In Re The Termination of The Parent-Child Relationship of: Ca.B. and C.B. (Minor Children), and T.B. (Mother) v. The Indiana Department of Child Services (mem. dec.)

MEMORANDUM DECISION
Pursuant to Ind. Appellate Rule 65(D), FILED
this Memorandum Decision shall not be Jul 02 2018, 9:59 am
regarded as precedent or cited before any
CLERK
court except for the purpose of establishing Indiana Supreme Court
Court of Appeals
the defense of res judicata, collateral and Tax Court

estoppel, or the law of the case.

ATTORNEYS FOR APPELLANT ATTORNEYS FOR APPELLEE
Emily A. Fehr Curtis T. Hill, Jr.
Public Defender Attorney General of Indiana
Fortville, Indiana
Robert J. Henke
Nicole A. Zelin Abigail Recker
Pritzke & Davis, LLP Deputy Attorney General
Greenfield, Indiana Indianapolis, Indiana

IN THE
COURT OF APPEALS OF INDIANA

In Re The Termination of The July 2, 2018
Parent-Child Relationship of: Court of Appeals Case No.
Ca.B. and C.B. (Minor Children), 30A05-1711-JT-2788
and Appeal from the Hancock Circuit
Court
T.B. (Mother),
Appellant-Respondent, The Honorable Jeffrey Eggers,
Judge
v.
The Honorable R. Scott Sirk,
Court Commissioner
The Indiana Department of
Child Services, Trial Court Cause Nos.
Appellee-Petitioner. 30C01-1704-JT-129
30C01-1704-JT-130

Barnes, Senior Judge.
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 Case Summary
[1] T.B. (“Mother”) appeals the termination of her parental rights to her children,

C.B. and Ca.B. We affirm.

Issue
[2] The restated issue before us is whether there is sufficient evidence to support the

termination of Mother’s parental rights.

Facts
[3] Mother gave birth to C.B. on August 3, 2009, and to Ca.B. on July 13, 2013.

C.B.’s father is C.H.1 Ca.B.’s father is T.W.2 On January 28, 2016, the

Hancock County Office of the Department of Child Services (“DCS”) received

a report alleging that Mother was abusing heroin and methamphetamine,

neglecting the children, and failing to properly supervise them. DCS family

case manager Lauren Johnson made an unannounced visit to Mother and her

boyfriend, T.W., and “observed [them] to be under the influence.” App. Vol. II

p. 3. Mother and T.W. “were sweating profusely,” “had scabs on their faces

1
C.H. is not a party to this appeal. He was incarcerated at the outset of the underlying CHINS action and
could not take custody of C.B. C.B. was placed with C.H.’s mother, Roxann Swann, during the pendency,
and she intends to adopt C.B.
2
T.W.’s parental rights as to Ca.B. remain in effect. DCS is “giving him more time” because “[h]e has
started to turn things around and he has been working on sobriety”; “he’s been getting services and he’s been
consistently reporting to those services, he’s been attending the meetings, [and] he’s been in compliance.” Tr.
Vol. II pp. 94, 96.

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 and arms,” and “there was a distinct odor in the master bedroom . . . that is

similar to the smell of methamphetamine.” Supp. Tr. Vol. II p. 10.

[4] Mother subsequently tested positive for methamphetamine, amphetamine,

opiates, and THC. C.B. told Johnson that “he often has to take care of Ca.B.”;

that Mother and T.W. are “always in their bathroom and the door is locked”;

he “has to feed [Ca.B.] and stay with him”; and “that he does not feel safe with

[Mother] and T.W.” Id. at 12. DCS removed the children from Mother’s care.

[5] On February 2, 2016, DCS filed petitions alleging that C.B. and Ca.B. were

Children in Need of Services (“CHINS”). The trial court conducted an initial

and fact-finding hearing on February 11, 2016, and entered these findings:

e) Mother and Father admit that [C.B.] is a Child in Need of
Services;

f) Mother used illegal drugs while [C.B.] was in her care and
custody;

*****

i) Due to her illegal drug use, Mother could not adequately
supervise [C.B.];

j) Mother continues to struggle with substance use;

k) [C.B.] needs services that would not otherwise be provided or
accepted without the coercive intervention of the Court; . . . .

App. Vol. II p. 4. The trial court made identical findings as to Ca.B.
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[6] The trial court conducted a dispositional hearing on April 6, 2016. In its

ensuing order, the trial court found that the children should remain under

DCS’s wardship. Under DCS’s case plan, Mother was to: (1) maintain contact

with DCS and to provide updates regarding her contact information,

household, employment, and criminal charges, if any; (2) allow

scheduled/unscheduled DCS visits to assess her parenting; (3) keep

appointments with DCS, the children’s court-appointed special advocate

(“CASA”), and their service providers; (4) obtain and maintain housing as well

as sufficient means of income or support to raise the children; (5) ensure and

actively participate in home-based counseling; (6) complete substance abuse

and parenting assessments and follow all service providers’ recommendations;

(7) submit to random drug screens upon request; (8) abstain from possessing or

using illegal drugs; (9) comply with supervised visitation; and (10) provide a

safe, secure, abuse- and neglect-free environment for the children.

[7] During the CHINS pendency, DCS referred Mother to Medicaid, out-of-home

placement, supervised visitation, sibling visitation, individual therapy, random

drug screens, and substance abuse treatment services. Mother, however, grew

increasingly apathetic and “was unsuccessfully closed out of all services due to

non-compliance.” Id. at 6. In the twenty-month CHINS pendency, she visited

the children only once; consistently failed to comply with DCS’s case plan; and

failed to maintain contact with DCS. Her counsel was allowed to withdraw

“due to [M]other’s lack of participation.” Id.

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[8] The record reveals that, after various review hearings, permanency hearings,

and hearings on motions for rule to show cause, the trial court consistently

found Mother’s efforts to be lacking as follows: Mother (1) “has not complied

with the child[ren]’s case plan”; (2)” has not complied with the dispositional

order”; (3) “has not maintained contact with the Department”; (4) “has not

engaged in services as ordered”3; (5) “has not provided any changes in address,

household composition, employment or contact information” such that as of

January 25, 2017, DCS did “not have a current address or phone number for

Mother” and was “unable to verify that Mother’s home is suitable, safe and

stable for the children; (6) has “provided false information to the DCS that she

completed an intensive outpatient treatment program, but the alleged service

provider had not provided that treatment for mother, and [M]other had failed to

attend the scheduled intake appointment”; (7) was “unsuccessfully discharged

from supervised visitation due to noncompliance”; (8) “had open referrals for

substance abuse treatment since 2/2/2016, but has not completed any

treatment programs”; (9) “was unsuccessfully discharged from home-based

casework, individual therapy, and parenting education due to non-compliance”;

(10) “never completed her clinical interview and assessment”; (11) “has not

provided consistent drug screens”; (12) “has done nothing [in the twenty-month

pendency] to improve her ability to parent the child safely”; (13) was

3
Mother contacted the family case manager in July 2016 following a hearing in which she was found in
contempt and admonished to communicate with DCS. “However, when she would contact the family case
manager, she would typically provide an excuse as to why she was not able to come in to submit a drug
screen.” App. Vol. II p. 10.

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unsuccessfully discharged from home-based casework and home-based therapy

programs due to noncompliance; (14) failed to complete a clinical interview and

assessment; (15) no-call-no-showed for multiple appointments with the family

case manager; (16) “has not provided any proof of any legal and stable sources

of income” such that DCS “is unable to determine if Mother has sufficient

income to financially support her children”; (17) provided no drug screens from

April 2016 until July 2017, after which she “provided a few drug screens” but

again failed to submit to drug screens as requested after July 20, 2017, such that

DCS “[wa]s not able to verify that Mother [wa]s not currently using,

manufacturing, trading, selling, possessing or distributing any illegal controlled

substances”; (18) was unsuccessfully discharged from parenting education for

noncompliance; (19) “was discharged from supervised visitation due to

noncompliance”; and (20) “[d]ue to Mother’s lack of compliance and failure to

appear to court hearings throughout her case,” she was unsuccessfully

discharged from all services [and] cease of services was ordered on

04/12/2017.”4 App. Vol. II pp. 6-7.

4
DCS referred Mother to the following non-exhaustive list of services during the pendency; she was
unsuccessfully discharged from each one for non-compliance: (1) LifeLine Youth and Family Services for
Supervised Visitation on February 8, 2016; (2) LifeSolutions for home-based case work and individual
therapy on April 6, 2016; (3) Volunteers of America for inpatient substance abuse treatment on February 2,
2016; (4) LifeLine Youth and Family Services for parenting education on April 6, 2016; and (5) Indianapolis
Treatment Center.

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[9] DCS’s wardship of the children resulted from Mother’s drug abuse. During the

twenty-month pendency of the CHINS action, she was arrested for dealing ten

or more grams of methamphetamine. The trial court’s findings state,

Mother is currently facing felony 2 charges under cause 49G21-
1703-F2-9974 for dealing in Methamphetamine
Manufacture/Deliver/Finance - 10 or more grams. Mother’s co-
defendant is also facing charges for dealing. The prosecutor
indicated that the co-defendant is an illegal [alien] in this country
and is facing multiple charges on the federal level due to his
illegal [alien] status as well as his drug charges. Mother made
phone calls while incarcerated. Those calls were to her
associates. She told her associates that if they did not bail her out
of jail, she would tell law enforcement everything she knows
about the drug business. Mother was subsequently bailed out.
The prosecutor informed DCS that these individuals are not your
“run-of-the-mill pot smokers” but are trafficking large amounts of
drugs into our community. Mother’s involvement in a dangerous
criminal enterprise, along with her drug use, pose a safety threat
to her, as well as any children that may be in her care. At this
time, the Department does not believe it is safe or appropriate to
allow [M]other to have access to her children, as their safety and
best interest is paramount in this CHINS matter.

Id. at 9.

[10] Although Mother often stated that she wanted to reunite with the children, she

failed to undertake the necessary steps to effect reunification. The trial court’s

findings state,

4. Mother has been given the opportunity by the Court and
DCS to re-engage in services in an attempt to reunify with
her child[ren]. DCS has offered random drug screens and

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 scheduled a case plan conference to discuss further
services. Mother has not come in to submit to drug
screens as asked. Mother has been unsuccessfully
discharged from all services referred by the Department;

*****

12. The Court, at the permanency hearing on 7/12/2017,
continued the TPR hearing regarding the child and
changed the permanency plan to a concurrent plan of
adoption and reunification. The Court made it clear that
this was [M]other’s last opportunity to make a change and
comply with services. Mother has not complied with
services, has not improved in her parenting ability, and
continues to put her own desires before the best interest of
her child[ren].

13. Mother testified, under oath, that she has not used any
illegal substances since the permanency hearing on
7/12/17. She testified that she has no positive drug
screens during the period from that date until the court
hearing today.

14. The Court entered an order for release of [M]other’s
records from Indianapolis Treatment Center.

15. Mother then informed the court that her previous
statement of not using illegal substances was untrue and
there were positive screens for illegal substances. Mother
thereby admitted to committing perjury at the hearing on
8/16/17 in this cause.

Id. at 11-12.

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[11] On April 18, 2017, DCS filed petitions to terminate Mother’s parental rights to

C.B. and Ca.B. The trial court conducted a fact-finding hearing on the petitions

for termination on October 25, 2017. DCS assessment family case manager

Lauren Johnson testified that she received the initial report about Mother’s

substance abuse and that she interviewed Mother and T.W. Johnson

performed a home environment check, administered drug screens, and removed

the children after Mother and T.W. tested positive for methamphetamine.

Johnson testified that she referred Mother to supervised visitation, residential

substance abuse treatment, home based casework, home-based therapy, and

parenting education, among other services. Tr. Vol. II p. 18.

[12] DCS family case manager Connor McCarty testified that he took over Mother’s

case in July 2016, but that Mother “did not stay in contact” and, except for

“brief[ ]” contact in July and August 2016 and “one or two phone calls” before

December 2016. Id. at 30. He testified that Mother failed to provide up-to-date

contact information, failed to submit to regular drug screens, failed to complete

her substance abuse assessment and was unsuccessfully discharged, and

provided inaccurate information regarding her enrollment in intensive

outpatient classes to address her substance abuse.

[13] Mother failed to engage in services, even after DCS filed multiple rule to show

cause motions regarding her lack of effort. He testified that Mother lied about

remaining sober, but “went back and stated that she had lied and . . . did test

positive.” Id. at 34. He testified further,

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 Since the time of removal Mother has continued to test positive
as well as received unsuccessful discharges from any service that
has tried to help her and change – and address her challenges, as
well as now she has legal involvement and has been incarcerated
quite a few times.

Id. at 39. Mother contacted McCarty in March 2017 and “indicated . . . that

she would like to meet and go over services again.” Id. at 32. He testified that

DCS did not restart services because she failed to demonstrate consistency and

because she “was not clean and sober during the summer.” Id. at 111.

[14] McCarty testified as follows regarding the children’s progress in placement:

[C.B.] has had ups and downs as far as his emotions and being
very angry and having anger outbursts, not being able to control
that anger or being able to express a lot of the trauma that he
went through. He’s very – was very agitated. He was diagnosed
with ADHD and PTSD, they had a lot of – or had a lot of issues
in school as far as being able to focus and listen as well as trouble
at home being able to – to there again follow, obey rules and
things of that nature.

*****

[C.B.] still has ups and downs, he’s got some really good—good
weeks, and then as things come up he processes through them.
But he’s fully engaged in his therapy with—he’s got two . . .
therapists at this point. He’s got an individual therapist that he
sees outside of school and then he also sees a therapist at school
that’s able to do—work on social skills and group activities after
school. And he’s able to—has done a lot better at being able to
express his emotions, and grandparents have done a phenomenal
job as well as working in that therapy and being engaged to help

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 take what he learns in therapy and be able to engage that at home
to help calm him down, learn appropriate coping skills and things
of that nature.

Id. at 42-43. McCarty testified that he recommends adoption by C.B.’s paternal

grandparents and that delaying adoption to allow Mother to more time to “get

things together” would exacerbate C.B.’s behavioral issues and anxiety and

could “caus[e] continued trauma” because C.B. craves permanency. Id. at 44.

[15] As to Ca.B., McCarty testified that, upon removal, he was developmentally-

delayed, nonverbal, and had dietary issues. In placement, Ca.B. “is engaged in

services . . . . receives speech therapy as well as individual therapy and he—

we’re working towards visitation with Father [T.W.].” Id. at 47. McCarty

testified that it is in Ca.B.’s best interest to be adopted in his foster placement or

reunified with T.W.

[16] Child mental health therapist Becky Vandenburgh testified that she provided

biweekly therapy services to C.B. for almost two years. At the outset of his

therapy, C.B. “was a very sad, distraught little boy”; had “witnessed a lot of

things . . . that he should not have” and “was very scared and broken and angry

and hungry.” Id. at 54. C.B. has “ADHD, PTSD, parent/child neglect,

[and]anxiety.” Id. Vandenburgh focused on “get[ting] him to feel safe and

secure in an environment [with] rules and structure and food and doctor’s

appointments and clothing” because

if you don’t have those you can’t start to have safety, security,
emotional development, you can’t focus in school. If you’re

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 always hungry, that’s your focus of where am I going to get my
next meal. And I say that because he would tell me he wasn’t
fed.

*****

When we first started drawing together he drew a picture of this
Mother with a chainsaw and he was chopping her up, so we saw
a lot of anger. And in talking about that it’s—it’s hurt right? It’s
pain. And he would say I love her but I hate her because she
does drugs. Those are her—his words right. Lots of guns, I
would see lots of scribbling of red, anger, hurt, pain. Sometimes
he would draw a picture and then he would yell at it and cuss at
it and I said you can say whatever you need to say in here. In
our sandbox therapy you have a bunch of different toys you can
pick from and they play out—they re-enact kind of their
experience and what they’ve been through. So a lot of times he
would be picking police officers and army people, guys with guns
and swords and they – they would be fighting. So again, he—
he’s seen police come to the house, he’s seen—he would say
Mom would lock herself up in the bathroom or bedroom and not
come out because – and he knew she was doing drugs, he would
say he’d see needles and syringes. And over and over again he
would say I hate her, I wish she would get sober, I don’t want to
talk to her until she gets sober.

Id. at 55-56. Vandenburgh testified that C.B.’s paternal grandmother, Roxann

Swann, is consistent, reliable, actively participates in his therapy, adopts his

therapists’ recommendations and suggestions, and “has been a huge protective

factor in his being a successful, loving, productive individual when he grows

up.” Id. at 59. Vandenburgh testified that Mother has never participated in

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C.B.’s therapy and that she has “never once heard from her.” Id. at 59.

Vandenburgh has observed “[a] ton” of progress”:

[C.B. is] happier. He’s—he’s engaged, he can play games and he
can cooperate, he can share, he can—he’s polite . . . . He’s doing
better in school. I remember one of the things he said to me was
Mommy—I never went to school, they never made me go to
school and I like school, I like to go and learn. Now since he’s
started there he’s had ups and downs at school which is normal
for what he’s been through that he’s gonna have some issues with
focusing and anxiety and some of the stomachaches and
headaches that he would have. But we’ve seen a lot of progress.

* * * * * One of the last times I asked him to draw something
that was—draw a picture of the rain. So it was very open to him
and he drew a picture of himself in the rain with an umbrella
over him which is an indicator that now he has some . . . coping
skills that he now knows when I’m in the rain in need this
protection. So the umbrella is a symbol of where and how he’s
progressed from guns and chainsaws and anger and sadness to
now I’m safe and I have protection.

Id. at 57-58. Vandenburgh testified that delaying termination of Mother’s

parental rights would deny C.B. “a better prognosis”

[because] he needs the stability. . . .[H]e needs just to kind of be
done and to know that he has a safe place that he can call home
and it’s now—well, what’s gonna happen next, do I have to go
back with her, will she be sober, how long will this take.

Id. at 59.

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[17] C.B.’s paternal grandmother, Roxann Swan, testified that, among other times,

C.B. “lived with [her] “from 2009 through 2013” and “from January through

April 2015,” when “Mother needed some assistance, she was trying to help

herself get off of drugs . . . . .” Id. at 65. Swann had the following concerns

while C.B. was in Mother’s care:

[C.B.] had PTSD, he was in need of glasses and had not gotten
his exam, he was six and had never been to the dentist, he was
catching strep throat a lot. I think it was just – that was due to
immune system breakdown because he was not getting an
adequate amount of sleep.

Id. at 65. She also testified about C.B.’s linked issues relating to food and

anxiety, including devouring his food, obsessing about the availability of food

in the future, and being fearful of “tak[ing] the last piece of [food].” Id. at 66.

She testified further,

. . . [H]e would have to play his Xbox all day because—so he
wouldn’t think about being hungry. He was raising and taking
care of his brother and he would give up his food to make sure
his brother was taken care of. There—he would—he had
mentioned being locked in the closet so he did not—he does not
like doors closed most of the time.

*****

It was basically that they weren’t feeding the kids. He said—he
had told me that they—there was not much food other than
maybe ice cream once in a while or juice. It was not accessible to
him. He had mentioned to me one time—he said that Mommy
had gone to the store and she came home with a bunch of food

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 and he was so happy but it all got put up and it was never
accessible to him. He stated that on a couple of occasions that
[T.W.] had fixed a meal and he said I could smell it, I could see it
looked so good, I was so hungry but he took it upstairs to the
bedroom and ate and I didn’t get any. He did state that he was
given a box of food for Christmas but that there was a note in it
saying that he had to pay for it.

Id. at 67-68. In Mother’s care, C.B. had a record of excessive school absences

and tardy notices; and in placement, Swann remedied his school attendance

record and participation. C.B. is enjoying “the normal things” in family life

and visiting with Ca.B., while also “relinquish[ing] that caregiver role.” Id. at

75.

[18] Abby Jackson, foster mom to Ca.B, testified that, when Ca.B. was placed with

her, he had a compromised immune system, was underweight,

developmentally-delayed, had an extremely limited diet, struggled with

different textures of foods, hoarded toys, and “just wasn’t functioning as a

normal child.” Id. at. 82. She testified that, although he has demonstrated

improvement after referrals for speech therapy, developmental special needs

preschool, he still displays some abnormal behaviors:

For one, he doesn’t know how to be carried. * * * * * He don’t
[sic] even know how to ride on your hip like any child knows
from an infant. When he goes to bed at night he does not get out
of his bed in the morning. He waits for you to come get him still
to this day. He um – he will lay there forever and ever and ever
until you either come get him or now he’ll say Mama, Mama and
he’ll let me know he’s awake and then I’ll come in and get him
and then he’ll get out of his bed. He doesn’t like any doors

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 closed . . . . He’s scared to death of having closet doors shut. He
– he’s scared to death to be left alone in a dark car (inaudible) be
riding in a dark car at night. He’s still voicing those concerns
now two years after being removed.

Id. at 83-84. Jackson noted that (1) she has participated in Ca.B.’s therapies

and has learned skills to help him cope; (2) Mother has not engaged in any of

Ca.B.’s services; (3) Ca.B. is now “extremely bonded” to her; (4) Ca.B. eats a

broader, healthier range of foods; (5) Ca.B.’s speaking ability is much

improved; and (6) Ca.B. enjoys a more normal sibling relationship with C.B,

whom he sees “at least every other week if not once a week.” Id. at 85, 87.

Lastly, she testified that she and her husband want to adopt Ca.B. and that

“he’s happy, . . . thriving, . . . bonded with us . . . . [and] he gets to be a normal

child and in a loving, stable home.” Id. at 88.

[19] The CASA testified that, based on her “consistent positive [drug] tests, her

criminal activity” and lack of engagement or progress, allowing Mother to have

an ongoing relationship with the children would put their safety at risk. Id. at

95.

[20] Mother testified that she was sober at the termination hearing dating back to her

September 2017 incarceration for failing a drug test and testing positive for

methamphetamine. Tr. Vol. II p. 12. She asked for additional time to receive

services, demonstrate improvement, and to work toward reunification. She

admitted that she was arrested during the pendency; that she used drugs in jail,

but that she had remained sober for “a little bit over a month” at the time of the

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termination hearing. Id. at 125. On November 8, 2017, the trial court entered

its order terminating Mother’s parental rights. App. Vol. II pp. 86. As to each

child, the trial court found, among other things:

23.) * * * * * a) . . .[M]other has not participated in services,
visited with the child, or obtained or maintained sobriety;

b) The child’s mother has failed to establish or maintain a
relationship with the child since the opening of the related
CHINS proceedings in this county for the child, which has been
a period of 20 months;

c) None of the conditions resulting in the child’s removal from
the parents’ home and care have been remedied or even
addressed by the child’s mother;

d) Mother’s criminal dealings, including her associations with
dangerous criminals, pose a threat to the child’s safety and
wellbeing;

e) Mother has stated that she wants to reunify with her children,
but she has made no efforts to make that happen. Her actions
speak louder than her words, and she continues to act only out of
self-interest, to the determent [sic] of her child;

24.) . . . [T]here is a reasonable probability that the continuation
of the parent-child relationship between the biological mother
and child poses a threat to the well-being of the child, and also
that there is a reasonable probability that the conditions that
resulted in the child’s removal from and continued placement
outside the care and custody of the biological mother will not be
remedied.

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 25.) The child has been removed from the home and care of the
biological parents since January of 2016, a time period of
approximately twenty (20) consecutive months through the date
of the completion of the termination trial. The child has resided
with his current pre-adoptive relative family since January of
2016, a time period of approximately twenty (20) months at the
close of the termination trial. The child knows this family as his
own and expresses the desire and intention to remain in this
home permanently as a member of that family. The child has
positively responded to the stability and structure, as well as the
love and nurturing, provided by this family, which was
previously entirely lacking in his life.

26.) The child’s DCS case managers, CASA, therapist, and
relative caregiver have all testified that termination of the
parent—child relationship and adoption of the child are in the
child’s best interests. The Court agrees with these opinions, and
now accepts and adopts them as its own finding of fact in these
proceedings.

27.) The description of the care, love, and attention given to the
child by the relative caregivers, as well as the opinions cited
above, also demonstrate that adoption is a satisfactory plan for
the care and treatment of the child, which is now also found as
fact for purposes of these termination proceedings.

Id. at 18. Mother now appeals.

Analysis
[21] Mother challenges the sufficiency of the evidence supporting termination of her

parental rights. The Fourteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution

protects the traditional right of parents to establish a home and raise their

children. In re I.A., 934 N.E.2d 1127, 1132 (Ind. 2010). “A parent’s interest in
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 the care, custody, and control of his or her children is ‘perhaps the oldest of the

fundamental liberty interests.’” Id. (quoting Troxel v. Granville, 530 U.S. 57, 65,

120 S. Ct. 2054 (2000)). “Indeed the parent-child relationship is ‘one of the

most valued relationships in our culture.’” Id. (quoting Neal v. DeKalb County

Div. of Family & Children, 796 N.E.2d 280, 285 (Ind. 2003)). We recognize that

parental interests are not absolute and must be subordinated to the child’s

interests when determining the proper disposition of a petition to terminate

parental rights. Id. Thus, “‘[p]arental rights may be terminated when the

parents are unable or unwilling to meet their parental responsibilities.’” Id.

(quoting In re D.D., 804 N.E.2d 258, 265 (Ind. Ct. App. 2004), trans. denied).

Courts need not wait until a child is irreversibly influenced by a deficient

lifestyle such that his or her physical, mental, and social growth is permanently

impaired before terminating the parent-child relationship. Castro v. State Office of

Family & Children, 842 N.E.2d 367, 372 (Ind. Ct. App. 2006), trans. denied.

“Rather, when the evidence shows that the emotional and physical

development of a child in need of services is threatened, termination of the

parent-child relationship is appropriate.” Id.

[22] When reviewing the termination of parental rights, we do not reweigh the

evidence or judge witness credibility. In re I.A., 934 N.E.2d at 1132. We

consider only the evidence and reasonable inferences that are most favorable to

the judgment. Id. We must also give “due regard” to the trial court’s unique

opportunity to judge the credibility of the witnesses. Id. (quoting Ind. Trial

Rule 52(A)). Here, the trial court entered findings of fact and conclusions

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 thereon in granting DCS’s petition to terminate Mother’s parental rights, as

required by Indiana Code Section 31-35-2-8(c). See In re N.G., 61 N.E.3d 1263,

1265 (Ind. Ct. App. 2016). When reviewing findings of fact and conclusions

thereon entered in a case involving a termination of parental rights, we apply a

two-tiered standard of review. First, we determine whether the evidence

supports the findings, and second, we determine whether the findings support

the judgment. In re I.A., 934 N.E.2d at 1132. We will set aside the trial court’s

judgment only if it is clearly erroneous. Id. A judgment is clearly erroneous if

the findings do not support the trial court’s conclusions or the conclusions do

not support the judgment. Id.

[23] Indiana Code Section 31-35-2-8(a) provides that, “if the court finds that the

allegations in a petition described in [Indiana Code Section 31-35-2-4] are true,

the court shall terminate the parent-child relationship.” Indiana Code Section

31-35-2-4(b)(2) provides that a petition to terminate a parent-child relationship

involving a child in need of services must allege, in part:

(B) that one (1) of the following is true:

(i) There is a reasonable probability that the conditions
that resulted in the child’s removal or the reasons for
placement outside the home of the parents will not be
remedied.

(ii) There is a reasonable probability that the continuation
of the parent-child relationship poses a threat to the
wellbeing of the child.

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 (iii) The child has, on two (2) separate occasions, been
adjudicated a child in need of services;

(C) that termination is in the best interests of the child; and

(D) that there is a satisfactory plan for the care and treatment of
the child.

DCS must establish these allegations by clear and convincing evidence. Egly v.

Blackford County Dep’t of Pub. Welfare, 592 N.E.2d 1232, 1234 (Ind. 1992).

[24] Mother contends there is insufficient evidence that there is a reasonable

probability the conditions leading to the children’s removal from her care would

not be remedied.5 In order to prove this element, DCS must establish (1) what

conditions led to DCS placing and retaining the children in foster care; and (2)

whether there is a reasonable probability that those conditions will not be

remedied. I.A., 934 N.E.2d at 1134. When analyzing this issue, courts may

consider not only the basis for the initial removal of the children, but also

reasons for the continued placement of the children outside the home thereafter.

In re A.I., 825 N.E.2d 798, 806 (Ind. Ct. App. 2005), trans. denied. Courts must

judge a parent’s fitness to care for his or her child at the time of the termination

hearing, taking into consideration evidence of changed circumstances. A.D.S. v.

5
Because Indiana Code Section 31-35-2-4(b)(2)(B) is written in the disjunctive, DCS needed to prove only
one of the requirements of subsection (B). We conclude there is sufficient evidence of a reasonable
probability that the conditions resulting in the children’s removal from Mother’s care would not be remedied,
and we need not address whether there is sufficient evidence that continuation of the parent-child
relationship posed a threat to C.B. and Ca.B. See A.D.S., 987 N.E.2d at 1158 n.6.

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 Indiana Dep’t of Child Servs., 987 N.E.2d 1150, 1157 (Ind. Ct. App. 2013), trans.

denied. The parent’s habitual patterns of conduct should be evaluated to

determine the probability of future neglect or deprivation of the child. Id.

Factors to consider include a parent’s prior criminal history, drug and alcohol

abuse, history of neglect, failure to provide support, and lack of adequate

housing and employment. Id. Courts also may consider services offered to the

parent by DCS and the parent’s responses to those services. Id. DCS is not

required to prove a parent has no possibility of changing; it need only establish

a reasonable probability that no change will occur. Id.

[25] Here, DCS removed the children because of Mother’s substance abuse and

resulting inability to meet their basic, educational, and emotional needs.

Mother’s house smelled of methamphetamine. Her addiction was so acute that

she locked herself in the bathroom for hours to use methamphetamine and

would eventually emerge only to remain in a stupor for hours. During the

twenty-month long CHINS pendency, Mother did not make any progress

toward achieving sobriety. Mother failed to submit to drug screens as asked.

She lied under oath when she testified that she had not used illegal substances

since July 2017. She was arrested during the pendency for dealing in

methamphetamine and pled guilty to assisting a criminal in violation of the

court’s orders that she abstain from possessing or using drugs. She failed to

complete her court-ordered substance abuse assessment and was unsuccessfully

discharged for noncompliance. Lastly, Mother lied to DCS about her

enrollment in intensive outpatient classes for her substance abuse. Although

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 Mother asked on multiple occasions for services to be resumed, DCS family

case manager McCarty testified that she failed to give a consistent string of

negative drug screens, so DCS doubted her willingness and her ability to

engaged in those services given that “[Mother] was not clean and sober during

the summer[.]” Tr. Vol. II p. 111.

[26] Mother’s addiction adversely affected the children in significant ways. Child

therapist Vandenburgh testified that C.B. was “sad,” “distraught,” “angry,” and

“hungry.” Id. at 54. He had a compromised immune system, was diagnosed

with ADHD, PTSD, anxiety, behavioral problems, and obsessed about food

availability because he and Ca.B frequently went unfed. Mother’s inability to

properly parent and provide for the children prompted then-six-year-old C.B.,

who understood that Mother was abusing drugs, to assume a parental posture

and to feel responsible for caring for, feeding, and even forgoing meals to ensure

that Ca.B had food to eat. He frequently missed or was late to school and failed

to complete his homework. C.B. had violent ideations and mixed emotions

regarding Mother. Ca.B., on the other hand, was underweight,

developmentally-delayed, had dietary issues, and was not functioning normally.

The trial court heard considerable testimony regarding the “trauma” that the

children suffered due to Mother’s lack of supervision, inattention, and neglect.

Id. In sum, there is clear and convincing evidence that Mother’s substance

abuse led to the children’s removal from Mother’s care and that there was a

reasonable probability—given her complacency and failure to engage in any

related services—that the condition could not be remedied.

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[27] Mother also asserts that DCS failed to prove that termination of her parental

rights was in the children’s best interests. “A parent’s historical inability to

provide adequate housing, stability, and supervision, coupled with a current

inability to provide the same, will support a finding that termination of the

parent-child relationship is in the child’s best interests.” Castro, 842 N.E.2d at

374. The testimony of a child’s guardian ad litem or special advocate or

professional caseworkers also can be evidence that termination is in a child’s

best interests. McBride v. Monroe County Office of Family & Children, 798 N.E.2d

185, 203 (Ind. Ct. App. 2003). Both factors are present here: Mother’s inability

to maintain sobriety, along with testimony from the CASA and the DCS case

managers opining that termination was in the children’s best interests.6

Conclusion
[28] There is sufficient evidence to support the termination of Mother’s parental

rights to her children. We affirm.

[29] Affirmed.

[30] Vaidik, C.J., and Pyle, J., concur.

6
We do not reach Mother’s contention that DCS failed to make reasonable efforts to reunify or preserve her
family as this is not among the Indiana Code Section 31-35-2-4(b)(2) statutory factors.

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