MEMORANDUM DECISION
FILED
Pursuant to Ind. Appellate Rule 65(D), this Aug 29 2018, 10:42 am
Memorandum Decision shall not be regarded as
precedent or cited before any court except for the CLERK
Indiana Supreme Court
purpose of establishing the defense of res judicata, Court of Appeals
and Tax Court
collateral estoppel, or the law of the case.
ATTORNEY FOR APPELLANT ATTORNEYS FOR APPELLEE
Mark Small Curtis T. Hill, Jr.
Indianapolis, Indiana Indiana Attorney General
Kelly A. Loy
Supervising Deputy Attorney General
Indianapolis, Indiana
IN THE
COURT OF APPEALS OF INDIANA
Jimmy Nave, Jr., August 29, 2018
Appellant-Petitioner, Court of Appeals Case No.
48A04-1708-PC-2007
v. Appeal from the Madison Circuit
Court
State of Indiana, The Honorable David A. Happe,
Appellee-Respondent. Judge
Trial Court Cause No.
48C04-1412-PC-44
Sharpnack, Senior Judge.
Statement of the Case
[1] Jimmy Nave, Jr., appeals the denial of his petition for post-conviction relief.
We affirm.
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Issue
[2] Nave raises two issues, which we consolidate and restate as: whether the post-
conviction court erred in rejecting his claims of ineffective assistance of trial
counsel and appellate counsel.
Facts and Procedural History
[3] The facts of Nave’s criminal case are as follows:
On February 16, 2013, Ruth Clark, who was eighty-one years old
at the time, left a shopping mall in Madison County and returned
to her car in the mall parking lot. After Clark entered her car and
sat in the driver’s seat, a man later identified as Nave entered the
back seat of her car, reached around Clark’s seat, grabbed her by
the face and mouth, and held a six-to-eight-inch knife to her
neck. Clark was unable to move her arms due to this restraint by
Nave but still attempted to call for help. Nave told her to “shut
up” and ordered her to “drive.” Tr. p. 31.
Fortunately for Clark, Robert Derrickson, a mall employee who
was in the parking lot at the time, heard Clark’s muffled screams
and responded. Derrickson saw Nave in Clark’s car with his
hand over her mouth. Derrickson went to the car and asked
Nave, “what [is] going on[?]” Tr. pp. 56-57. When Nave saw
Derrickson, he exited the other side of the vehicle. Nave did not
immediately leave the vicinity and stood face-to-face with
Derrickson briefly until he began to walk away and leave the
mall area. Derrickson noticed that Nave had something dark in
his hand but was unable to identify what it was. Derrickson later
identified Nave as the man he had seen in Clark’s car.
As a result of this incident, Clark was visibly shaken. Although
she initially told the police she was unhurt, she in fact had a
bleeding wound on her face and later developed bruises on her
face and hands.
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On February 22, 2013, the State charged Nave with Class A
felony kidnapping and Class B felony attempted carjacking. On
June 24, 2013, a bench trial was held. Nave testified and
admitted that he had gotten into Clark’s car, but claimed that he
did so only to confront her because she had backed into his
vehicle. The trial court rejected Nave’s version of events and
found him guilty as charged.
Nave v. State, Cause No. 48A02-1307-CR-632, *1 (Ind. Ct. App. 2013), trans.
denied.
[4] Nave appealed, claiming the evidence was insufficient to sustain his kidnapping
conviction and that his sentence was inappropriate. A panel of this Court
affirmed the trial court’s judgment. See id.
[5] In 2014, Nave filed a petition for post-conviction relief. The post-conviction
court held an evidentiary hearing on January 20, 2017 and denied the petition
on June 7, 2017. This appeal followed.
Discussion and Decision
I. Standard of Review
[6] Post-conviction proceedings are civil proceedings in which the petitioner must
prove claims by a preponderance of the evidence. Hampton v. State, 961 N.E.2d
480, 491 (Ind. 2012). When appealing from the denial of a petition for post-
conviction relief, the petitioner stands in the position of one appealing from a
negative judgment. Campbell v. State, 19 N.E.3d 271, 274 (Ind. 2014). “As
such, the petitioner faces a rigorous standard of review.” Wesley v. State, 788
N.E.2d 1247, 1250 (Ind. 2003). To prevail on appeal, the petitioner must show
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that the evidence as a whole leads unerringly and unmistakably to a conclusion
opposite that reached by the post-conviction court. Campbell, 19 N.E.3d at 274.
[7] The post-conviction court issued findings of fact and conclusions thereon
pursuant to Indiana Post-Conviction Rule 1(6). We review the post-conviction
court’s factual findings for clear error, but we review questions of law de novo.
Wilkes v. State, 984 N.E.2d 1236, 1240 (Ind. 2013). The post-conviction court is
the sole judge of the weight of the evidence and the credibility of witnesses.
Davison v. State, 763 N.E.2d 441, 444 (Ind. 2002).
II. Sixth Amendment Right to Effective Assistance of Counsel
[8] Nave claims his trial counsel made unreasonably deficient choices that resulted
in him being found guilty. To demonstrate a violation of the Sixth Amendment
right to effective assistance of counsel, a petitioner must prove the two
components of the test set forth in Strickland v. Washington, 466 U.S. 668, 104 S.
Ct. 2052, 80 L. Ed. 2d 674 (1984). Passwater v. State, 989 N.E.2d 766, 770 (Ind.
2013). The petitioner must show that counsel’s performance fell below an
objective standard of reasonableness and that the deficient performance was
prejudicial. Bethea v. State, 983 N.E.2d 1134, 1138 (Ind. 2013). A petitioner
demonstrates prejudice by establishing a reasonable probability that, but for
counsel’s errors, the result of the proceeding would have been different. Id. at
1138-39. We afford great deference to counsel’s discretion to choose strategy
and tactics. McCary v. State, 761 N.E.2d 389, 392 (Ind. 2002). Further, we
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strongly presume that counsel provided adequate assistance and exercised
reasonable professional judgment in all significant decisions. Id.
1. Probable Cause for Arrest
[9] Nave first argues his trial counsel should have moved to suppress all evidence
obtained from his warrantless arrest because he believes there was no probable
cause. As a result, he claims the arrest violated his federal and state
constitutional protections against unreasonable search and seizure, and if
counsel had filed a motion to suppress, the motion would have been granted.
[10] The Fourth Amendment provides:
The right of the people to be secure in their persons, houses,
papers, and effects, against unreasonable searches and seizures,
shall not be violated, and no Warrants shall issue, but upon
probable cause, supported by Oath or affirmation, and
particularly describing the place to be searched, and the persons
or things to be seized.
[11] Article one, section eleven of the Indiana Constitution contains similar
language:
The right of the people to be secure in their persons, houses,
papers, and effects, against unreasonable search or seizure, shall
not be violated; and no warrant shall issue, but upon probable
cause, supported by oath or affirmation, and particularly
describing the place to be searched, and the person or thing to be
seized.
[12] In Indiana, a police officer may arrest a person without a warrant if the officer
has “probable cause to believe the person has committed or attempted to
commit, or is committing or attempting to commit, a felony . . . .” Ind. Code §
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35-33-1-1 (2005). When a person is arrested without a warrant, the following
procedure applies:
(a) At or before the initial hearing of a person arrested without a
warrant for a crime, the facts upon which the arrest was made
shall be submitted to the judicial officer, ex parte, in a probable
cause affidavit. In lieu of the affidavit or in addition to it, the
facts may be submitted orally under oath to the judicial officer. If
facts upon which the arrest was made are submitted orally, the
proceeding shall be recorded by a court reporter, and, upon
request of any party in the case or upon order of the court, the
record of the proceeding shall be transcribed.
(b) If the judicial officer determines that there is probable cause to
believe that any crime was committed and that the arrested
person committed it, the judicial officer shall order that the
arrested person be held to answer in the proper court. If the facts
submitted do not establish probable cause or if the prosecuting
attorney informs the judicial officer on the record that no charge
will be filed against the arrested person, the judicial officer shall
order that the arrested person be released immediately.
Ind. Code § 35-33-7-2 (1982).
[13] An officer filed a probable cause affidavit after Nave’s arrest. Nave claims that
the facts and circumstances, as set forth in the probable cause affidavit, do not
establish probable cause for his arrest. Probable cause to arrest exists when, at
the time of the arrest, the officer has knowledge of facts and circumstances that
would warrant a reasonable person to believe that the suspect has committed
the criminal act in question. Clark v. State, 808 N.E.2d 1183, 1192 (Ind. 2004).
The amount of evidence necessary to meet the probable cause requirement is
determined on a case-by-case basis. Id. It is grounded in notions of common
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sense, not mathematical precision. Id. Probable cause requires only a fair
probability of criminal activity, not a prima facie showing, and may be
established by evidence that would not be admissible at trial. Lamagna v. State,
776 N.E.2d 955, 958 (Ind. Ct. App. 2002). Information received from witnesses
can serve as the basis for probable cause to arrest an individual. Decker v. State,
19 N.E.3d 368, 373 (Ind. Ct. App. 2014), trans. denied.
[14] In the current case, the probable cause affidavit stated that Ruth Clark described
her assailant as an African-American male wearing “dark clothing, dark knit
cap and dark jacket.” Appellant’s App. Vol. 2, p. 6. She further stated the
assailant left the scene by walking to the north corner of the mall. Similarly,
Robert Derrickson described the suspect as an African-American male wearing
“Blk [sic] cap, leather looking coat, dark pants possibly work pants.” Id. He
told the officer the suspect walked north around the mall.
[15] Next, the affidavit indicates Nave arrived at Manie Vive’s garage to ask for a
ride. Vive described Nave’s clothing to the officer and gave the officer Nave’s
name. The clothing was “the same described by the victim and witness.” Id.
Vive told the police Nave said he had just come from the mall.
[16] Another officer went to Nave’s residence and saw a “similar looking male”
walk up to the home. Id. at 7. The male identified himself as Nave’s brother,
Chris Nave. Chris told the officer that Nave had called him to say he was “in
trouble.” Id.
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[17] The foregoing evidence from the probable cause affidavit would warrant a
reasonable person to believe that Nave was the person who attacked Clark.
Clark, Derrickson, and Vive described his clothing, and Vive knew Nave’s
name. Nave argues that the affidavit contains inconsistencies and
uncorroborated hearsay, but the State was not obligated to provide proof
beyond a reasonable doubt in the affidavit. Under these circumstances, Nave’s
counsel did not perform deficiently by failing to file a motion to suppress
because the motion would not have been granted.
2. In-Court Identification and Due Process of Law
[18] Nave argues his trial counsel rendered ineffective assistance by failing to object
to Robert Derrickson’s in-court identification of Nave as the person who
attacked Clark. “[T]o prevail on a claim of ineffective assistance due to the
failure to object, the defendant must show an objection would have been
sustained if made.” Overstreet v. State, 877 N.E.2d 144, 155 (Ind. 2007).
[19] Nave argues Derrickson’s in-court identification was improper because the
process through which Derrickson originally identified Nave for the police was
unduly suggestive. “There is a degree of suggestiveness which is inherent in all
in-court identifications; the practical necessity of having the appellant sit at the
defendant’s table with defense counsel naturally sets him apart from everyone
else in the courtroom.” Jeter v. State, 888 N.E.2d 1257, 1266 (Ind. 2008).
Nevertheless, a defendant’s Fourteenth Amendment due process right may be
violated by the admission of identification evidence that is the product of
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unduly suggestive procedures. Young v. State, 700 N.E.2d 1143, 1146 (Ind.
1998).
[20] We must consider the facts surrounding the pretrial procedure, including the
manner and form in which the police asked the witness to attempt the
identification and the witness’s interpretation of their directives, and whether
officials singled out the defendant as the suspect they most had in mind either
by their attitude displayed toward appellant or by the physical constitution of
the photo array or corporeal lineup. Brooks v. State, 560 N.E.2d 49, 55 (Ind.
1990). Whether a particular identification procedure rises to a level of
suggestiveness that constitutes reversible error must be determined from the
context of the case. Jeter, 888 N.E.2d at 1266. Inconsistencies in identification
testimony affect the credibility of the witness, not the admissibility of the
identification. Harris v. State, 619 N.E.2d 577, 581 (Ind. 1993).
[21] Derrickson testified at Nave’s criminal trial. He stated that when he
approached Clark’s car and yelled, Nave got out of the car on the other side and
“kind of stood there” before walking away. Tr. Transcript Vol. 1, p. 57.
Derrickson agreed that he had gotten “a good look” at Nave after the attack
and identified him in court as the perpetrator. Id. at 65.
[22] Detective Scott Sanderson interviewed Derrickson on February 16, 2013, after
the attack. Derrickson agreed that he could possibly identify Clark’s attacker.
The detective showed Derrickson a photographic lineup, saying “Just take your
time and look and tell me if you see anybody that looks like that person. And if
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you don’t know, you just don’t know. That’s fine, too.” PCR Tr. Vol. 3, p. 10.
The State did not preserve the lineup, and the record does not indicate whether
a picture of Nave was included in the lineup. Derrickson was unable to identify
anyone as the attacker.
[23] Detective Sanderson told Derrickson the lineup “isn’t good” and that he
wanted to find “a lot clearer photo.” Id. He offered to create another lineup, “a
better one maybe.” Id. at 11. The detective stressed, “So if you don’t really
know a hundred percent, I mean, I don’t want you to just pick.” Id.
Derrickson agreed he would review a “better photo lineup” later. Id.
[24] On February 26, 2013, Detective Sanderson presented a different photographic
lineup to Derrickson. He identified Nave as the attacker. At Nave’s trial,
Derrickson testified about his inability to identify anyone in the February 13,
2013 lineup and his identification of Nave in the February 26, 2013 lineup.
[25] Nave argues we must presume that his photograph was included in the first
photo array because the State failed to preserve the array. Reply Br. p. 6 (citing
Loomis v. Ameritech Corp., 764 N.E.2d 658 (Ind. Ct. App. 2002), trans. denied).
Even if Nave is correct, any inconsistencies between Derrickson’s reactions to
the February 13 and February 26 lineups would be relevant to his credibility,
not to the admissibility of Derrickson’s identification of Nave. Further,
Detective Sanderson never singled out Nave as a suspect or implied that a
suspect was included in the February 13, 2013 lineup. To the contrary, the
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detective stressed that he was interested only in Derrickson’s honest, accurate
response regardless of the result.
[26] Nave claims that during Detective Sanderson’s February 13, 2016 presentation
of the photographic lineup, the detective specifically pointed out Nave’s
photograph to Derrickson. We disagree with Nave’s reading of the record.
After Derrickson indicated he would be willing to review another photographic
lineup on a later occasion, Detective Sanderson stated as follows:
This one here was really kind of a spur of the moment thing, and
I thought if somebody got a really great look at somebody, they
might have been able to tell. I knew it would probably be a little
difficult. When you came out of the mall, before that incident,
you don’t remember ever seeing this guy anywhere (inaudible)
when you seen [sic] him today at all?
PCR Tr. Vol. III, p. 11. We are obligated to review the post-conviction record
in the light most favorable to the judgment, and we read Sanderson’s question
as a general question rather than as pointing to a specific picture in the
photographic lineup.
[27] To summarize, we conclude the pretrial identification procedures were not
unduly suggestive, and the trial court’s admission of Derrickson’s in-court
identification of Nave as the attacker did not violate Nave’s right to due process
of law. See Harris, 619 N.E.2d at 581 (witness’s change of mind in description
of suspect went to credibility, not to admissibility of identification). Nave’s trial
counsel did not render ineffective assistance in failing to object to the in-court
identification because the objection would have been overruled.
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3. Appellate Counsel
[28] Nave argues he received ineffective assistance of appellate counsel for failing to
challenge the probable cause for his arrest and for failing to challenge
Derrickson’s in-court identification of him as the suspect. Claims of ineffective
assistance of appellate counsel are governed by the two-part Strickland test
discussed above. Carter v. State, 929 N.E.2d 1276, 1278 (Ind. 2010). We have
already determined that Nave did not receive ineffective assistance of trial
counsel on the issues of probable cause and in-court identification.
Accordingly, his claims of ineffective assistance of appellate counsel on these
issues must also fail.
Conclusion
[29] For the reasons stated above, we affirm the judgment of the post-conviction
court.
[30] Affirmed.
Kirsch, J., and Crone, J., concur.
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