policy concern.” Asserting that the UM Statute “does not discriminate against a driver

who is not financially or familiarly connected to the named insured,” the Joneses

claim that the $1,000,000 option should be afforded to them also.

“[T]he legislature . . . is empowered by the Constitution to decide public policy,

and to implement that policy by enacting laws.” Commonwealth Investment Co. v.

13
Frye, 219 Ga. 498, 499 ( ) (134 SE2d 39) (1963), cited in Woodcraft by MacDonald,

Inc. v. Ga. Cas. & Sur. Co., 293 Ga. 9, 11-12 (743 SE2d 373) (2013); Crowder v.

Dept. of State Parks, 228 Ga. 436, 440 (3) (185 SE2d 908) (1971) (“[P]ublic policy

. . . addresses itself to the legislative, not the judicial, branch of our State

government.”). And as our Supreme Court has long held, “[t]he power of the courts

to declare a contract [provision] void for being in contravention of a sound public

policy is a very delicate and undefined power, and . . . should be exercised only in

cases free from doubt.” Cotton State Mutual Ins. Co. v. Neese, 254 Ga. 335, 337 (1),

n. 4 (329 SE2d 136) (1985), quoting Equitably Loan &c. Co. v. Waring, 117 Ga. 599,

599 (1) (44 SE 320) (1903).

The Joneses have not specified which public policy they claim is violated; nor

have they demonstrated that their generalized public policy contention is free from

doubt. Here, each option selected on the Uninsured Motorist Provision – (i) one

selecting “excess” uninsured motorist coverage; and (ii) the other rejecting uninsured

motorist coverage – is expressly authorized by the UM Statute. OCGA § 33-7-11 (a)

(1, 3). And “[t]he legislative enactment of a statute is a conclusive expression of

public policy.” Villanueva v. First American Title Ins. Co., 292 Ga. 630, 632 (740

SE2d 108) (2013). Accord Fountain, 204 Ga. App. at 167 (3) (rejecting contention

14
that the exclusion of uninsured motorist coverage for named driver violated public

policy).

More pointedly, it is clear that the Joneses take issue specifically with Five

Star’s rejection of uninsured motorist coverage. But named insureds may reject in

writing uninsured motorist coverage. OCGA § 33-7-11 (a) (3). As this Court has

discerned, “[a]s a matter of public policy, [a] written rejection is required: (1) to be

certain that insurers notify insureds about the UM coverage available to them and (2)

to encourage, without requiring, drivers to elect to carry the minimum amount of UM

coverage.” (Emphasis omitted.) Jones, 248 Ga. App. at 397. We are satisfied that

these interests were served in the instant case.

Other jurisdictions with comparable uninsured motorist statutory provisions

have rejected similar pubic policy challenges to tiered uninsured motorist coverage.

See, e.g., Vaughn, 961 So2d at 819-820 (II) (A) (rejecting argument that public policy

is violated by employer’s insurance policy that provided uninsured motorist coverage

only to certain categories of employees, because “[t]he language of [the governing

statute] does not support, let alone require, this interpretation,” and because “the

greater typically includes the lesser, the right to reject totally UM coverage implies

the right to reject it partially”); Stoms, 125 A3d at 1106 (III) (rejecting public policy

15
challenge to an employer’s insurance policy that provided uninsured motorist

coverage only to certain categories of employees, because “[t]o hold that any

coverage above the statutory minimum . . . has to be afforded to all who benefit from

a policy would dissuade employers from buying anything above the statutory

minimum”).

We are mindful that the UM Statute “resulted from public concern over

increasingly frequent hardships imposed upon persons sustaining bodily and property

damage caused by uninsured and financially irresponsible motorists.” Murphy, 226

Ga. at 712. But for all the foregoing reasons, the Joneses have established no error in

the trial court’s ruling that they were validly excluded from uninsured motorist

coverage afforded under the Policy. Consequently, they have supplied us with no

basis for reversing the grant of summary judgment entered in favor of Federated

Mutual. See generally Travelers Home & Marine Ins. Co. v. Castellanos, 297 Ga.

174, 176 (1) (773 SE2d 184) (2015) (reiterating that an individual “claiming an

insurance benefit has the burden of proving that a claim falls within the coverage of

the policy,” and “[t]hus, to establish a prima facie case on a claim under a policy of

insurance [that individual] must show the occurrence was within the risk insured

against”) (citation and punctuation omitted); Lambert v. Alfa Gen. Ins. Corp., 291 Ga.

16
App. 57 (660 SE2d 889) (2008) (affirming the grant of summary judgment to insurer

on issue of amount of uninsured motorist coverage, where no ambiguity in the

insurance contract existed, and where the insurer was statutorily permitted to abide

by the policyholder’s written directives pertaining to the amount of such coverage

afforded).

Judgment affirmed. McMillian and Reese, JJ., concur.

17