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[DO NOT PUBLISH]
IN THE UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS
FOR THE ELEVENTH CIRCUIT
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No. 18-10183
Non-Argument Calendar
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Agency No. A088-011-831
ELVIN ANTONIO BRIONES,
Petitioner,
versus
U.S. ATTORNEY GENERAL,
Respondent.
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Petition for Review of a Decision of the
Board of Immigration Appeals
________________________
(October 26, 2018)
Before BRANCH, HULL and JULIE CARNES, Circuit Judges.
PER CURIAM:
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Elvin Antonio Briones, a native and citizen of Nicaragua, seeks review of
the Board of Immigration Appeals’ (“BIA”) final order affirming the Immigration
Judge’s (“IJ”) denial of his claim for withholding of removal under the
Immigration and Nationality Act (“INA”). Briones contends the IJ and the BIA
erred in concluding he was not entitled to withholding of removal based on
persecution on account of his political opinion. After review, we deny Briones’s
petition.
I. BACKGROUND
On November 21, 2005, Briones entered the United States on a B2 visitor
visa, with authorization to remain for one month. In September 2010, the
Department of Homeland Security issued Briones a Notice to Appear (“NTA”),
which charged him with being removable under INA § 237(a)(1)(B), 8 U.S.C.
§ 1227(a)(1)(B), for remaining in the United States longer than permitted. Briones
admitted the allegations in his NTA and conceded removability.
On October 19, 2010, Briones filed an application for asylum, withholding
of removal, and relief under the Convention Against Torture (“CAT”) based on his
political opinion. Briones’s application claimed that while in Nicaragua, members
of the Sandinista Party targeted him with threats, harassment, and several attacks
due to his participation in the Liberal Party and that he feared the Sandinistas
would target him again if he returned to Nicaragua.
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After a hearing, the IJ denied Briones’s claims. The IJ concluded that
Briones’s asylum claim was time-barred and that Briones was ineligible for
withholding of removal and CAT relief. The IJ found Briones credible, but
determined, based on the totality of the evidence, that Briones had not suffered past
harm in Nicaragua rising to the level of persecution required for withholding of
removal and that Briones had not shown that his fear of future persecution was
objectively reasonable.
The BIA affirmed the IJ’s decision, noting that Briones had abandoned his
asylum and CAT claims by failing to challenge them on appeal. 1 As to
withholding of removal, the BIA agreed with the IJ that Briones had not shown
past persecution or an objectively reasonable fear of future harm.
II. STANDARD OF REVIEW
Because the BIA did not expressly adopt the IJ’s decision, but did explicitly
agree with the IJ’s findings that Briones had not shown past persecution or an
objectively reasonable fear of future harm, we review the decisions of both the
BIA and the IJ as to these issues. Ayala v. U.S. Att’y Gen., 605 F.3d 941, 948
(11th Cir. 2010). We review de novo claims of legal error, including Briones’s
argument that the BIA did not give reasoned consideration to his withholding of
1
Briones does not challenge the BIA’s ruling as to his asylum and CAT claims in his
petition for review, and thus he has abandoned them in this Court as well. See Cole v. U.S Att’y
Gen., 712 F.3d 517, 530 (11th Cir. 2013) (explaining that an appellant’s failure to adequately
raise an issue in the opening brief will result in the claim being deemed abandoned).
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removal claim. Lin v. U.S. Att’y Gen., 881 F.3d 860, 871-72 (11th Cir. 2018).
We review the agency’s factual determinations under the highly deferential
substantial evidence test. Indrawati v. U.S. Att’y Gen., 779 F.3d 1284, 1297 (11th
Cir. 2015). Under this test, we must affirm the BIA’s decision if it is “supported
by reasonable, substantial, and probative evidence on the record considered as a
whole.” Id. We will reverse factual findings only when the record compels us to
do so, and “the mere fact that the record may support a contrary conclusion is not
enough to justify a reversal of the administrative findings.” Id.
III. WITHHOLDING OF REMOVAL
To qualify for withholding of removal under the INA, an applicant must
show that upon returning to his country his life or freedom would be threatened
because of his race, religion, nationality, membership in a particular social group,
or political opinion. INA § 241(b)(3)(A), 8 U.S.C. § 1231(b)(3)(A). To satisfy
this burden of proof, the alien may establish past persecution based on a protected
ground. Rodriguez v. U.S. Att’y Gen., 735 F.3d 1302, 1308 (11th Cir. 2013).
Establishing past persecution creates a rebuttable presumption that his life or
freedom would be threatened upon return to his country. Id. Alternatively, the
alien may establish that it is “more likely than not” that he would be persecuted
upon removal to his country based on a protected ground. Id. This “more likely
than not” standard is more stringent than the “well-founded fear of persecution”
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required for asylum. Tan v. U.S. Att’y Gen., 446 F.3d 1369, 1375 (11th Cir.
2006). A well-founded fear of future persecution must be subjectively genuine and
objectively reasonable. Silva v. U.S. Att’y Gen., 448 F.3d 1229, 1236 (11th Cir.
2006).
Although the INA does not define persecution, this Court has said that
persecution is an “extreme concept,” and that “a few isolated incidents of verbal
harassment or intimidation” and “[m]inor physical abuse and brief detentions do
not amount to persecution.” Kazemzadeh v. U.S. Att’y Gen., 577 F.3d 1341, 1353
(11th Cir. 2009) (concluding alien had not shown persecution where he was
arrested for participating in a student demonstration, interrogated and beaten for
five hours, detained for four days, and monitored after his release); see also Djonda
v. U.S. Att’y Gen., 514 F.3d 1168, 1171, 1174 (11th Cir. 2008) (concluding alien
had not shown persecution where he was threatened, detained at a police station for
36 hours, kicked and beaten with a belt, and suffered multiple scratches and bruises
requiring two days of hospitalization); Zheng v. U.S. Att’y Gen., 451 F.3d 1287,
1289-91 (11th Cir. 2006) (concluding alien had not shown persecution where
authorities detained him for five days, made him stand in the sun for two hours,
and monitored him after release). In determining whether the petitioner has
suffered persecution, the harm suffered by the petitioner must be considered
cumulatively. Rodriguez, 735 F.3d at 1308; Shi v. U.S. Att’y Gen., 707 F.3d 1231,
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1235 (11th Cir. 2013). However, harm done to others does not constitute
persecution unless the harm is directed against the applicant personally.
Rodriguez, 735 F.3d at 1308-09.
IV. BRIONES’S CLAIMS
A. Past Persecution
As an initial matter, Briones’s argument that the IJ and the BIA failed to
consider the evidence of harm cumulatively lacks merit. The BIA explicitly said it
had considered the harm “cumulatively,” and the IJ expressly based his conclusion
on “the totality of the evidence.” As to Briones’s contention that both the IJ and
the BIA failed to discuss all of his evidence of mistreatment, there is no
requirement that they do so. See Jeune v. U.S. Att’y Gen., 810 F.3d 792, 803 (11th
Cir. 2016). The record shows that both the BIA and the IJ gave reasoned
consideration to his claims, arguments, and evidence, and announced their
decisions in terms sufficient to enable us to perceive that the agency has “heard
and thought and not merely reacted.” See Jeune, 810 F.3d at 803; Lin, 881 F.3d at
874. That is all that is required.
Further, substantial evidence supports the agency’s finding that Briones’s
cumulative mistreatment at the hands of the Sandinistas did not rise to the level of
past persecution. First, the 1988 incident—in which a seven-year-old Briones
witnessed a group of Sandinistas beat and threaten to kill his father because they
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believed his father opposed Daniel Ortega and the Sandinista Party—does not
constitute persecution because the harm was not directed at Briones personally.
See Rodriguez, 735 F.3d at 1308-09.
Second, the record does not compel a finding that the later mistreatment
directed at Briones because of his involvement with the Liberal Party—the threats
to Briones’s family, the loss of his university scholarship, and the four attacks by
Sandinista members in 1998, 2001, 2003, and 2005—was sufficiently “extreme” to
constitute persecution. Each attack resulted in only minor injuries that did not
require prolonged medical treatment, such as bruises and swelling after the first
attack, a dislocated ankle after the second attack, a cut finger that required stitches
after the third attack, and stitches on his face and fractured upper front teeth after
the fourth attack. Cf. De Santamaria v. U.S. Att’y Gen., 525 F.3d 999, 1003-05,
1008-09 (11th Cir. 2008) (concluding alien showed persecution where she received
numerous death threats, was dragged by the hair out of her car and beaten, had her
groundskeeper tortured and killed by attackers looking for her, and was kidnapped
and beaten before being rescued by government forces); Niftaliev v. U.S. Att’y
Gen., 504 F.3d 1211, 1214, 1217 (11th Cir. 2007) (concluding alien showed
persecution where he suffered “numerous beatings, arrests, searches, and
interrogations” and spent fifteen days in detention where he was “deprived of food,
beaten, and threatened at gunpoint,” resulting in a two-month hospitalization);
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Mejia v. U.S. Att’y Gen., 498 F.3d 1253, 1255, 1257-58 (11th Cir. 2007)
(concluding alien showed persecution where over an 18-month period, alien
received numerous death threats and was assaulted with a rock, thrown out of a
car, detained at gunpoint, smashed in the face with a rifle, and required surgery for
a broken nose). Furthermore, the four incidents of violence were isolated incidents
that occurred over a span of seven years, with no escalation of threats or harm.
Accordingly, the record as a whole does not compel reversal of the agency’s
finding that Briones failed to establish past persecution.2
B. Future Persecution
Substantial evidence also supports the finding that Briones did not show an
objectively reasonable fear of future persecution. See Silva, 448 F.3d at 1236.
First, there is no indication that anyone in Nicaragua maintains an interest in
harming Briones personally, especially considering he has been out of the country
since 2005, and while in Nicaragua, Briones played only a relatively small role for
the Liberal Party, collecting signatures, distributing pamphlets, and posting stickers
for two days a week over a six month period during the 2005 presidential
campaign. In addition, his parents, who also belong to the Liberal Party and were
2
Because substantial evidence supports the IJ’s and the BIA’s finding that the harm
Briones experienced did not rise to the level of persecution, we do not address the effect of
Briones’s failure to report the attacks to local authorities on his withholding of removal claim.
Cf. Lopez v. U.S. Att’y Gen., 504 F.3d 1341, 1345 (11th Cir. 2007) (stating that the failure to
report persecution to the local government authorities is generally fatal to an asylum claim unless
the applicant can convincingly demonstrate that those authorities would have been unable or
unwilling to protect the applicant).
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“endlessly” threatened and harassed during the previous period of Sandinista
political dominance, have remained unharmed in Villa Sandino even after the
Sandinistas returned to power in 2006. Finally, while the 2016 Human Rights
Report for Nicaragua from the U.S. State Department indicates that the Sandinistas
exercised substantial control over the government and received preferential
treatment from police, it also suggested that the worst of the politically motivated
abuses were focused on confrontations with armed opposition groups. Thus,
substantial evidence supports the finding that Briones did not show that it was
“more likely than not” that he would be singled out for persecution upon removal
to Nicaragua.
PETITION DENIED.
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