FIRST DIVISION
BARNES, P. J.,
MCMILLIAN and REESE, JJ.
NOTICE: Motions for reconsideration must be
physically received in our clerk’s office within ten days
of the date of decision to be deemed timely filed.
http://www.gaappeals.us/rules
June 19, 2018
In the Court of Appeals of Georgia
A18A0696. BLACKWELL v. THE STATE.
REESE, Judge.
A jury found Kenneth Blackwell guilty of aggravated child molestation,
aggravated sexual battery, and statutory rape.1 The trial court sentenced Blackwell to
life plus 20 years’ imprisonment. Blackwell appeals from the denial of his amended
motion for new trial, arguing, inter alia, that his trial counsel was ineffective in failing
to object to the improper admission of child hearsay evidence. For the reasons set
forth, infra, we affirm.
Viewed in the light most favorable to the jury’s verdict,2 the evidence presented
at trial showed the following facts. In 2006, when the victim, K. S. was about seven
1
See OCGA §§ 16-6-4 (a) (1), (c); 16-6-22.2 (b); 16-6-3 (a).
2
See Rankin v. State, 278 Ga. 704, 705 (606 SE2d 269) (2004).
years old, Blackwell began dating K. S.’s mother. At the time, K. S. and her family
lived in Ohio. According to K. S., Blackwell “started to touch” her around that time,
using his fingers to touch her breasts and her vagina. Two or three years later, when
K. S. was nine or ten years old, Blackwell began having sexual intercourse with her.
In 2010, when K. S. was ten or eleven years old, her family and Blackwell
moved to Gwinnett County, where the sexual intercourse and fondling continued. In
addition, Blackwell began to force her to perform oral sex on him. According to K. S.,
the sexual abuse happened “[a] lot,” but she did not tell her mother because she
thought her mother would not believe her.
Then, in July 2012, when K. S. was 13 years old, Blackwell impregnated her,
and she had to undergo a second-trimester abortion. According to K. S., she did not
tell her mother that Blackwell was the man who had impregnated her, and her mother
did not ask her who it had been. Blackwell, however, told K. S.’s mother that she had
been raped by someone in the neighborhood. It is undisputed that neither K. S.’s
mother nor Blackwell called the police to report the alleged rape.
Following the abortion, Blackwell continued to have sexual intercourse and oral
sex with K. S. repeatedly until early May 2014, when she was 15 years old. About two
weeks after the last time Blackwell sexually assaulted her, K. S. ran away from home
2
and went to a friend’s house seeking a place to spend the night. According to K. S.,
she ran away because she was afraid for her own safety and that of her little sister, who
was five or six years old at the time.
The friend’s mother testified that K. S. told her “about the things [Blackwell
was] doing to her” and that she had told her mother about the abuse several times, but
her mother did not believe her. The friend’s mother testified that K. S. had “told [her
that] ever since she was [nine years old, Blackwell] had been touching her and he
ha[d] sex with her and . . . made her perform oral sex on him and that she [had
become] pregnant by him . . . when she was . . . 13 or 14 – and that the child . . . was
. . . aborted[.]” The friend’s mother, who was a police officer, called K. S.’s mother,
who arrived shortly thereafter, and the police.
The Gwinnett County police officer who responded to the call, Angelica
Grissom, testified at trial that she spoke briefly with K. S. at the friend’s home. K. S.
told Grissom that Blackwell
started touching her when she was about [seven] years old and that he
actually started inserting his penis or penetrating her when she was about
[ten]. [K. S.] initially told [Grissom] that in the summer of 2013 she had
an abortion. [H]er mom [told Grissom, however,] that she paid for an
abortion in the summer of 2012. [K. S.] stated [that Blackwell] would
normally come into her bedroom late at night when her mom was asleep.
3
She stated that many times she was actually asleep herself and [Blackwell
would] wake her up. [K. S. stated that the sexual abuse] happened for
several years. [T]heir last encounter was about two weeks prior to th[e]
report being filed with the police [in May 2014].
Grissom also testified that she asked K. S.’s mother if she believed K. S.’s claims
about Blackwell, and the mother responded that she did.3
Detective Kim Riddle with the Gwinnett County Police Department’s Special
Victims Unit conducted a forensic interview of K. S. in June 2014. According to
Riddle, K. S. said that the sexual abuse in Gwinnett County started in 2010 when she
was in 6th grade and about eleven years old and that it continued “until two or three
weeks prior to the report,” i.e., early May 2014. In fact, K. S. specifically told Riddle
that she had performed oral sex on Blackwell about two weeks before she reported the
abuse. The State played a redacted video recording of the nearly two-hour forensic
3
To the extent this testimony constituted inadmissible hearsay or improper
bolstering, Blackwell’s trial counsel did not object to this testimony at trial, nor did
Blackwell raise the failure to object as an ineffective assistance claim or raise this
issue on appeal. Thus, any error in the admission of this statement was waived. See
OCGA § 24-1-103 (a) (“Error shall not be predicated upon a ruling which admits . .
. evidence unless a substantial right of the party is affected and[ ] a timely objection
or motion to strike appears of record[.]”); McGlocklin v. State, 292 Ga. App. 162, 163
(664 SE2d 552) (2008) (failure to raise ineffective assistance claim in trial court
constitutes waiver); Cobble v. State, 268 Ga. App. 792, 794 (2) (603 SE2d 86) (2004)
(arguments not enumerated as error in brief are waived).
4
interview for the jury. During the interview, K. S. detailed the years of sexual abuse
by Blackwell, telling Riddle that it happened “whenever [Blackwell] wanted it.”
In addition to this evidence, K. S.’s younger brother, D. S., testified that he
learned about his sister’s assault after she reported it. According to D. S., she told him
“that the small period of time when [Blackwell] was living with [them] in [Ohio,] . .
. [Blackwell] would start feeling her and . . . she couldn’t tell anybody because he
threatened to kill all of [them.] [After they moved to Georgia,] it started picking up
more and more[,] and eventually she had an abortion.”
The State indicted Blackwell, charging him with committing the acts of
aggravated child molestation, aggravated sexual battery, and statutory rape against the
victim. According to each count, Blackwell committed these acts sometime between
October 1, 2010, and May 1, 2014.
After Blackwell was convicted on all three of the charged crimes, he filed a
motion for new trial. Blackwell’s trial counsel testified at the motion hearing that he
did not file a motion in limine or object to the admission of K. S.’s out-of-court
statements because he did not believe he had a legal basis to object, given K. S.’s age
when she made the statements and the fact that she was available to testify at trial.
5
The trial court denied the motion for new trial, ruling that K. S.’s out-of-court
statements to her friend’s mother, her brother, Grissom, and Riddle (hereinafter, “the
hearsay witnesses”) were admissible under the child hearsay statute because she was
under 16 years old at the time she made the statements. The court also ruled that the
statements were admissible as prior consistent statements. Thus, the court concluded
that counsel’s failure to raise a meritless objection did not constitute deficient
performance. Blackwell appeals.
On appeal from a criminal conviction, we view the evidence in the
light most favorable to the verdict and an appellant no longer enjoys the
presumption of innocence. This Court determines whether the evidence
is sufficient under the standard of Jackson v. Virginia,4 and does not
weigh the evidence or determine witness credibility. Any conflicts or
inconsistencies in the evidence are for the jury to resolve. As long as
there is some competent evidence, even though contradicted, to support
each fact necessary to make out the State’s case, we must uphold the
jury’s verdict.5
4
443 U. S. 307 (99 SCt 2781, 61 LE2d 560) (1979).
5
Walker v. State, 329 Ga. App. 369, 370 (765 SE2d 599) (2014) (punctuation
and additional footnote omitted).
6
“The standard of Jackson v. Virginia,[6] is met if the evidence is sufficient for any
rational trier of fact to find the defendant guilty beyond a reasonable doubt of the
crime charged.”7
In order to prevail on a claim of ineffective assistance of counsel,
a criminal defendant must show that counsel’s performance was deficient
and that the deficient performance so prejudiced the client that there is
a reasonable likelihood that, but for counsel’s errors, the outcome of the
trial would have been different.[8] The criminal defendant must overcome
the strong presumption that trial counsel’s conduct falls within the broad
range of reasonable professional conduct. We accept the trial court’s
factual findings and credibility determinations unless clearly erroneous,
but we independently apply the legal principles to the facts.9
“Since an appellant claiming ineffective assistance of counsel must show both
deficient performance and actual prejudice stemming from that deficiency, an
insufficient showing on either of these prongs relieves the reviewing court of the need
6
443 U. S. at 319 (III) (B).
7
Bautista v. State, 305 Ga. App. 210, 211 (1) (699 SE2d 392) (2010).
8
Strickland v. Washington, 466 U. S. 668, 690 (III) (A) (104 SCt 2052, 80 LE2d
674) (1984).
9
Robinson v. State, 277 Ga. 75, 75-76 (586 SE2d 313) (2003) (citations and
punctuation omitted).
7
to address the other prong.”10 With these guiding principles in mind, we turn now to
Blackwell’s specific claims of error.
1. As an initial matter, we conclude that K. S.’s testimony was sufficient to
prove Blackwell’s guilt beyond a reasonable doubt, i.e., that he committed at least one
criminal act in the manner alleged in each count of the indictment – aggravated child
molestation,11 aggravated sexual battery,12 and statutory rape13 – between October 1,
2010, and May 1, 2014.
10
Riggins v. State, 279 Ga. 407, 409 (2) (614 SE2d 70) (2005) (citation and
punctuation omitted).
11
See OCGA § 16-6-4 (c) (“A person commits the offense of aggravated child
molestation when such person commits an offense of child molestation which . . .
involves an act of sodomy.”); see also OCGA § 16-6-4 (a) (1) (applicable definition
of child molestation).
12
See OCGA § 16-6-22.2 (b) (“A person commits the offense of aggravated
sexual battery when he or she intentionally penetrates with a foreign object the sexual
organ . . . of another person without the consent of that person.”); see also OCGA §
16-6-22.2 (a) (“For the purposes of this Code section, the term “foreign object” means
any article or instrument other than the sexual organ of a person.”).
13
See OCGA § 16-6-3 (a) (“A person commits the offense of statutory rape
when he or she engages in sexual intercourse with any person under the age of 16
years and not his or her spouse, provided that no conviction shall be had for this
offense on the unsupported testimony of the victim.”).
8
It is axiomatic that “[t]he testimony of a single witness is generally sufficient
to establish a fact.”14 Here, K. S. testified at trial that Blackwell repeatedly sexually
assaulted her by, among other things, having sexual intercourse and oral sex with her
throughout the applicable period while her family was living in Gwinnett County.
Moreover, K. S. specifically testified that Blackwell impregnated her in 2012 and, as
a result, she had to undergo a second-trimester abortion when she was only 13 years
old. K. S’s testimony regarding the pregnancy and abortion was supported by her
medical records, as well as Blackwell’s admission that he accompanied her and her
mother to the clinic where the procedure was performed.15
14
OCGA § 24-14-8; see Hammontree v. State, 283 Ga. App. 736, 737 (1) (642
SE2d 412) (2007) (In a child molestation case, “[t]he victim’s testimony alone sufficed
to establish the elements of the crime charged.”) (citations omitted); Lewis v. State,
275 Ga. App. 41, 42 (1) (619 SE2d 699) (2005).
15
See OCGA § 16-6-3 (a) (A conviction for statutory rape requires that the
victim’s testimony be supported by other evidence.); see also In the Interest of B. L.
S., 264 Ga. 643, 644 (2) (449 SE2d 823) (1994) (Evidence was sufficient to uphold
conviction for delinquency based upon statutory rape because “[i]t was not necessary
that the victim’s testimony be corroborated in every particular[.]”) (citation omitted);
Davis v. State, 204 Ga. App. 657 (1) (420 SE2d 349) (1992) (It is not necessary for the
State to present evidence to corroborate the victim’s identification of the defendant as
the person who committed the statutory rape. “The quantum of corroboration needed
in a [statutory] rape case is not that which is in itself sufficient to convict the accused,
but only that amount of independent evidence which tends to prove that the incident
occurred as alleged.”) (citation and punctuation omitted).
9
Therefore, we find that K. S.’s testimony, as supported by her medical records
and Blackwell’s admission, was sufficient to authorize the jury’s verdict that
Blackwell was guilty beyond a reasonable doubt of the crimes as charged.16
2. Blackwell argues that his trial counsel was ineffective for failing to object to
K. S.’s testimony about sexual abuse that took place in Ohio because the trial court
lacked subject matter jurisdiction over those crimes. Any objection would have been
futile, however, as this evidence was admissible to show the prior difficulties between
Blackwell and the victim under OCGA § 24-4-404 (b).17
“Unlike similar transactions, prior difficulties do not implicate independent acts
or occurrences, but are connected acts or occurrences arising from the relationship
between the same people involved in the prosecution and are related and connected
16
See Lewis, 275 Ga. App. at 41-42 (1) (In a child molestation case, the
underage victim’s testimony that her stepfather fondled her and engaged in oral sex
and sexual intercourse with her over a period of years was corroborated by a friend’s
testimony that she witnessed at least one instance of oral sex and other witnesses
confirmed other sexually suggestive conduct between the defendant and victim.).
17
See Lopez v. State, 332 Ga. App. 518, 520 (2) (773 SE2d 787) (2015).
10
by such nexus.”18 Thus, because the evidence was admissible in this case, Blackwell
has failed to show deficient performance by counsel.19
3. Blackwell argues that his trial counsel was ineffective in failing to file a
motion in limine to exclude the out-of-court statements K. S. made to the hearsay
witnesses about any acts of sexual assault he committed against her prior to July 1,
2013. In a related argument, Blackwell contends that his trial counsel was ineffective
in failing to object to that hearsay testimony at trial. According to Blackwell, the out-
of-court statements were inadmissible under the Child Hearsay Statute because, at the
time those acts were committed, the hearsay exception only applied to statements
made by a child under the age of 14 years, and K. S. was 15 years old when she made
her initial outcry.
18
Lopez, 332 Ga. App. at 520 (2) (The notice requirement of OCGA § 24-4-404
(b) does not apply to evidence of prior difficulties between the accused and the alleged
victim.); see also OCGA § 24-4-414 (admissibility of evidence of prior acts of child
molestation committed by the defendant); Uniform Superior Court Rule 31.1
(procedural rules for the admission of similar transaction evidence).
19
See Anglin v. State, 302 Ga. 333, 343 (8) (806 SE2d 573) (2017) (“The failure
to pursue a futile objection does not amount to ineffective assistance.”) (citation and
punctuation omitted).
11
As shown above, the indictment charged Blackwell with sexually assaulting the
victim between October 2010 and May 2014. Thus, two different versions of
Georgia’s Child Hearsay Statute apply in this case.
(a) For the acts of sexual assault that Blackwell committed against K. W.
between July 1, 2013, and May 1, 2014, OCGA § 24-8-820 applied.20 Pursuant to that
statute,
[a] statement made by a child younger than 16 years of age describing
any act of sexual contact or physical abuse performed with or on such
child by another or with or on another in the presence of such child shall
be admissible in evidence by the testimony of the person to whom made
if the proponent of such statement provides notice to the adverse party
prior to trial of the intention to use such out-of-court statement and such
child testifies at the trial, . . . and, at the time of the testimony regarding
the out-of-court statements, the person to whom the child made such
statement is subject to cross-examination regarding the out-of-court
statements.
The record shows that the statute’s notice and procedural requirements were met in
this case. Thus, as Blackwell appears to concede in his brief, any out-of-court
20
See Ga. L. 2013, p. 222, §§ 13 (revising OCGA § 24-8-820), 21 (“This Act
shall become effective on July 1, 2013, and shall apply to offenses which occur on or
after that date. Any offense occurring before July 1, 2013, shall be governed by the
statute in effect at the time of such offense.”).
12
statements made by K. S. to the hearsay witnesses about acts of sexual abuse
committed by Blackwell between July 1, 2013, and May 1, 2014, were admissible
under OCGA § 24-8-820.
(b) For acts of sexual assault that were committed against K. S. before July 1,
2013, former OCGA § 24-3-16 applied.21 That statute provided:
A statement made by a child under the age of 14 years describing any
sexual contact or physical abuse performed with or on the child by
another . . . is admissible in evidence by the testimony of the person or
persons to whom made if the child is available to testify in the
proceedings and the court finds that the circumstances of the statement
provide sufficient indicia of reliability.22
Thus, Blackwell is correct that the hearsay witnesses’ testimony recounting statements
made by K. S. about acts of sexual abuse by Blackwell that occurred before July 1,
21
See OCGA § 24-8-820; see also State v. Walker, 342 Ga. App. 733, 733-734
(805 SE2d 262) (2017). The Georgia General Assembly substantially reenacted former
OCGA § 24-3-16 (redesignating the statute as OCGA § 24-8-820) when it enacted the
new Evidence Code. See Ga. L. 2011, p. 99, § 2. The new Evidence Code had an
effective date of January 1, 2013. See Ga. L. 2011, p. 99, § 101. Thus, the former
version of OCGA § 24-8-820 technically applied to acts committed in this case
between January 1 and July 1, 2013. Given the “nearly identical” language in former
OCGA § 24-3-16 and former OCGA § 24-8-820, see Laster v. State, 340 Ga. App. 96,
99 (1) n. 2 (796 SE2d 484) (2017), the instant analysis is the same under both statutes.
22
See Ga. L. 1995, p. 937, § 1.
13
2013, were not admissible under OCGA § 24-3-16, because K. S. was 15 years old at
the time she made the statements.
Pretermitting whether Blackwell’s trial counsel’s performance was deficient in
failing to object to this evidence, however, we find that Blackwell has failed to show
that there is a reasonable probability that the outcome of the trial would have been
different if the evidence had been excluded.23 Here, the hearsay witnesses’ testimony
recounting K. S.’s statements about sexual abuse that occurred prior to July 1, 2013,
was merely cumulative of K. S.’s trial testimony and other evidence in this case, all
of which was both admissible at trial and sufficient to sustain the jury’s verdict.24 As
this Court has repeatedly held, the failure to object to hearsay evidence that is merely
cumulative of other, properly admitted evidence is harmless and, thus, does not
constitute ineffective assistance of counsel.25 Consequently, Blackwell has failed to
23
See Robinson, 277 Ga. at 75-76.
24
See Division 1, supra.
25
See, e.g., Thomas v. State, 296 Ga. App. 170, 174 (2) (c) (674 SE2d 56)
(2009); Sullivan v. State, 295 Ga. App. 145, 151-152 (4) (671 SE2d 180) (2008);
Currington v. State, 270 Ga. App. 381, 387 (4) (606 SE2d 619) (2004); Ingram v.
State, 262 Ga. App. 304, 305 (2) (585 SE2d 211) (2003).
14
meet his burden of demonstrating prejudice that arose from the improper admission
of this evidence.26
4. Similarly, Blackwell contends that the judgment of conviction is void ab
initio because it cannot be discerned whether the jury improperly considered evidence
of the Ohio incidents in reaching its verdict.
Pretermitting whether such consideration would have been improper,27 each
count in the indictment accused Blackwell with committing the charged act “in the
State of Georgia and County of Gwinnett, on and between the 1st day of October,
2010 and the 1st day of May, 2014[.]” In the jury charge, the trial court read the
indictment to the jury and specifically instructed the jury that venue in Gwinnett
County had to be proven by the State beyond a reasonable doubt as to each crime
charged in the indictment. The court properly instructed the jury, and we must presume
that the jury followed this instruction in the absence of evidence to the contrary.28
Judgment affirmed. Barnes, P. J., and McMillian, J., concur.
26
See Brown v. State, 332 Ga. App. 635, 638 (2) (774 SE2d 708) (2015)
(“Failure to satisfy either prong of the Strickland standard is fatal to an ineffective
assistance claim.”) (citations omitted).
27
See Division 2, supra.
28
See Brown v. State, 300 Ga. 446, 449 (3) (796 SE2d 283) (2017).
15