Cabarrus Cty. Bd. of Educ. v. Dep't of State TreasurerÂ

IN THE COURT OF APPEALS OF NORTH CAROLINA

No. COA17-1017

Filed: 18 September 2018

Wake County, No. 17 CVS 1896

CABARRUS COUNTY BOARD OF EDUCATION, Petitioner,

v.

DEPARTMENT OF STATE TREASURER, RETIREMENT SYSTEMS DIVISION;
DALE R. FOLWELL, STATE TREASURER (in official capacity only); STEVEN C.
TOOLE, DIRECTOR, RETIREMENT SYSTEMS DIVISION (in official capacity
only), Respondents.

Appeal by Respondents from judgment entered 30 May 2017 by Judge James

E. Hardin, Jr. in Superior Court, Wake County. Heard in the Court of Appeals 14

May 2018.

Tharrington Smith, LLP, by Deborah R. Stagner; and Michael Crowell,
Attorney, by Michael Crowell, for Petitioner-Appellee.

Attorney General Joshua H. Stein, by Solicitor General Matthew W. Sawchak,
Deputy General Counsel Blake W. Thomas, Deputy Solicitor General Ryan Y.
Park, and Special Deputy Attorney General Joseph A. Newsome, for
Respondents-Appellants.

Brooks, Pierce, McLendon, Humphrey & Leonard, L.L.P., by Elizabeth L.
Troutman and Jill R. Wilson; and North Carolina School Boards Association,
by Legal Counsel Allison Brown Schafer, for North Carolina School Boards
Association, amicus curiae.

McGEE, Chief Judge.

I. Procedural History
 CABARRUS CTY. BD. OF EDUC. V. DEP’T OF STATE TREASURER

Opinion of the Court

The Cabarrus County Board of Education (“Petitioner”), filed a “Request for

Declaratory Ruling” pursuant to N.C. Gen. Stat. § 150B-4 (2017) and 20 N.C. Admin.

Code 01F.0201 et seq. on 18 October 2016. Pursuant to this filing, Petitioner

requested the Retirement Systems Division (the “Division”) of the Department of

State Treasurer (the “Department”) (along with State Treasurer at that time, Janet

Cowell,1 and Steven C. Toole, Director of the Division (“Director Toole”), in their

official capacities, (“Respondents”)) to enter a declaratory ruling that the Division’s

adoption of a “cap factor” for the Teachers’ and State Employees’ Retirement System

(“TSERS”) pursuant to N.C. Gen. Stat. § 135-5(a3) (2017) was “void and of no effect

because the [Board of Trustees of TSERS (the ‘Board’)] did not follow the rule making

procedures of . . . the Administrative Procedure Act [(the ‘APA’).]”2 Director Toole

denied Petitioner’s request by letter dated 17 November 2016, and Petitioner filed a

“Petition for Judicial Review” of Director Toole’s decision in Superior Court, Cabarrus

County, on 16 December 2016. Petitioner moved for summary judgment on 25 April

2017, the matter was heard on 10 May 2017, and the trial court granted summary

judgment in favor of Petitioner by judgment entered 30 May 2017. Respondents

appeal.

1 By the time of the order granting summary judgment, Dale R. Folwell had become the State
Treasurer, and had been substituted as a named Respondent.
2 TSERS is established and controlled by the provisions of Article 1 of Chapter 135 of the
General Statutes (“Article 1”) – N.C. Gen. Stat. §§ 135-1 through 135-18.11 (2017). The APA is found
in Article 2A of Chapter 150B – N.C. Gen. Stat. §§ 150B-1 through 150B-52 (2017).

2
 CABARRUS CTY. BD. OF EDUC. V. DEP’T OF STATE TREASURER

Opinion of the Court

II. Facts

In 2014, the General Assembly enacted new legislation (the “Act”),3

establishing a cap factor for certain employees covered by TSERS (“members”). 2014

N.C. Sess. Laws 88, sec. 1.(a). The purpose of the Act, in relevant part, was to “adopt

a contribution-based benefit cap factor” (the “cap factor”), in order to limit retirement

benefits paid by TSERS for certain members, whose State salaries had greatly

increased in the latter years of their State employment, thereby significantly

increasing their retirement benefits in disproportion to their overall contributions to

TSERS. See N.C.G.S. § 135-5(a3).4

Dr. Barry Shepherd (“Dr. Shepherd”) was superintendent of Petitioner for a

period of time until his retirement on 1 May 2015. Because of Dr. Shepherd’s

employment history with the State, he was eligible for TSERS retirement benefits,

but was also subject to having his benefits capped pursuant to the provisions of the

Act. Generally, once the Division determines that a member’s benefits will be capped

pursuant to the Act, the following actions are required:

If a member’s retirement allowance is subject to an
adjustment pursuant to the contribution-based benefit cap
established in G.S. 135-5(a3), the [Division] shall notify the
member and the member’s employer that the member’s
retirement allowance has been capped. The [Division]
shall compute and notify the member and the member’s

3 “AN ACT to enact anti-pension-spiking legislation by establishing a contribution-based
benefit cap[.]” 2014 N.C. Sess. Laws 88, preamble and sec. 1.(a).
4 This is a simplified explanation of the Act, but an in-depth explanation is not required for

our analysis of the issues on appeal.

3
 CABARRUS CTY. BD. OF EDUC. V. DEP’T OF STATE TREASURER

Opinion of the Court

employer of the total additional amount the member would
need to contribute in order to make the member not subject
to the contribution-based benefit cap. This total additional
amount shall be the actuarial equivalent of a single life
annuity adjusted for the age of the member at the time of
retirement . . . that would have had to have been
purchased to increase the member’s benefit to the pre-cap
level. Except as otherwise provided in this subsection, the
member shall have until 90 days after notification
regarding this additional amount or until 90 days after the
effective date of retirement, whichever is later, to submit a
lump sum payment to the annuity savings fund in order for
the retirement system to restore the retirement allowance
to the uncapped amount.

N.C. Gen. Stat. § 135-4(jj) (2015);5 see also N.C.G.S. § 135-8(f)(2)(f). Upon Dr.

Shepherd’s retirement, the Division informed him and Petitioner that, pursuant to

the Act, a contribution of $208,405.81 would be required to restore Dr. Shepherd’s

benefits to their pre-cap amount. Petitioner submitted this amount to the Division

on behalf of Dr. Shepherd, but also initiated this action, as indicated above, to

challenge the validity of the cap factor “adopted” by the Board and applied in this

case to determine the $208,405.81 amount.

5 We note that the language of N.C.G.S. § 135-4(jj) (2017) references “G.S. 128–27(a3)” instead
of “G.S. 135–5(a3).” We are unable to determine why “G.S. 128–27(a3)” is included in the 2017 version
of the Statute. N.C.G.S. § 135-4(jj) (2015), the version effective when this matter was heard by the
trial court, references “G.S. 135–5(a3),” not “G.S. 128–27(a3).” The Session Laws do not indicate that
there existed any intent to amend the statute to replace “G.S. 135–5(a3)” with “G.S. 128–27(a3)”. See
2015 N.C. Sess. Laws 168, sec. 7.(a), effective 1 January 2016; 2017 N.C. Sess. Laws 128, sec. 2.(a),
effective 20 July 2017. The section including “G.S. 128–27(a3)” was amended, or corrected, to again
cite “G.S. 135–5(a3)” by 2018 N.C. Sess. Laws 85, sec. 14., effective 25 June 2018. We use the 2015
version of the statute because it was in effect during the time period relevant to this appeal.

4
 CABARRUS CTY. BD. OF EDUC. V. DEP’T OF STATE TREASURER

Opinion of the Court

Because the Division and the Board, as subdivisions of the Department, are

subject to the contested case provisions of the APA, Petitioner requested a declaratory

ruling from the Division that the cap factor as adopted by the Board was invalid for

two reasons: (1) “because the [B]oard did not follow the rule making procedures of

[the APA];” and (2) that because the cap factor “is not an actuarial assumption under

20 N.C. Admin. Code 02B.0202[,]”6 it was “not exempt from the rule making

procedures of the APA[.]” Petitioner further asked for a ruling that the invoice sent

by the Division for $208,405.81 was void since the cap factor used to calculate this

amount had not been properly adopted pursuant to APA rule making requirements.

As noted above, the Division denied Petitioner’s requested rulings and Petitioner

petitioned for judicial review, which ultimately resulted in the 30 May 2017 summary

judgment in favor of Petitioner that is currently before us on appeal.

We note that there are seven additional appeals by the Department – and

certain of its subdivisions and employees – currently before us that involve identical

issues and arguments. The resolution of this appeal will also determine the

resolution of those seven additional appeals, because our holdings in this appeal will

apply equally to the seven additional appeals.7 Additional relevant facts will be

included in our analysis below.

6 20 N.C. Admin. Code 02B.0202 includes rules adopted by the Division, including the
procedures for adopting tables, rates, and assumptions recommended by the Division’s actuary.
7 The seven additional appeals are COA17-1018, COA17-1019, COA17-1020, COA17-1021,

COA17-1022, COA17-1023, and COA17-1024.

5
 CABARRUS CTY. BD. OF EDUC. V. DEP’T OF STATE TREASURER

Opinion of the Court

III. Analysis

Respondents argue that the trial court erred in granting summary judgment

in favor of Petitioner, because the rule making provisions of the APA do not apply to

N.C.G.S. § 135-5(a3) and, therefore, the Board acted within the law and its authority

in adopting the cap factor outside of the APA rule making process. We disagree and

affirm summary judgment.

Summary judgment is properly granted “if the pleadings, depositions, answers

to interrogatories, and admissions on file, together with the affidavits, if any, show

that there is no genuine issue as to any material fact and that any party is entitled

to a judgment as a matter of law.” N.C. Gen. Stat. § 1A-1, Rule 56(c) (2017). “‘On

appeal, this Court reviews an order granting summary judgment de novo.’” Manecke

v. Kurtz, 222 N.C. App. 472, 475, 731 S.E.2d 217, 220 (2012) (citations omitted).

Findings of fact and conclusions of law are not required in an order granting summary

judgment, and “‘[i]f the granting of summary judgment can be sustained on any

grounds, it should be affirmed on appeal. If the correct result has been reached, the

judgment will not be disturbed even though the trial court may not have assigned the

correct reason for the judgment entered.’” Save Our Schools of Bladen Cty. v. Bladen

Cty. Bd. of Educ., 140 N.C. App. 233, 237–38, 535 S.E.2d 906, 910 (2000) (citation

omitted). This Court is, however, limited to Respondents’ arguments on appeal when

6
 CABARRUS CTY. BD. OF EDUC. V. DEP’T OF STATE TREASURER

Opinion of the Court

considering whether to overturn the trial court’s decision.8 Ahmadi v. Triangle Rent

A Car, Inc., 203 N.C. App. 360, 363, 691 S.E.2d 101, 103 (2010) (on appeal from grant

of summary judgment, pursuant to N.C. R. App. P. 28(b)(6), arguments the appellant

failed to make in its brief were considered abandoned and not considered by this

Court).

Respondents make two arguments in support of their position that the Board

acted properly in the procedure it used to adopt the cap factor and, therefore,

summary judgment in favor of Petitioner was granted in error: (1) “The legislature

chose to have the cap factor adopted by resolution, not by rule[;]” and (2) “[t]he

superior court erred by failing to give weight to the [Division’s] interpretation of its

enabling statute.” We address each argument in turn.

A. The General Assembly’s Intent – Application of Rule Making

The trial court found and concluded that “[t]he cap factor meets the [APA]

definition of a rule in that it is a regulation or standard adopted by the Board . . . to

implement G.S. 135-5(a3). As such, the cap factor is subject to the rule making

requirements of [the APA] unless otherwise exempted.” Although findings of the trial

court on summary judgment do not control our de novo review, we note that

Respondents do not argue on appeal that the cap factor fails to meet the APA

definition of a “rule.” Instead, Respondents argue: “The General Assembly has

8 Because in this case Respondents are the appellants.

7
 CABARRUS CTY. BD. OF EDUC. V. DEP’T OF STATE TREASURER

Opinion of the Court

distinguished functions that require rule[ ]making from functions that do not[,]” and

further argue that determination of a cap factor by the Board is a “function” that the

General Assembly intended to exempt, by implication, from the rule making

provisions of the APA.

1. Express Exemption

As our courts have repeatedly noted:

The purpose of the APA “is to establish as nearly as
possible a uniform system of administrative rule making
and adjudicatory procedures for State agencies,” and the
APA applies “to every agency as defined in G.S. 150B-2(1),
except to the extent and in the particulars that any statute,
including subsection (d) of this section, makes specific
provisions to the contrary.” N.C. Gen. Stat. § 150B-1(b), (c)
(1989). . . . . As our Supreme Court has held, the “General
Assembly intended only those agencies it expressly and
unequivocally exempted from the provisions of the
Administrative Procedure Act be excused in any way from
the Act’s requirements and, even in those instances, that the
exemption apply only to the extent specified by the General
Assembly.” Vass [v. Bd. of Trustees of State Employees’
Medical Plan, 324 N.C. 402, 407, 379 S.E.2d 26, 29 (1989)].

North Buncombe Assn. of Concerned Citizens v. Rhodes, 100 N.C. App. 24, 28, 394

S.E.2d 462, 465 (1990) (emphasis added).

There is no dispute that the Division, as a sub-agency of the Department, is

subject to the APA. The “Policy and scope” section of the APA states its purpose:

“This Chapter establishes a uniform system of administrative rule making and

adjudicatory procedures for agencies. The procedures ensure that the functions of

8
 CABARRUS CTY. BD. OF EDUC. V. DEP’T OF STATE TREASURER

Opinion of the Court

rule making, investigation, advocacy, and adjudication are not all performed by the

same person in the administrative process.” N.C.G.S. § 150B-1(a). Some agencies or

sub-agencies are completely exempted from the APA by N.C.G.S. § 150B-1(c): “Full

Exemptions[,]” “[t]his Chapter applies to every agency except” those specifically

exempted by direct reference. N.C.G.S. §§ 150B-1(c)(1) through (7). Neither the

Department, nor any of its subdivisions, are granted total exemption from the

provisions of the APA. Id. N.C.G.S. § 150B-1(d) – “Exemptions from Rule Making” –

states: “Article 2A of this Chapter does not apply to the following” enumerated

agencies or subdivisions thereof.9 N.C.G.S. §§ 150B-1(d)(1) through (28). Neither the

Department, nor any of its subdivisions, are exempted from the rule making

provisions of the APA pursuant to N.C.G.S. § 150B-1(d). Article 2A includes nothing

that indicates any legislative intent to exempt the Board from the rule making

process for any purpose. Further, no part of N.C.G.S. § 135-5(a3), or N.C.G.S. § 135-

5 as a whole, references the APA – much less includes any express language

exempting its provisions from the rule making procedures of Article 2A.

As noted above, N.C.G.S. § 135-5(a3) is found in Article 1, “Retirement System

for Teachers and State Employees,” of Chapter 135. N.C.G.S. §§ 135-1 through 135-

18.11. Pursuant to Article 1: “A Retirement System is hereby established and placed

under the management of the Board . . . for the purpose of providing retirement

9 Article 2A is the section of the APA that governs rule making.

9
 CABARRUS CTY. BD. OF EDUC. V. DEP’T OF STATE TREASURER

Opinion of the Court

allowances and other benefits under the provisions of this Chapter for teachers and

State employees of the State of North Carolina.” N.C.G.S. § 135-2. “[A]ll

contributions from participating employers and participating employees to this

Retirement System shall be made to funds held in trust” by the Division. N.C.G.S. §

135-2 (emphasis added). N.C.G.S. § 135-6 concerns the “Administration” of the

Retirement System. It establishes that the Board is responsible for the “general

administration and responsibility for the proper operation of the Retirement System

and for making effective the provisions of the Chapter[.]” N.C.G.S. § 135-6(a). Other

duties required of the Board include:

Rules and Regulations. – Subject to the limitations of
this Chapter, the Board . . . shall, from time to time,
establish rules and regulations for the administration of the
funds created by this Chapter and for the transaction of its
business. The Board . . . shall also, from time to time, in
its discretion, adopt rules and regulations to prevent
injustices and inequalities which might otherwise arise in
the administration of this Chapter.

N.C.G.S. § 135-6(f). There is no dispute that the rule making provisions of the APA

apply to the Board when it “establish[es] rules and regulations for the administration

of the funds created by” Chapter 135 – including “all contributions from participating

employers and participating employees . . . made to funds held in trust” by the

Division. Id.; N.C.G.S. § 135-2.

The portion of N.C.G.S. § 135-5(a3) relevant to Respondents’ arguments states:

Anti-Pension-Spiking Contribution-Based Benefit

10
 CABARRUS CTY. BD. OF EDUC. V. DEP’T OF STATE TREASURER

Opinion of the Court

Cap. – Notwithstanding any other provision of this section,
every service retirement allowance provided under this
section for members who retire on or after January 1, 2015,
is subject to adjustment pursuant to a contribution-based
benefit cap under this subsection. The Board . . . shall
adopt a contribution-based benefit cap factor recommended
by the actuary, based upon actual experience, such that no
more than three-quarters of one percent (0.75%) of
retirement allowances are expected to be capped. The Board
. . . shall modify such factors every five years, as shall be
deemed necessary, based upon the five-year experience
study as required by G.S. 135-6(n).

N.C.G.S. § 135-5(a3) (emphasis added). All “retirement allowances” are paid from

funds held in trust, which are maintained in solvency by contributions from

participating employers and employees (or “members”). N.C.G.S. § 135-2. Absent

clear contrary direction from the General Assembly, management of the funds from

which retirement allowances are disbursed must be accomplished pursuant to rules

adopted pursuant to the rule making provisions of the APA. N.C.G.S. § 135-6(f);

N.C.G.S. § 150B-1(a); Rhodes, 100 N.C. App. at 28, 394 S.E.2d at 465.

The most clear and direct means available to the General Assembly whereby

it could have expressed its intent to exclude the Board’s adoption of a cap factor from

rule making procedures was to include an express exemption in either the APA,

N.C.G.S. § 135-5(a3), or some other relevant statute. The General Assembly did not

make this choice, and enacted N.C.G.S. § 135-5(a3) without any associated statutory

exemptions from the rule making provisions of the APA with respect to adoption of

the cap factor, or for any other of the Board’s duties. This, despite the fact that the

11
 CABARRUS CTY. BD. OF EDUC. V. DEP’T OF STATE TREASURER

Opinion of the Court

General Assembly has done so for specific tasks of other agencies. See, e.g., N.C.G.S.

§ 150B-1(d)(7) (specifically exempting “The State Health Plan for Teachers and State

Employees in administering the provisions of Article 3B of Chapter 135 of the General

Statutes” from APA rule making requirements); N.C.G.S. § 150B-2(8a)(j.) (“The term

[‘rule’] does not include” “[e]stablishment of the interest rate that applies to tax

assessments under G.S. 105-241.21.”). According to the reasoning in Vass and

Rhodes, the rule making provisions of the APA should apply whenever the Board

adopts a “rule,” because the General Assembly has not expressly exempted the Board

from the rule making provisions of the APA. Rhodes, 100 N.C. App. at 28, 394 S.E.2d

at 465.10

2. Exemption by Implication

However, as Respondents have noted, this Court, and our Supreme Court, have

held that exemption from the APA can be recognized by implication rather than

express language in certain limited circumstances. See Bring v. N.C. State Bar, 348

N.C. 655, 501 S.E.2d 907 (1998); N.C. State Bar v. Rogers, 164 N.C. App. 648, 596

S.E.2d 337 (2004) (recognizing, in turn, that by creating express statutory procedures,

for rule making and hearing of contested cases, different from those of the APA, the

General Assembly intended the North Carolina State Bar (the “State Bar”) to operate

outside APA requirements). Respondents have directed this Court to no agency or

10 We again note that Respondents make no argument on appeal that the cap factor does not
fall within the APA definition of a “rule.”

12
 CABARRUS CTY. BD. OF EDUC. V. DEP’T OF STATE TREASURER

Opinion of the Court

sub-agency, other than the State Bar, that has been determined to have been

exempted from the APA by implication, and we have found none.

Nonetheless, Respondents compare the wording used in N.C.G.S. § 135-5(a3)

to wording used in other parts of Article 1, contending: “This case turns on a

particular feature of statutory language: the use of the word ‘rule’ in some places but

not in others.” Respondents’ argument is that the General Assembly’s intent to

exclude adoption of the cap factor from APA rule making is evident once we apply the

maxim expressio unius est exclusio alterius, because the General Assembly used the

word “rule” in some parts of Article 1, but not in others, and thereby indicated a clear

intent that APA rule making only applies when the actual word “rule” is used. We

resort to rules of statutory interpretation only if the meaning of some portion of the

relevant statute is legally ambiguous. Assuming, arguendo, that the challenged

language of N.C.G.S. § 135-5(a3) is ambiguous, Respondents’ argument still fails.

Our Supreme Court has rejected an expressio unius est exclusio alterius

argument in similar circumstances. Empire Power Co. v. N.C. Dept. of E.H.N.R., 337

N.C. 569, 592–93, 447 S.E.2d 768, 782 (1994) (citation and parentheses omitted)

(“[The relevant organic] statute makes no provision for petitioner to commence a

contested case hearing, nor does it expressly deny him that right. Respondents,

however, would have us apply to it the maxim expressio unius est exclusio alterius,

mention of specific circumstances implies the exclusion of others, and conclude that

13
 CABARRUS CTY. BD. OF EDUC. V. DEP’T OF STATE TREASURER

Opinion of the Court

the legislature intended, albeit by implication, to exclude persons aggrieved, other

than the permit applicant or permittee, from those entitled to a contested case

hearing under the []APA.”). The Court in Empire Power held that the organic statute,

N.C.G.S. § 143–215.108(e), had to be interpreted together with the relevant provisions

of the APA:

N.C.G.S. § 143–215.108(e) and N.C.G.S. § 150B–23,
however, are in pari materia, and we must give effect to
both if possible. Respondents basically contend that the
organic statute amends, repeals, or makes exception to the
[]APA by implication. “The presumption is always against
an intention to [amend or] repeal an earlier statute.” We
thus should not construe the silence of N.C.G.S. § 143–
215.108(e) . . . as a repeal of any . . . rights expressly
conferred upon [the petitioner] under the []APA. The
legislature has not expressed or otherwise made manifestly
clear an intent to deprive petitioner of any right . . . he
might have by virtue of the []APA; moreover, there is not
such repugnancy between the statutes as to create an
implication of amendment or repeal “to which we can
consistently give effect under the rules of construction of
statutes.”

Id. at 593, 447 S.E.2d at 782 (citations omitted). The Court explained that if there is

“a fair and reasonable construction of the organic statute that harmonizes it with the

provisions of the []APA, . . . it is our duty to adopt that construction. Id. (citation

omitted). The Court further reasoned:

“Ordinarily, . . . the enactment of a law will not be held
to have changed a statute that the legislature did not
have under consideration at the time of enacting such
law; and implied amendments cannot arise merely out
of supposed legislative intent in no way expressed,

14
 CABARRUS CTY. BD. OF EDUC. V. DEP’T OF STATE TREASURER

Opinion of the Court

however necessary or proper it may seem to be. An
intent to amend a statute will not be imputed to the
legislature unless such intention is manifestly clear from
the context of the legislation; and an amendment by
implication, or a modification of, or exception to, existing
law by a later act, can occur only where the terms of a
later statute are so repugnant to an earlier statute that
they cannot stand together.”

The []APA entitles petitioner to an administrative hearing;
the organic statute, respondents contend, denies him that
right. The question thus is whether the legislature
intended, in enacting the air pollution control
administrative review provisions, to deprive petitioner of
the right it expressly conferred upon him in the []APA.
Applying the foregoing rules of statutory construction, we
conclude that because the organic statute did not expressly
provide otherwise, the legislature did not intend to deprive
petitioner of his right to an administrative hearing.

Empire Power, 337 N.C. at 591–92, 447 S.E.2d at 781–82 (citations and footnote

omitted) (some emphasis added). The Court concluded: “Considering the unequivocal

‘language of the statute [the []APA], the spirit of the act, and what the act seeks to

accomplish,’ we conclude that the legislature intended that the []APA should control

unless the organic statute expressly provides otherwise.” Id. at 594–95, 447 S.E.2d

at 783 (citations omitted). The Court thus held that, because the organic statute

involved in Empire Power did not expressly amend the APA to withdraw the

petitioner’s right of appeal pursuant to the APA and, because there was not “such

repugnancy between the statutes as to create an implication of amendment or repeal

‘to which we can consistently give effect under the rules of construction of statutes[,]’”

15
 CABARRUS CTY. BD. OF EDUC. V. DEP’T OF STATE TREASURER

Opinion of the Court

the provisions of the APA controlled. Id. at 593, 447 S.E.2d at 782 (citation omitted)

(emphasis added); see also Id. at 595, 447 S.E.2d at 783–84 (plenary citations in

accord).

Respondents cite Bring and Rogers in support of their argument that the

General Assembly expressed a clear intention to remove adoption of the cap factor

from APA rule making requirements by omitting the word “rule” from the relevant

language of N.C.G.S. § 135-5(a3). Bring and Rogers do both recognize an “exemption”

from provisions of the APA of an agency – the State Bar – by implication rather than

specific exemption. Rogers involved an appeal from the suspension of an attorney’s

(“Rogers”) license to practice law. Rogers, 164 N.C. App. 648, 596 S.E.2d 337. Rogers

argued in part that “he should have had a hearing before an administrative law judge

under the [APA]” instead of being forced to conduct his hearing before the

Disciplinary Hearing Commission of the State Bar (the “DHC”). Id. at 652–53, 596

S.E.2d at 341. This Court rejected Rogers’ “contention that he should be entitled to

a hearing before an administrative law judge under the APA.” Id. at 654, 596 S.E.2d

at 341. In addressing Rogers’ argument, this Court stated:

The APA is a statute of general applicability, and does not
apply where the Legislature has provided for a more
specific administrative procedure to govern a state agency.
See Empire Power Co. v. N.C. Dept. of E.H.N.R., 337 N.C.
569, 586-87, 447 S.E.2d 768, 778-79 (1994). The
Legislature has expressly and specifically given the State
Bar Council and DHC the power to regulate and handle
disciplinary proceedings of the State Bar. See N.C. Gen.

16
 CABARRUS CTY. BD. OF EDUC. V. DEP’T OF STATE TREASURER

Opinion of the Court

Stat. § 84-28 (2003) (powers of the State Bar Council to
discipline attorneys); N.C. Gen. Stat. § 84-28.1
(disciplinary hearing commission powers). As such,
defendant is not entitled to application of the APA to his
State Bar disciplinary proceeding in this case.

Id. (emphasis added). Although in Rogers this Court did not make an explicit holding

that the organic statutes involved – N.C. Gen. Stat. § 84-15 et seq. (2017) – expressly

amended the APA, we determined, by examining the organic statutes themselves,

that the clear intent of the General Assembly was to exempt the DHC from APA

contested case provisions. See Id.; Empire Power, 337 N.C. at 593, 447 S.E.2d at 782.

The clear implication is that this Court based its determination on reasoning that, by

creating an entirely independent procedure and reviewing authority within the State

Bar, with authority to identify, investigate, prosecute, and rule upon alleged

violations, the “the terms of [the] later [organic] statute [we]re so repugnant to [the

APA] that they [could not] stand together”11 and, therefore, the General Assembly

intended to exempt DHC disciplinary proceedings from APA contested case

procedures:

The Legislature has expressly and specifically given the
State Bar Council and DHC the power to regulate and
handle disciplinary proceedings of the State Bar. See N.C.
Gen. Stat. § 84-28 (2003) (powers of the State Bar Council
to discipline attorneys); N.C. Gen. Stat. § 84-28.1
(disciplinary hearing commission powers). As such,
defendant is not entitled to application of the APA to his
State Bar disciplinary proceeding in this case.

11 Id. at 591, 447 S.E.2d at 781 (citations and quotation marks omitted).

17
 CABARRUS CTY. BD. OF EDUC. V. DEP’T OF STATE TREASURER

Opinion of the Court

Rogers, 164 N.C. App. at 654, 596 S.E.2d at 341.

In essence, this Court recognized that the General Assembly enacted a distinct,

thorough, complete, and self-contained disciplinary process by which the State Bar –

through the DHC – was mandated to initiate and pursue investigations and hearings

as required to police and regulate attorney conduct. This process includes procedural

rules – such as a right of direct appeal from any final order of the DHC to this Court.

See N.C.G.S. § 84-21 (“(a) The Council shall adopt the rules pursuant to G.S. 45A-9.”

“(b) . . . . Copies of all rules and regulations and of all amendments adopted by the

Council shall be certified to the Chief Justice of the Supreme Court of North Carolina

. . . .: Provided, that the [C]ourt may decline to have so entered upon its minutes any

rules, regulations and amendments which in the opinion of the Chief Justice are

inconsistent with this Article.”); see also, e.g., N.C.G.S. § 84-23; N.C.G.S. § 84-28;

N.C.G.S. § 84-28.1. Therefore, the organic statute left no room for application of APA

procedures, and this Court held APA contested case provisions did not apply.

Bring is fully consistent with our analysis of Empire Power and Rogers. We

first note in general: “When a dispute between a state agency and another person

arises and cannot be settled informally, the procedures for resolving the dispute are

governed by the Administrative Procedure Act (APA), N.C. Gen. Stat. §§ 150B-1 to -

63.” Rhodes, 100 N.C. App. at 28, 394 S.E.2d at 465 (citation omitted). In Bring, our

18
 CABARRUS CTY. BD. OF EDUC. V. DEP’T OF STATE TREASURER

Opinion of the Court

Supreme Court held that the General Assembly clearly intended the State Bar to

adopt rules without resort to APA rule making provisions:

It was not necessary to adopt the rule in accordance with
the requirements of the APA. N.C.G.S. § 84-21 gives
specific directions as to how the Board shall adopt rules.
These directions must govern over the general rule-making
provision of the APA. We note that, in her appeal, the
petitioner followed N.C.G.S. § 84-24 dealing with appeals
of decisions of the Board of Law Examiners and not the
provisions of the APA.

The Board’s rules, including Rule .0702, were submitted to
this Court as required by N.C.G.S. § 84-21 and published
at volume 326, page 810 of the North Carolina Reports.
This complies with the statutory requirement. Rule .0702
was properly adopted.

Bring, 348 N.C. at 660, 501 S.E.2d at 910 (citation omitted) (emphasis added). The

organic statute at issue in Bring, N.C. Gen. Stat. § 84-21 (2017), established a rule

making procedure completely independent from that contained in the APA.

Therefore, the General Assembly’s intent was clear that the specific rule making

provisions enacted for proceedings governed by the State Bar controlled, not those

contained in the APA. The Court held “there are adequate procedural safeguards in

the statute to assure adherence to the legislative standards” and noted that “N.C.G.S.

§ 84-24 and N.C.G.S. § 84-21 require that the Bar Council and this Court must

approve rules made by the Board.” Id. at 659, 501 S.E.2d at 910. The Court further

held that there was “a sufficient standard to guide the Board” in rule making

pursuant to Article 4, Chapter 84. Id.

19
 CABARRUS CTY. BD. OF EDUC. V. DEP’T OF STATE TREASURER

Opinion of the Court

Article 1 includes nothing approaching the level of independent rule making

mandated by the General Assembly for the State Bar in Article 4, Chapter 84. We

note that Respondents have utilized the procedures of the APA throughout this action

without objection, including obtaining appeal to this Court pursuant to the right of

appeal granted by the APA. N.C.G.S. § 150B-52.

Additionally, when read together, Rogers and Bring effectively hold that the

APA simply does not apply to Article 4, Chapter 84. N.C.G.S. § 150B-1(a) (emphasis

added) (“Purpose. – This Chapter [the APA] establishes a uniform system of

administrative rule making and adjudicatory procedures for agencies.”); Bring, 348

N.C. at 660, 501 S.E.2d at 910 (APA rule making provisions do not apply to the State

Bar); Rogers, 164 N.C. App. at 654, 596 S.E.2d at 341 (APA adjudicatory procedures

do not apply to the State Bar). In contrast, Article 1 expressly recognizes the general

application of the APA. See, e.g., N.C.G.S. § 135-8(d)(3a) (“Notwithstanding Chapter

150B of the General Statutes [the APA], the total amount payable in each year to the

pension accumulation fund shall not be less than . . . .”). Respondents make an

argument very different than the analyses behind the holdings in Bring and Rogers,

which served to exempt the entire State Bar from the requirements of the APA.

Respondents contend that the application of APA rule making should be determined

on a line-by-line basis, based upon the implied intent of the General Assembly, as

determined by analyzing each individual sentence or clause of a statutory provision.

20
 CABARRUS CTY. BD. OF EDUC. V. DEP’T OF STATE TREASURER

Opinion of the Court

Respondents cite to no authority in support of this argument, neither Bring nor

Rogers support Respondents’ argument, and the other opinions cited by Respondents

do not involve the APA and are, therefore, easily distinguishable.

Respondents also focus on the requirement that the cap factor adopted by the

Board is one “recommended by the actuary.” N.C.G.S. § 135-5(a3). However, the

inclusion of a specific requirement concerning the source of the proposed cap factor in

no manner serves to remove the entire cap factor adoption process from general APA

requirements. As part of its administration of Retirement System funds, the Board

“shall keep in convenient form such data as shall be necessary for actuarial valuation

of the various funds of the Retirement System, and for checking the experience of the

System.” N.C.G.S. § 135-6(h). The Board is required to “designate an actuary who

shall be the technical adviser of the Board . . . on matters regarding the operation of

the funds created by the provisions of this Chapter[.]” N.C.G.S. § 135-6(l).

Respondents contend that N.C.G.S. § 135-6(l) establishes “a specific procedure for

how the [Board] adopts actuarial recommendations” from the designated actuary.

N.C.G.S. § 135-6(l) states in relevant part:

For purposes of the annual valuation of System assets, the
experience studies, and all other actuarial calculations
required by this Chapter, all the assumptions used by the
System’s actuary, including mortality tables, interest
rates, annuity factors, and employer contribution rates,
shall be set out in the actuary’s periodic reports or other
materials provided to the Board[.] These materials, once
accepted by the Board, shall be considered part of the Plan

21
 CABARRUS CTY. BD. OF EDUC. V. DEP’T OF STATE TREASURER

Opinion of the Court

documentation governing this Retirement System;
similarly, the Board’s minutes relative to all actuarial
assumptions used by the System shall also be considered
part of the Plan documentation governing this Retirement
System, with the result of precluding any employer
discretion in the determination of benefits payable
hereunder[.]

N.C.G.S. § 135-6(l). Respondents contend that the above “statutory procedures vary

significantly from the requirements of the APA[, s]ee [N.C.G.S.] §§ 150B-21.1 to 21.7,”

because of the requirement that the Board adopt a cap factor from cap factor

recommendations provided by its actuary.

Sections 150B-21.1 to 21.7 of the APA constitute the “Adoption of Rules”

section of the APA. Non-exempted agencies must comply with the provisions of

N.C.G.S. § 150B-19.1, see N.C.G.S. § 150B-21.2(a), which include in relevant part:

(a) In developing and drafting rules for adoption in
accordance with this Article, agencies shall adhere to the
following principles:

....

(5) When appropriate, rules shall be based on sound,
reasonably available scientific, technical, economic, and
other relevant information. Agencies shall include a
reference to this information in the notice of text
required by G.S. 150B-21.2(c).

N.C.G.S. § 150B-19.1 (emphasis added); N.C.G.S. § 150B-21.2(a) (“[b]efore an agency

adopts a permanent rule, the agency must comply with the requirements of G.S.

150B-19.1”); N.C.G.S. § 150B-21.2(c)(2a) (the “notice of the proposed text of a rule

22
 CABARRUS CTY. BD. OF EDUC. V. DEP’T OF STATE TREASURER

Opinion of the Court

must include” a “link to the agency’s Web site containing the information required by

G.S. 150B-19.1(c)”); N.C.G.S. § 150B-19.1(c)(5) (the posting required by N.C.G.S. §

150B-21.2(c)(2a) shall include “[a]ny fiscal note that has been prepared for the

proposed rule”); N.C.G.S. § 150B-19.1(e) (before submitting “a proposed rule for

publication in accordance with G.S. 150B-21.2, the agency shall review the details of

any fiscal note prepared in connection with the proposed rule and approve the fiscal

note before submission”); N.C.G.S. § 150B-19.1(f) (emphasis added) (“[i]f the agency

determines that a proposed rule will have a substantial economic impact as defined

in G.S. 150B-21.4(b1), the agency shall consider at least two alternatives to the

proposed rule”); N.C.G.S. § 150B-21.4(b1) (when an agency proposes adoption of a

rule “that would have a substantial economic impact and that is not identical to a

federal regulation that the agency is required to adopt, the agency shall prepare a

fiscal note for the proposed rule change and have the note approved by the Office of

State Budget and Management[,]” “the term ‘substantial economic impact’ means an

aggregate financial impact on all persons affected of at least one million dollars

($1,000,000) in a 12-month period”). The APA regularly requires supporting

documentation based on factual data that is prepared by an actuary – including prior

to the adoption of certain rules. As a further example:

Before an agency publishes in the North Carolina Register
the proposed text of a permanent rule change that would
require the expenditure or distribution of funds subject to
the State Budget Act, Chapter 143C of the General

23
 CABARRUS CTY. BD. OF EDUC. V. DEP’T OF STATE TREASURER

Opinion of the Court

Statutes,[12] it must submit the text of the proposed rule
change, an analysis of the proposed rule change, and a
fiscal note on the proposed rule change to the Office of State
Budget and Management and obtain certification from the
Office of State Budget and Management that the funds
that would be required by the proposed rule change are
available. The fiscal note must state the amount of funds
that would be expended or distributed as a result of the
proposed rule change and explain how the amount was
computed. The Office of State Budget and Management
must certify a proposed rule change if funds are available
to cover the expenditure or distribution required by the
proposed rule change.

N.C.G.S. § 150B-21.4(a) (emphasis added).

Contrary to Respondents’ arguments, what N.C.G.S. § 135-6(l) requires is that

“the assumptions used by the [Division’s] actuary [to determine cap factor

recommendations], including mortality tables, interest rates, annuity factors, and

employer contribution rates,” “shall be set out in the actuary’s periodic reports or

other materials provided to the Board[.]” The requirement that the actuary submit

proposed cap factors to the Board for adoption does not constitute a separate

procedure for rule making purposes. This requirement merely insures that the cap

factor adopted by the Board is based upon professionally determined assumptions

and projections, and that there will be sufficient documentation to satisfy the

12 N.C. Gen. Stat. § 143C-1-1(b) (2017) (“The provisions of this Chapter shall apply to every
State agency, unless specifically exempted herein[.]”); N.C. Gen. Stat. § 143C-1-3(a)(10) (2017)
(Definition: “Pension and Other Employee Benefit Trust Funds. – Accounts for resources that
are required to be held in trust for the members and beneficiaries of defined benefit pension plans,
defined contribution plans, other postemployment benefit plans, or other employee benefit plans.”).

24
 CABARRUS CTY. BD. OF EDUC. V. DEP’T OF STATE TREASURER

Opinion of the Court

requirements of Chapter 135, the APA,13 and the State Budget Act – N.C. Gen. Stat.

§§ 143C-1-1 et seq. (2017).

Further, we presume the General Assembly enacted Article 1 with full

knowledge of the relevant provisions in the APA, and intended for those provisions to

apply to Article 1 absent express legislation to the contrary – which they declined to

enact. Rhyne v. K-Mart Corp., 358 N.C. 160, 189, 594 S.E.2d 1, 20 (2004) (citations

omitted) (we presume “‘the legislature acted in accordance with reason and common

sense,’ and ‘with full knowledge of prior and existing law’”). We hold that there is

nothing to support a finding that “‘the terms of [N.C.G.S. § 135-8(3a)] are so

repugnant to’” the rule making requirements of the APA such that the General

Assembly intended to remove adoption of the cap factor from APA rule making

requirements by implication. Empire Power, 337 N.C. at 591, 447 S.E.2d at 781

(citations omitted) (emphasis removed).

3. Statutory Language

In further support of our decision, we look to the language of the relevant

statutes when considered in pari materia. Because the Division is subject to the APA

and the procedures of the APA apply to Petitioner’s “action,” the definitions found in

N.C.G.S. § 150B-2 apply to N.C.G.S. § 135-5(a3) unless specifically supplanted by

13 See, e.g., N.C.G.S. § 135-6(l) to (n), concerning the purposes and duties of actuaries.

25
 CABARRUS CTY. BD. OF EDUC. V. DEP’T OF STATE TREASURER

Opinion of the Court

definitions included in Article 1. See Izydore v. City of Durham, 228 N.C. App. 397,

399–401, 746 S.E.2d 324, 325–26 (2013).

The definitions section of Article 1, N.C.G.S. § 135-1, does not define the word

“adopt.” However, the word “adopt” is defined in the APA: “‘Adopt’ means to take

final action to create, amend, or repeal a rule.” N.C.G.S. § 150B-2(1b) (emphasis

added). We hold that the word “adopt” in N.C.G.S. § 135-5(a3) has the same meaning

as that set forth in N.C.G.S. § 150B-2(1b). Further, Article 1 contains no definition

for the word “rule.” The APA defines “rule” as follows:

“Rule” means any agency regulation, standard, or
statement of general applicability that implements or
interprets an enactment of the General Assembly . . . or that
describes the procedure or practice requirements of an
agency. The term includes the establishment of a fee and
the amendment or repeal of a prior rule.

N.C.G.S. § 150B-2(8a) (emphasis added). The General Assembly has included certain

specific exceptions for regulations or standards that would otherwise fall under the

definition of rule, for example, the “[e]stablishment of the interest rate that applies

to tax assessments under G.S. 105-241.21” is expressly excluded from the APA

definition of “rule.” N.C.G.S. § 150B-2(8a)(j.). The APA includes no exemption for

the N.C.G.S. § 135-5(a3) “cap factor.” “‘Policy’ means any nonbinding interpretive

statement within the delegated authority of an agency that merely defines,

interprets, or explains the meaning of a statute or rule.” N.C.G.S. § 150B-2(7a). The

cap factor is clearly not a “policy” as defined by the APA, as it is binding and non-

26
 CABARRUS CTY. BD. OF EDUC. V. DEP’T OF STATE TREASURER

Opinion of the Court

interpretive. We agree with the trial court and hold that the cap factor falls within

the APA definition of a “rule.”

Further, pursuant to the APA definition of “adopt,” any time the word “adopt”

is used, it expressly and necessarily requires an associated rule. N.C.G.S. § 150B-

2(1b) (emphasis added) (“‘Adopt’ means to take final action to create, amend, or repeal

a rule.”). Pursuant to the APA definition of adopt, the only thing that the Board in

N.C.G.S. § 135-5(a3) could have possibly “adopted” was a “rule.” N.C.G.S. § 150B-

2(1b). Therefore, treating the cap factor as a “rule,” the contested portion of N.C.G.S.

§ 135-5(a3) can be understood as stating:

The Board . . . shall adopt a [rule, namely a] contribution-
based benefit cap factor recommended by the actuary,
based upon actual experience, such that no more than
three-quarters of one percent (0.75%) of retirement
allowances are expected to be capped. The Board . . . shall
modify such [rules] every five years, as shall be deemed
necessary, based upon the five-year experience study as
required by G.S. 135-6(n).

The language of N.C.G.S. § 135-5(a3), considered in pari materia with the APA, does

not support a finding that the General Assembly, by enacting N.C.G.S. § 135-5(a3),

intended to modify or amend the APA by implication.

B. Deference to the Board’s Interpretation of N.C.G.S. § 135-5(a3)

Respondents further argue that the trial court “erred by failing to give weight

to the [Division’s] interpretation of its enabling statute.” We disagree.

27
 CABARRUS CTY. BD. OF EDUC. V. DEP’T OF STATE TREASURER

Opinion of the Court

Initially, our review on summary judgment is de novo, and we will uphold a

grant of summary judgment upon any legitimate basis. Manecke, 222 N.C. App. at

475, 731 S.E.2d at 220; Save Our Schools, 140 N.C. App. at 237–38, 535 S.E.2d at

910. Therefore, even assuming, arguendo, the trial court failed to give proper

deference to the Division’s interpretations of Article 1 and the Division’s rule making

powers, this fact would be irrelevant to our de novo review. Id.

Concerning Respondents’ arguments, we first note that, despite the deference

we may give an agency’s interpretation of statutes that agency is required to

implement and enforce, “it is ultimately the duty of courts to construe administrative

statutes; courts cannot defer that responsibility to the agency charged with

administering those statutes.” Wells v. Consolidated Jud’l Ret. Sys. of N.C., 354 N.C.

313, 319, 553 S.E.2d 877, 881 (2001) (citing State ex rel. Utilities Commission v. Public

Staff, 309 N.C. 195, 306 S.E.2d 435 (1983)). Respondents argue: “Since 1981, the

[Division] has held that the [Board] will adopt actuarial ‘tables, rates, or assumptions’

by resolution. 20 N.C. Admin. Code 2B.0202 (2016).” Respondents contend that the

cap factor is an actuarial “rate” or “assumption,” and is therefore governed by 20 N.C.

Admin. Code 2B.0202, a rule adopted by the Division pursuant to the authority

granted it by Article 1.14 First, we disagree with Respondents’ argument that the cap

factor is itself an actuarial assumption or rate that is governed by provisions of 20

14The question of whether the provisions of 20 N.C. Admin. Code 2B.0202 conform with the
requirements of Article 1 is not before us, and we do not consider that question here.

28
 CABARRUS CTY. BD. OF EDUC. V. DEP’T OF STATE TREASURER

Opinion of the Court

N.C. Admin. Code 2B.0202. The cap factor must be based upon valid actuarial

assumptions and rates in order for it to comply with the requirements of N.C.G.S. §

135-5(a3), but the cap factor itself is not an actuarial assumption or rate. We have

held above that the cap factor is a rule that, inter alia, helps determine limits on the

retirement benefits of affected State employees. Because the cap factor is a rule for

the purposes of APA rule making, and the Board must comply with APA rule making

provisions when adopting the cap factor, the Division is without the authority to enact

rules, regulations, guidelines, or any other directives that would remove adoption of

the cap factor from the requirements of APA rule making.

It is not at all clear that the Board understood the cap factor to be an actuarial

assumption or rate, or that it adopted the cap factor pursuant to the provisions of 20

N.C. Admin. Code 2B.0202. Therefore, this Court cannot state with any conviction

that the Board, or the Division, interpreted N.C.G.S. § 135-5(a3) in the manner

Respondents suggest – i.e. in a manner allowing the Board to adopt the cap factor

pursuant to the rules set forth in 20 N.C. Admin. Code 2B.0202. Even assuming,

arguendo, the Division has interpreted N.C.G.S. § 135-5(a3) as argued by

Respondents, we hold that such an interpretation is erroneous and contrary to the

law. It is this Court, not the Division, that must ultimately decide the issue now that

it is before us, and we have done so.

C. Policy Arguments

29
 CABARRUS CTY. BD. OF EDUC. V. DEP’T OF STATE TREASURER

Opinion of the Court

Respondents’ contention that “public comments will not improve the actuary’s

recommendation,” even if correct, does not factor into our analysis. Assuming,

arguendo, Respondents are correct that application of the rule making procedures of

the APA to the adoption of a cap factor is unnecessarily inefficient, and will serve no

beneficial purpose, this Court is not the proper entity to address those arguments.

Appellate courts will not imply amendments to a statute based “‘merely out of

supposed legislative intent in no way expressed, however necessary or proper it may

seem to be.’” Empire Power, 337 N.C. at 591, 447 S.E.2d at 781 (emphasis added)

(quoting In re Assessment of Sales Tax, 259 N.C. 589, 594, 131 S.E.2d 441, 445 (1963)).

“Weighing . . . public policy considerations is the province of our General Assembly,

not this Court [.]” Wynn v. United Health Servs./Two Rivers Health-Trent Campus,

214 N.C. App. 69, 79, 716 S.E.2d 373, 382 (2011) (citations and quotation marks

omitted); see also Empire Power, 337 N.C. at 595–96, 447 S.E.2d at 784.

IV. Conclusion

We hold that APA rule making provisions apply to the Board’s adoption of a

cap factor. The Division erred in invoicing Dr. Shepherd or Petitioner for any

additional contributions pursuant to N.C.G.S. § 135-5(a3) because the cap factor

adopted by the Board, and applied in determining the amount of the additional

contribution Petitioner was required to pay “in order to make [Dr. Shepherd] not

subject to the contribution-based benefit cap[,]” N.C.G.S. § 135-4(jj), was not properly

30
 CABARRUS CTY. BD. OF EDUC. V. DEP’T OF STATE TREASURER

Opinion of the Court

adopted. “An agency shall not seek to implement or enforce against any person a

policy, guideline, or other interpretive statement that meets the definition of a rule

contained in G.S. 150B-2(8a) if [it] has not been adopted as a rule in accordance with

this Article.” N.C.G.S. § 150B-18. We affirm the trial court’s grant of summary

judgment in favor of Petitioner.15

AFFIRMED.

Judges BRYANT and STROUD concur.

15 We reiterate that the reasoning, holdings, and directives in this opinion apply with equal
weight to the seven related appeals in COA17-1018, COA17-1019, COA17-1020, COA17-1021, COA17-
1022, COA17-1023, and COA17-1024.

31