MEMORANDUM DECISION
Pursuant to Ind. Appellate Rule 65(D), FILED
this Memorandum Decision shall not be Jul 20 2018, 6:10 am
regarded as precedent or cited before any
CLERK
court except for the purpose of establishing Indiana Supreme Court
Court of Appeals
the defense of res judicata, collateral and Tax Court
estoppel, or the law of the case.
ATTORNEY FOR APPELLANT ATTORNEYS FOR APPELLEE
Brandon E. Murphy Curtis T. Hill, Jr.
Cannon Bruns & Murphy Attorney General of Indiana
Muncie, Indiana
Caroline G. Templeton
Deputy Attorney General
Indianapolis, Indiana
IN THE
COURT OF APPEALS OF INDIANA
Brian J. Offringa, July 20, 2018
Appellant-Defendant, Court of Appeals Case No.
18A-CR-316
v. Appeal from the Delaware Circuit
Court
State of Indiana, The Honorable John M. Feick,
Appellee-Plaintiff. Judge
Trial Court Cause No.
18C04-1310-FD-216
Bailey, Judge.
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Case Summary
[1] Brian Offringa (“Offringa”) appeals his conviction for Strangulation, as a Class
D felony.1 He presents the sole issue of whether the trial court abused its
discretion in the admission of evidence. We affirm.
Facts and Procedural History
[2] On September 11, 2013, Offringa entered the showroom of Benson’s
Motorcycles in Muncie, Indiana (“Benson’s”) and greeted some of the female
employees by saying “hey sluts.” (Tr. Vol. II, pg. 79.) Casey Schmitt
(“Schmitt”) verbally confronted Offringa, who responded by grabbing Schmitt
and declaring that he could “do what I want.” (Id., pg. 80.)
[3] Offringa then entered the office of writer Kimberly Wilkerson (“Wilkerson”)
and inquired about the status of a motorcycle he had left for repair. Wilkerson
advised Offringa that the specialty parts for his motorcycle were on order but
had not yet arrived; the news made Offringa unhappy. Offringa insisted that
Benson’s should provide him a motorcycle so that he could participate in a
planned group ride the next weekend. Wilkerson explained that Benson’s no
longer rented motorcycles and suggested that Wilkerson go to Indianapolis for a
1
Ind. Code § 35-42-2-9.
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rental. She handed Wilkerson a brochure explaining rental reimbursement
under an extended warranty plan.
[4] Offringa took the brochure and began to move, and Wilkerson assumed that
Offringa was heading out the office door. However, she became aware of
“hands around [her] throat.” (Id., pg. 115.) Wilkerson “woke up” to find that
Offringa had placed her in a headlock; he had his leg on her left thigh to
immobilize her and “was taking his fingers and pounding” her head. (Id., pg.
115-16.)
[5] Schmitt called police and Muncie Police Officer Ronald Locke (“Officer
Locke”) was dispatched to Benson’s. He found Wilkerson to be “upset” and
observed that her neck was red “all around.” (Id., pg. 41, 43.) He
photographed Wilkerson’s injuries and took recorded statements from
Wilkerson, Schmitt, and two other employees. Wilkerson was hospitalized and
treated for ruptured discs in her neck.2
[6] Offringa was arrested and charged with two counts of strangulation, for
conduct related to Wilkerson and Schmitt. On November 6, 2017, Offringa
was tried before a jury. He was acquitted of the charge related to Schmitt and
convicted of the charge related to Wilkerson. Offringa received a sentence of
2
She testified to having had one broken vertebrae also. It is unclear whether this was a prior injury.
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three years imprisonment, with eighteen months suspended to probation. He
now appeals.
Discussion and Decision
[7] Offringa argues that the trial court improperly admitted into evidence, over his
hearsay objections, (1) Officer Locke’s testimony describing Wilkerson’s report
of the incident and (2) State’s Exhibit 7, a recording made on Officer Locke’s
pen camera as he initially interviewed Wilkerson and her co-employees.
[8] A trial court’s decision to admit or exclude evidence is within its discretion and
is afforded great deference on appeal. Carpenter v. State, 786 N.E.2d 696, 702
(Ind. 2013). The reviewing court will not reverse the ruling unless there has
been a manifest abuse of discretion resulting in the denial of a fair trial. Id. In
this context, an abuse of discretion occurs if the trial court’s decision is clearly
against the logic and effect of the facts and circumstances before the court or it
has misinterpreted the law. Id. We may affirm a trial court’s decision regarding
the admission of evidence if it is sustainable on any basis in the record. Barker v.
State, 695 N.E.2d 925, 930 (Ind. 1998).
[9] A hearsay statement is one that “is not made by the declarant while testifying at
the trial or hearing” and “is offered in evidence to prove the truth of the matter
asserted.” Ind. Evidence Rule 801(c). In general, hearsay is not admissible
unless the Rules of Evidence specifically provide otherwise. Evid. R. 802.
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[10] Testimony. Officer Locke testified that he was dispatched to Benson’s, where
Wilkerson reported that Offringa had “pushed his penis in her face,” grabbed
her throat, strangled her, and held her in a headlock. (Tr. Vol. II, pg. 42.)
Offringa objected on hearsay grounds; the trial court found the excited
utterance exception to the hearsay rule to be applicable.
[11] An excited utterance is defined as “[a] statement relating to a startling event or
condition made while the declarant was under the stress of excitement caused
by the event or condition.” Evid. R. 803(2). Application of the excited
utterance exception is not mechanical; rather, admissibility should generally be
determined on a case-by-case basis. Brittain v. State, 68 N.E.3d 611, 620 (Ind.
Ct. App. 2017). We explained:
the heart of the inquiry is whether the statement is inherently
reliable because the declarant was incapable of thoughtful
reflection. The statement must be trustworthy under the specific
facts of the case at hand. The focus is on whether the statement
was made while the declarant was under the influence of the
excitement engendered by the startling event. The amount of
time that has passed between the event and the statement is not
dispositive; rather, the issue is whether the declarant was still
under the stress of excitement caused by the startling event when
the statement was made.
Id. at 620-21 (internal citations omitted).
[12] Officer Locke arrived at Benson’s approximately one to two hours after the
events at issue transpired. He found Wilkerson upset and observed that she had
redness on the front, back, and sides of her neck. She had sustained serious
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injuries for which she had not yet been hospitalized and treated. However, she
provided information in response to routine police investigatory questions.
Some facts before the trial court suggested an excited utterance while others did
not. But we need not decide whether the challenged testimony was an excited
utterance because it was cumulative of the victim’s testimony. See Nunley v.
State, 916 N.E.2d 712, 720 (Ind. Ct. App. 2009) (evidence consistent with and
not elaborating on victim testimony not grounds for reversal.)
[13] Pen Camera Footage. When Officer Locke was dispatched, he was outfitted
with a pen-shaped camera that he activated and kept in his pocket as he took
the victim and employee statements. During cross-examination of Officer
Locke, defense counsel inquired as to whether Officer Locke had “reviewed
that footage” from “a pen camera” and Officer Locke responded affirmatively.
(Tr. Vol. II, pg. 54.) Defense counsel then began to question Officer Locke
concerning the content, specifically addressing whether Wilkerson had reported
being unable to breathe and whether she or others indicated that Locke had
been joking.
[14] Thereafter, a hearing was conducted outside the presence of the jury at which
the parties offered arguments as to the admissibility of the camera footage.
Ultimately, the footage – with a short redaction – was admitted into evidence as
State’s Exhibit 7.
[15] Offringa now contends that the admission of State’s Exhibit 7, together with
Officer Locke’s testimony, constituted the type of “drumbeat repetition of the
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declarant’s statements prior to the declarant’s testifying and being subject to
cross examination” specifically disapproved of by our Indiana Supreme Court
in Modesitt v. State, 578 N.E.2d 649, 654 (Ind. 1991). In Modesitt, the defendant
was on trial for child molestation and the prosecutor called three witnesses to
recount what the victim had told them prior to calling the victim to testify; even
then, the victim corroborated less than all the alleged acts already testified about
and was not asked if she had made the prior statements or whether the
statements were, in fact, true. Id. at 650. The Court observed that, “by putting
into evidence the victim’s out-of-court charges against Modesitt by three
separate and repetitive witnesses prior to calling the victim herself, the
prosecutor effectively precluded Modesitt from effective cross examination of
these charges.” Id. at 651 (emphasis in original). The Court was unable to “say
that the drumbeat repetition of the victim’s original story prior to calling the
victim to testify did not unduly prejudice the jury which convicted Modesitt.”
Id. at 652.
[16] The Court held: “from this point forward, a prior statement is admissible as
substantive evidence only if the declarant testifies at trial and is subject to cross
examination concerning the statement, and the statement is (a) inconsistent
with the declarant’s testimony, and was given under oath subject to the penalty
of perjury at a trial, hearing , or other proceeding, or in a deposition, or (b)
consistent with the declarant’s testimony and is offered to rebut an express or
implied charge against the declarant of recent fabrication or improper influence
or motive, or (c) one of identification of a person made after perceiving the
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person.” Id. at 653-54. Finally, the Court specified that the decision “does not
affect the existing, recognized hearsay rule and its exceptions.” Id. at 654.
[17] In response to Offringa’s argument, the State directs our attention to Norris v.
State, 53 N.E.3d 512 (Ind. Ct. App. 2016). In Norris, we observed that, where
there was no trial objection based on drumbeat repetition, the appellant had
waived his appellate argument of such, which he premised upon Modesitt. Id. at
525. Waiver notwithstanding, we found no fundamental error, concluding that
the challenged testimony from two witnesses “merely provided an overview of
the situation and a summary of [victim] accusations, without elaborating on
[the victim’s] evidence.” Id. at 526. Likewise, Offringa did not lodge an
objection that drumbeat repetition of accusations against him was prejudicing
his jury or denying him a right of confrontation. And Officer Locke’s testimony
contained a concise summary of Wilkerson’s accusations as opposed to the
detailed, repetitive drumbeat, bolstering testimony considered in Modesitt.
[18] Additionally, the State observes that Offringa elicited testimony regarding the
content of the pen camera footage before the substantially complete footage was
admitted as State’s Exhibit 7. The State argues that the rule of completeness,
incorporated into Evidence Rule 106, supported its admissibility.
[19] Evidence Rule 106 states: “If a party introduces all or part of a writing or
recorded statement, an adverse party may require the introduction, at that time,
of any other part – or any other writing or recorded statement – that in fairness
ought to be considered at the same time.” This rule is designed to avoid
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misleading impressions caused by taking a statement out of context or
conveying a distorted picture by introducing only selective parts. Strunk v. State,
44 N.E.3d 1, 6 (Ind. Ct. App. 2015). The remainder of the material is subject to
the general rules of admissibility and immaterial, irrelevant, or prejudicial
portions should not be admitted. Id.
[20] Offringa’s cross-examination of Officer Locke based upon the recording
suggested that Wilkerson maintained her ability to breathe during the incident
and that at least some of the employees characterized the event as a joke.
Evidence Rule 106 then afforded the State with an opportunity to seek
admission of the remainder of the recording. The trial court excised a portion
of the recording in which a reference was made to an individual, Jeff, who had
not witnessed the event. The other portion was admissible to correct an
impression that the event was innocuous. Indeed, although some of the
employees initially perceived or suspected joking, none maintained that
characterization. The redacted recording was properly admitted into evidence.
Conclusion
[21] Offringa has not demonstrated an abuse of the trial court’s discretion in the
admission of evidence.
[22] Affirmed.
Crone, J., and Brown, J., concur.
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