In re the Termination of the Parent-Child Relationship of: D.U.H. and E.U. (Minor Children) and P.U.R. (Father) v. The Indiana Department of Child Services and Child Advocates, Inc. (mem. dec.)

MEMORANDUM DECISION
Pursuant to Ind. Appellate Rule 65(D),
this Memorandum Decision shall not be FILED
regarded as precedent or cited before any Oct 31 2018, 9:09 am

court except for the purpose of establishing CLERK
the defense of res judicata, collateral Indiana Supreme Court
Court of Appeals
and Tax Court
estoppel, or the law of the case.

ATTORNEY FOR APPELLANT ATTORNEYS FOR APPELLEE
Daniel G. Foote Curtis T. Hill, Jr.
Indianapolis, Indiana Attorney General of Indiana
Frances Barrow
Deputy Attorney General
Indianapolis, Indiana

IN THE
COURT OF APPEALS OF INDIANA

In re the Termination of the October 31, 2018
Parent-Child Relationship of: Court of Appeals Case No.
18A-JT-1348
D.U.H. and E.U. (Minor Children) Appeal from the Marion Superior
and Court
P.U.R. (Father), The Honorable Gary Chavers,
Appellant-Respondent, Judge Pro Tem
v. The Honorable Larry Bradley,
Magistrate
The Indiana Department of
Trial Court Cause No.
Child Services, 49D09-1710-JT-913
Appellee-Petitioner, 49D09-1710-JT-911
and
Child Advocates, Inc.,
Appellee-Guardian Ad Litem.

Court of Appeals of Indiana | Memorandum Decision 18A-JT-1348 | October 31, 2018 Page 1 of 25
 Robb, Judge.

Case Summary and Issues
[1] P.U.R. (“Father”) appeals the juvenile court’s termination of his parental rights

to D.U.H. and E.U. (collectively, the “Children”), raising three issues which we

consolidate and restate as two: (1) whether the juvenile court’s termination

order is supported by clear and convincing evidence and (2) whether Father was

denied a fair hearing. Concluding the termination order is not clearly

erroneous and the hearing was not unfair, we affirm.

Facts and Procedural History
[2] Father and M.H. (“Mother”) are the parents of the Children, who were born on

July 13, 2011, and December 29, 2013.1 In February 2016, while the Children

were residing with Mother, Father witnessed Mother smoking

methamphetamine from a pipe as he returned the Children to her home. The

next day, Father returned to Mother’s home and recorded her smoking

methamphetamine while the Children were elsewhere in the home. Father then

reported these incidents to the Indiana Department of Child Services (“DCS”).

1
Mother’s parental rights were also terminated but she does not participate in this appeal. Accordingly, we
limit our recitation of the facts to those applicable to Father.

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 The Children were taken into custody without a court order on February 21,

2016.

[3] On February 23, 2016, DCS filed a petition alleging the Children were children

in need of services (“CHINS”) because of the parents’ inability to provide

Children “with a safe, stable, and appropriate living environment free from

substance abuse.” Exhibits, Volume I at 18. DCS alleged that despite being

offered services in the past, Mother continued to use methamphetamine and her

whereabouts were currently unknown and further alleged that Father was

unable to ensure the Children’s safety and well-being while in the care of

Mother. At the conclusion of the initial hearing, the juvenile court ordered

Children removed from Mother’s care and placed with Father.

[4] At a fact-finding hearing on June 8, Father admitted the Children were CHINS.

The juvenile court entered a dispositional order on July 20, which placed the

Children in a temporary trial home visit with Father, who was ordered to

engage in home-based case management and to submit to random drug and

alcohol screening. However, on September 30, the guardian ad litem expressed

concerns with Father’s ability to care for the Children because he was not

cooperative with DCS, the guardian ad litem, or providers, and he refused to

allow service providers to access his home. Thereafter, the juvenile court ended

the temporary trial visit and ordered the Children removed from Father’s care

due to alleged educational and therapeutic neglect, as well as Father’s positive

drug test.

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[5] At a modification hearing on October 26, the Children’s therapist stated that

Father exhibited concerning and aggressive behavior during visits with the

Children. On November 9, the juvenile court conducted a periodic review

hearing and DCS presented evidence that Father twice tested positive for illicit

substances, had been aggressive toward the foster parents and visitation

supervisor, was at times combative, and that the Children were traumatized

after Father’s parenting time sessions. D.U.H. had begun engaging in self-

harming behavior and both Children began to wet their beds. The juvenile

court ordered Father’s parenting time be therapeutically supervised and

modified Father’s disposition to include anger management, substance abuse

treatment, and home-based therapy.

[6] By the time of a permanency hearing on February 8, 2017, Father had been

incarcerated on drug charges and placed on an immigration hold. DCS

presented evidence that Father had screened positive for marijuana and refused

screening for an additional two week period. Father’s home-based therapist

testified that Father had broken the rules of visitation by bringing his cell phone

and hiding candy in the Children’s boots. The therapist also stated that, during

the most recent visit, Father grabbed D.U.H. in a “dangerous way by her head”

when playing and that Father laughed when the Children were upset. Id. at

100.

[7] DCS filed a petition to terminate parental rights on October 5, 2017, and the

juvenile court conducted a termination hearing on April 5 and 24, 2018. Father

was not present at the hearing because he had been deported to the Dominican

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Republic. Father was, however, provided counsel, an interpreter, and was

allowed to listen to, and participate in, the hearing via telephone. On May 9,

2018, the juvenile court issued its order terminating Father’s parental rights,

finding and concluding the following:

2. Child in Need of Services Petitions “CHINS” were filed
on [Children] on February 23, 2016, . . . on allegations
that [Mother] used methamphetamine and her
whereabouts was unknown. Allegations against [Father]
was [sic] that he was unable to ensure the safety of the
children while in their [M]other’s care.

3. The CHINS Petitions also included allegations that the
parents had an extensive history with [DCS]. They were
involved in a CHINS case in 2014, and two cases to
compel their behavior in 2015.

4. The [C]hildren were placed with their [F]ather at the
February 23, 2016, initial hearing. However, on
September 30, 2016, they were ordered detained and
placed outside the home due to educational and
therapeutic neglect, and [Father] testing positive for THC.
The [C]hildren have remained out of home.

5. The [C]hildren were found to be in need of services as to
their [F]ather on June 8, 2016, and as to their [M]other on
June 29, 2016.

***

16. [Father] was ordered to engage in case management and
random drug screens. His disposition was modified when
he tested positive for THC, and he was also required to

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 undergo a substance abuse assessment and follow
recommendations, engage in therapy, and complete anger
management.

17. [Father] did a domestic violence assessment which
recommended a twenty-six week batterers intervention
program. [Father] completed three sessions.

18. [Father] minimized his role in domestic violence, and
blamed the system and past partners. He has exhibited his
anger and aggression at child and family team meetings
[sic] and during parenting time.

19. Providers observed [Father’s] behavior as combative,
aggressive, and threatening.

20. [Father] did not make progress in his approximate fifteen
sessions of home based therapy to address anger, coping
skills, and parenting skills do [sic] to his venting during
therapy sessions.

21. [Father] was mainly consistent in parenting time between
October of 2016 until early 2017, although he would be
significantly late. He has not seen the [C]hildren since
being deported, well over one year ago.

22. [Father’s] visitation supervisor did not think he appeared
to have the capacity to parent and had concerns whether
the [C]hildren would be supervised with him. He
relinquished [E.U.] to his paramour to take care of on
every visit, and treated [D.U.H.] inappropriately for her
age and sex. His mannerisms and language were
inappropriate. Other concerns included [Father] not

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 assuming a parenting role, lack of discipline, and not
following rules.

23. [Father] was incarcerated on drug charges and he
contacted [DCS] in August of 2017 to inform the family
case manager that he had been deported to the Dominican
Republic due to being in the United States illegally.

24. Although the CHINS cases have been pending for over
two years, and this termination action has been pending
for over six months, [Father] testified he was still planning
to start services to address his aggression the Saturday after
trial in this matter.

25. On September 6, 2017, the plan for the [C]hildren’s
permanency was changed from reunification to adoption,
with the Court finding, in-part, that before being deported,
[Father] was inconsistent with services, was uncooperative
with the [DCS], and when he screened, he tested positive
for THC, and [Father] was aggressive during parenting
time with the [C]hildren being traumatized. The Court
further found that [Mother] was in agreement with the
permanency plan changing to adoption.

26. The [C]hildren have been placed in the care of their
paternal great-aunt. The [C]hildren’s grandmother also
resides in the home. This placement is preadoptive.

27. The [C]hildren have suffered trauma, have had many
residential moves, and have behavioral issues which are
getting better.

28. The [C]hildren’s therapist believes the stability of their
placement is a positive for the [C]hildren, and it was

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 traumatic for the [C]hildren when they moved. The
therapist believes that stability and permanency would
greatly benefit the [C]hildren, and that they are in need of
a forever home sooner than later.

29. The great-aunt is committed to providing a structured
home for the [C]hildren and is working on parenting skills
to address the [C]hildren’s special needs.

***

31. There is a reasonable probability that the conditions that
resulted in the [C]hildren’s removal and continued
placement outside the home will not be remedied by their
[F]ather. From his demeanor and history, [Father] would
need therapy and anger management as well as domestic
violence classes to make sure a cycle of violence does not
take place. From his actions at parenting time sessions
and the neglect alleged when the [C]hildren were detained,
he would not be an appropriate parent without parenting
education. Substance abuse is still a concern and would
need addressed. Considering [Father’s] defiant mindset,
these many conditions would not be remedied if he is
given more time.

32. There is a reasonable probability that the continuation of
the parent-child relationship poses a threat to the
children’s well-being. Without addressing substance
abuse, instability, lack of parenting skills, anger, parents
cannot provide a safe and stable environment or meet the
[C]hildren’s needs. More importantly, these [C]hildren are
in need of permanency at this time and another move for
the [C]hildren could be devastating.

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 33. Wendy Claxton has been the [C]hildren’s Guardian ad
Litem for two years. Based on the length of time the
CHINS case has been pending, the lack of parents’
progress, Ms. Claxton agrees with adoption being the
permanency plan in the [C]hildren’s best interests. She
believes that it would not be in the [C]hildren’s best
interests to give the parents additional time.

34. Termination of the parent-child relationship is in the best
interests of the [C]hildren. Termination would allow them
to be adopted into a stable and permanent home where
their needs will be safely met.

35. There exists a satisfactory plan for the future care and
treatment of the [C]hildren, that being adoption.

Appellant’s Appendix, Volume II at 24-26. Father now appeals.

Discussion and Decision
[8] A parent’s interest in the care, custody, and control of their children is “perhaps

the oldest of the fundamental liberty interests[,]” Bester v. Lake Cty. OFC, 839

N.E.2d 143, 147 (Ind. 2005), and these rights are protected by the Fourteenth

Amendment to the United States Constitution, In re D.D., 804 N.E.2d 258, 264

(Ind. Ct. App. 2004), trans. denied. These rights are not without limitation,

however, as the law provides for the termination of the parent-child relationship

when parents are unable or unwilling to meet their parental responsibilities. In

re R.H., 892 N.E.2d 144, 149 (Ind. Ct. App. 2008).

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 I. Standard of Review
[9] When reviewing the termination of parental rights, we do not reweigh the

evidence or judge the credibility of witnesses. In re D.D., 804 N.E.2d at 265.

We only consider the evidence and reasonable inferences therefrom most

favorable to the judgment. Id. And we only set aside a juvenile court’s

judgment terminating a parent-child relationship when it is clearly erroneous.

In re L.S., 717 N.E.2d 204, 208 (Ind. Ct. App. 1999), trans. denied, cert. denied,

534 U.S. 1161 (2002). A judgment is “clearly erroneous if the findings do not

support the trial court’s conclusions or the conclusions do not support the

judgment.” Bester, 839 N.E.2d at 147.

[10] As required by statute, the juvenile court entered findings of fact and

conclusions thereon when terminating Father’s parental rights. Ind. Code § 31-

35-2-8 (providing “if the court finds the allegations in a petition . . . are true, the

court shall terminate the parent-child relationship” and “shall enter findings of

fact that support the entry of the conclusions”). Accordingly, we apply a two-

tiered standard of review. Bester, 839 N.E.2d at 147. We must first determine

whether the evidence supports the findings; then we determine whether the

findings support the judgment. Id. Findings will only be set aside if they are

clearly erroneous and findings are clearly erroneous only “when the record

contains no facts to support them either directly or by inference.” Yanoff v.

Muncy, 688 N.E.2d 1259, 1262 (Ind. 1997).

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 II. Termination of Parental Rights
[11] To terminate parental rights, Indiana Code section 31-35-2-4(b)(2) requires the

State to prove, in relevant part:

(B) that one (1) of the following is true:

(i) There is a reasonable probability that the conditions
that resulted in the child’s removal or the reasons for
placement outside the home of the parents will not be
remedied.

(ii) There is a reasonable probability that the continuation
of the parent-child relationship poses a threat to the well-
being of the child.

***

(C) that termination is in the best interests of the child; and

(D) that there is a satisfactory plan for the care and treatment of
the child.

[12] The State must prove the foregoing elements by clear and convincing evidence.

Ind. Code § 31-37-14-2; In re V.A., 51 N.E.3d 1140, 1144 (Ind. 2016). However,

“[b]ecause subsection (b)(2)(B) is written in the disjunctive, . . . the [juvenile]

court need only find one of the two elements by clear and convincing

evidence.” Castro v. State Office of Family & Children, 842 N.E.2d 367, 373 (Ind.

Ct. App. 2006) (citation omitted), trans. denied.

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[13] Here, the juvenile court found that the State proved all of the statutory elements

by clear and convincing evidence. Father now challenges the sufficiency of the

evidence to support each finding.

A. Remedy of Conditions
[14] Father first contends the State failed to prove by clear and convincing evidence

the conditions resulting in Children’s removal will not be remedied. The

juvenile court concluded:

There is a reasonable probability that the conditions that resulted
in the [C]hildren’s removal and continued placement outside the
home will not be remedied by their [F]ather. From his demeanor
and history, [Father] would need therapy and anger management
as well as domestic violence classes to make sure a cycle of
violence does not take place. From his actions at parenting time
sessions and the neglect alleged when the [C]hildren were
detained, he would not be an appropriate parent without
parenting education. Substance abuse is still a concern and
would need addressed. Considering [Father’s] defiant mindset,
these many conditions would not be remedied if he is given more
time.

Appellant’s App., Vol. II at 26, ¶ 31.

[15] In determining whether the conditions that resulted in the children’s removal

will not be remedied, we engage in a two-step analysis:

First, we identify the conditions that led to removal; and second,
we determine whether there is a reasonable probability that those
conditions will not be remedied. In the second step, the trial
court must judge a parent’s fitness as of the time of the
termination proceeding, taking into consideration evidence of
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 changed conditions—balancing a parent’s recent improvements
against habitual patterns of conduct to determine whether there is
a substantial probability of future neglect or deprivation. We
entrust that delicate balance to the trial court, which has
discretion to weigh a parent’s prior history more heavily than
efforts made only shortly before termination. Requiring trial
courts to give due regard to changed conditions does not preclude
them from finding that parents’ past behavior is the best predictor
of their future behavior.

In re E.M., 4 N.E.3d 636, 643 (Ind. 2014) (citations, quotations, and footnote

omitted).

[16] Here, the Children were initially removed from their parents due to their

inability to provide Children “with a safe, stable, and appropriate living

environment free from substance abuse.” Exhibits, Vol. I at 18. As it pertains

to Father, DCS alleged he was unable to ensure the Children’s safety and well-

being while in their Mother’s care. DCS also alleged that both parents had an

extensive history with DCS and were offered services through previous CHINS

actions. Children were placed with Father on a temporary trial visit but

removed from Father’s care “due to educational and therapeutic neglect, and

[Father] testing positive for THC.” Appellant’s App., Vol. II at 24, ¶ 4. When

balancing the conditions that led the Children’s removal against Father’s recent

improvements, we cannot conclude the juvenile court judgment was clearly

erroneous for three primary concerns.

[17] First and foremost, Father has failed to adequately address his anger,

aggression, and propensity for domestic violence. After Father completed a

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 domestic violence assessment, it was recommended that he complete a twenty-

six-week batterers intervention program of which he only completed only three

weeks. Father routinely displayed disturbing behavior during parenting time,

which traumatized the Children. Notably, the juvenile court found Father’s

potential to remedy this condition is particularly unlikely given his “defiant

mindset,” id. at 26, ¶ 31, and how Father has “minimized his role in domestic

violence, and blamed the system and past partners.” Id. at 25, ¶ 18.

[18] Second, Father’s significant history of substance abuse shows no sign of

improvement. During the CHINS case, Father tested positive for illicit

substances and, at other times, refused drug screens entirely. Father missed the

permanency hearing due to his incarceration on drug possession charges 2 and

the record is otherwise absent of any significant effort on Father’s part to

effectively deal with his substance abuse issues.

[19] Third and finally, Father’s capacity to parent has shown no signs of

improvement. Father did not make progress in home-based therapy sessions

due to “his venting during therapy sessions.” Appellant’s App., Vol. II at 25,

¶ 20. And during visitation sessions, Father routinely relinquished the Children

to others, behaved inappropriately, and failed to assume a parenting rule.

2
Father testified at the termination hearing that he had never been convicted of a crime but had been arrested
“several times” and “beat both cases[.]” Transcript, Volume II at 133.

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[20] On appeal, Father complains that DCS terminated its efforts when he was

deported through no fault of his own. However, it is well established that:

the law concerning termination of parental rights does not
require [DCS] to offer services to the parent to correct the
deficiencies in childcare . . . . Rather, while a participation plan
serves as a useful tool in assisting parents in meeting their
obligations, and while [DCS] routinely offer[s] services to assist
parents in regaining custody of their children, termination of
parental rights may occur independently of them, as long as the
elements of Ind. Code § 31-35-2-4 are proven by clear and
convincing evidence.

In re B.D.J., 728 N.E.2d 195, 201 (Ind. Ct. App. 2000) (citations omitted); see

also In re E.E., 736 N.E.2d 791, 796 (Ind. Ct. App. 2000) (“A failure to provide

services, or the provision of services in an allegedly discriminatory manner,

does not serve as a basis on which to directly attack a termination order as

contrary to law.”). In any event, Father’s response to services has been minimal

at best. During the two-years of the underlying CHINS action, Father failed to

take substantial steps at self-improvement, failing to avail himself of some

services while failing to complete others. We therefore conclude allowing time

for additional services would likely be fruitless and that Father’s argument on

this issue is unconvincing. See Lang v. Starke Cty. Office of Family & Children, 861

N.E.2d 366, 372 (Ind. Ct. App. 2007) (noting that a court may consider a

parent’s response, or lack thereof, to services offered the parent), trans. denied; In

re T.F., 743 N.E.2d 766, 776 (Ind. Ct. App. 2001) (concluding parental rights

may be terminated when parties are unable or unwilling to meet their

responsibilities), trans. denied.
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[21] Father also alleges he has continued to work toward reunification through local

services since being deported to the Dominican Republic. But we view this

argument as nothing more than an invitation to reweigh the evidence as it is

well within the juvenile court’s discretion to “disregard the efforts [a parent]

made only shortly before termination and to weigh more heavily [a parent’s]

history of conduct prior to those efforts.” K.T.K. v. Indiana Dep’t of Child Servs.,

989 N.E.2d 1225, 1234 (Ind. 2013).

[22] Despite evidence of substance abuse, anger, aggression, a propensity for

domestic violence, and an overall lack of parenting skills, Father has failed to

take substantial steps to remedy these conditions. Therefore, we conclude the

record clearly and convincingly supports the juvenile court’s conclusion that the

conditions resulting in the Children’s removal are unlikely to be remedied.3

B. Best Interests
[23] Next, Father contends the State did not establish by clear and convincing

evidence that involuntary termination of his parental rights was in the

Children’s best interests as required by Indiana Code section 31-35-2-4(b)(2)(C).

Specifically, Father argues that “[i]n light of recent case law,” the State failed to

demonstrate termination was in the Children’s best interest because “there

3
Father also contends the State failed to present clear and convincing evidence that the continuation of the
parent-child relationship poses a threat to the Children’s well-being. Because Indiana Code section 31-35-2-
4(b)(2)(B) is written in the disjunctive, however, we need not address Father’s argument. See In re I.A., 903
N.E.2d 146, 153 (Ind. Ct. App. 2009).

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 remain options short of termination, including continued wardship under the

CHINS matter, ongoing services under the supervision of Dominican

authorities, and ultimate reunification with Father.” Brief of Appellant at 26.

[24] In determining the best interests of a child, the juvenile court evaluates the

totality of the evidence and need not wait until the child is “irreversibly

harmed” before terminating parental rights. A.D.S. v. Indiana Dep’t of Child

Servs., 987 N.E.2d 1150, 1158 (Ind. Ct. App. 2013), trans. denied. In addition to

evidence that the conditions that led to a child’s removal will not be remedied, a

case manager and child advocate’s recommendation to terminate the parent-

child relationship is sufficient to prove by clear and convincing evidence that

termination of parental rights is in the child’s best interests. Id. at 1158-59.

Furthermore, we have held that a parent’s non-remedied substance abuse and

domestic violence issues alone are sufficient to support a juvenile court’s

conclusion that termination of parental rights is in the child’s best interests

although permanency is a “central consideration” in determining a child’s best

interests. Id. at 1159 (internal quotation omitted).

[25] Here, the State presented evidence that after visitations with Father, the

Children displayed signs of trauma and their behavior worsened. The guardian

ad litem testified that termination is in the Children’s best interests. Father has

not seen the Children in well over a year since being deported, and instability

has had a further traumatic effect on the Children. The Children’s therapist

believes the stability of their current placement has had a positive effect on the

Children and that “they are in need of a forever home sooner than later.”

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 Appellant’s App., Vol. II at 26, ¶ 28. The juvenile court also found that

“another move for the [C]hildren could be devastating.” Id. at ¶ 32.

[26] On appeal, Father relies on three cases, In re J.M., 908 N.E.2d 191 (Ind. 2009);

In re G.Y., 904 N.E.2d 1257 (Ind. 2009); and H.G. v. Ind. Dep’t of Child Servs.,

959 N.E.2d 272 (Ind. Ct. App. 2011), trans. denied, in support of his argument

that the State failed to demonstrate termination was in the Children’s best

interests. However, aside from describing the facts of these cases, Father never

makes a cogent argument as to why they are applicable here. In any event, all

three cases involve substantial improvement on the part of the parent—a fact

not present here. See In re J.M., 908 N.E.2d at 195 (noting “parents have fully

cooperated with the services required of them while incarcerated”); In re G.Y.,

904 N.E.2d at 1263 (noting “the record shows that Mother took positive steps

and made a good-faith effort to better herself as a person and as a parent”); and

H.G., 959 N.E.2d at 292 (noting the “record also shows improvements in

H.H.G.’s parenting”). Thus, we believe Father’s reliance on those cases is

misplaced, and the record presents clear and convincing evidence that

termination is in the Children’s best interests.

C. Satisfactory Plan
[27] Father next argues the State failed to present clear and convincing evidence that

adoption is a satisfactory plan for the Children pursuant to Indiana Code

section 31-35-2-4(b)(2)(D). The juvenile court concluded that “[t]here exists a

satisfactory plan for the future care and treatment of the [C]hildren, that being

Court of Appeals of Indiana | Memorandum Decision 18A-JT-1348 | October 31, 2018 Page 18 of 25
 adoption.” Appellant’s App., Vol. II at 26, ¶ 35. The permanency plan is for

the Children to be adopted by their great-aunt, with whom their grandmother

also resides, and the great-aunt has been taking parenting classes to better deal

with the Children’s special needs.

[28] Father argues the “the facts here simply do not warrant the ‘extreme measure’

of termination under the law outlined above.” Br. of Appellant at 28.

However, Father’s argument is merely cumulative of those presented above,

and, just as those arguments failed, so too must this.

III. Due Process
[29] Finally, Father argues the termination hearing was not fundamentally fair.

Specifically, Father complains that his telephone connection with the hearing

was repeatedly disrupted, his counsel failed to object to hearsay testimony or

the admission of exhibits, and his counsel failed to call any witnesses on his

behalf. As an example of what he contends was his counsel’s poor presentation

of his case, Father points to the fact that his own testimony constituted only

four pages out of the 136-page transcript.

[30] In termination proceedings, parents have certain due process rights and the

proceeding must adhere to the requirements of the due process clause. Santosky

v. Kramer, 455 U.S. 745, 747 (1982). Although due process has never been

precisely defined, the phrase embodies a requirement of “fundamental

fairness.” In re D.P., 27 N.E.3d 1162, 1166 (Ind. Ct. App. 2015). In

termination proceedings, due process turns on a balancing of three factors: (1)

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 the private interests affected by the proceeding, (2) the risk of error created by

the State’s chosen procedure, and (3) the countervailing governmental interest

supporting use of the challenged procedure. A.P. v. Porter Cty. Office of Family &

Children, 734 N.E.2d 1107, 1112 (Ind. Ct. App. 2000).

[31] Father’s claims regarding fundamental fairness deal almost exclusively with the

performance of his counsel. Earlier opinions from this court measured

counsel’s performance using the two-part Strickland test applicable in criminal

cases. Baker v. Marion Cty. Office of Family & Children, 810 N.E.2d 1035, 1039

(Ind. 2004). However, in Baker, our supreme court discussed the proper

analysis of a claim of ineffective assistance of counsel at a termination hearing

as follows:

Where parents whose rights were terminated upon trial claim on
appeal that their lawyer underperformed, we deem the focus of
the inquiry to be whether it appears that the parents received a
fundamentally fair trial whose facts demonstrate an accurate
determination. The question is not whether the lawyer might
have objected to this or that, but whether the lawyer’s overall
performance was so defective that the appellate court cannot say
with confidence that the conditions leading to the removal of the
children from parental care are unlikely to be remedied and that
termination is in the child’s best interest.

Id. at 1041 (footnote omitted). Therefore, to determine whether Father’s

hearing was fundamentally unfair because he received ineffective assistance of

counsel, we do not focus on the particular actions of counsel, but whether

counsel’s performance was so defective as to undermine our confidence in the

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 juvenile court’s termination decision. In re A.P., 882 N.E.2d 799, 808 (Ind. Ct.

App. 2008) (holding counsel did not provide ineffective assistance where parent

received a fundamentally fair trial because the facts demonstrated an accurate

determination and the court could say with confidence that DCS adequately

proved its case). To conduct such a review, we “must also examine the

evidence supporting the termination of his parental rights.” Id. at 806.

[32] As concluded above, the State proved by clear and convincing evidence that the

conditions resulting in the Children’s removal will not be remedied,4

termination was in the Children’s best interests, and there exists a satisfactory

plan for adoption. As such, we conclude the “facts demonstrate an accurate

determination[,]” Baker, 810 N.E.2d at 1041, sufficient to overcome a challenge

to the effectiveness of counsel. In the interest of thoroughness, however, we

endeavor to address each of Father’s contentions.

[33] We turn first to Father’s argument that he was deprived of a fair hearing

because his telephone connection was repeatedly disconnected. The record

reflects Father’s telephone connection was disconnected on several occasions

and that, as a result, Father was unable to hear substantial portions of the

State’s testimony or the admission of numerous exhibits. Besides ample

citations to the record, however, Father fails to advance a cogent argument or

4
Again, because Indiana Code section 31-35-2-4(b)(2)(B) is written in the disjunctive, we needed not address
Father’s argument regarding whether a continuation of the parent-child relationship posed a threat to the
well-being of the Children. See supra, ¶ 22, n.2.

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 provide citation to authority explaining why these facts rendered Father’s

proceeding fundamentally unfair. See Ind. Appellate Rule 46(A)(8) (providing

that the argument section of the appellants brief must “contain the contentions

of the appellant on the issues presented, supported by cogent reasoning[,]”

along with citations to the authorities, statutes, and parts of the record relied

upon, and a clear showing of how the issues and contentions in support thereof

relate to the particular facts under review). Therefore, Father has waived this

argument on appeal. D.H. by A.M.J. v. Whipple, 103 N.E.3d 1119, 1127 (Ind.

Ct. App. 2018).

[34] Waiver notwithstanding, the record shows the juvenile court made numerous

attempts to accommodate Father’s presence at the hearing, Father was provided

with an interpreter, Father’s counsel was present throughout, and Father was

able to testify on his own behalf. A parent does not necessarily have a

constitutional right to be present at a termination hearing. See In re E.E., 853

N.E.2d 1037, 1044 (Ind. Ct. App. 2006) (determining that the trial court did not

deprive a parent of due process by proceeding with a termination hearing in the

parent’s absence where the parent’s counsel participated in the hearing), trans.

denied. Under these circumstances and with a lack of cogent argument to the

contrary, we cannot conclude repeated disconnections rendered Father’s

termination proceedings fundamentally unfair.

[35] Second, Father claims his counsel “permitted a number of witnesses to provide

testimony adverse to Father without interposing possible foundational or

hearsay objections.” Br. of Appellant at 21. In support thereof, Father lists

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 three brief examples of the State’s testimony which he claims should have been

contested on the basis of hearsay. Father is correct in that the Rules of

Evidence regulating the admission of hearsay are applicable in a termination

proceeding. See D.B.M. v. Indiana Dep’t of Child Servs., 20 N.E.3d 174, 178-80

(Ind. Ct. App. 2014) (discussing applicability of hearsay rules in a termination

proceeding), trans. denied. However, even if the examples that Father provides

constitute inadmissible hearsay, they are either cumulative of other evidence or

are unlikely to have contributed to the juvenile court’s judgment. B.H. v.

Indiana Dep’t of Child Servs., 989 N.E.2d 355, 363 (Ind. Ct. App. 2013) (noting

that an error is harmless if a judgment is supported by independent evidence

such that there is no substantial likelihood that the questioned evidence

contributed to the judgment).

[36] Father also argues the State offered a total of sixty-seven exhibits which went

unchallenged by his counsel. According to Father, Exhibits 1-27 were

produced by the juvenile court in the underlying CHINS case and “many of

those documents may have contained hearsay or other unfounded evidence[,]”

and Exhibits 28-67 were documentation from service referrals, “many of which

contained narratives and other material that would have been objectionable on

foundational or other grounds.” Br. of Appellant at 22. It is possible that the

documents did indeed contain hearsay. However, there are a number of

exceptions to the inadmissibility of hearsay evidence, including the business

records and public records exceptions, which may apply to CHINS reports and

filings. See D.B.M., 20 N.E.3d at 179-80 (citing Indiana Evidence Rules 803(6)

Court of Appeals of Indiana | Memorandum Decision 18A-JT-1348 | October 31, 2018 Page 23 of 25
 and 803(8)). Furthermore, Indiana Rule of Evidence 201 permits courts to take

judicial notice of “records of a court of this state[.]” In light of these exceptions,

and Father’s failure to provide specific examples of inadmissible hearsay, it is

unclear what result, if any, such objections would have obtained.

[37] Finally, Father argues that counsel was ineffective for failing to elicit specific

testimony about his recent engagement in services or his housing or

employment situation in the Dominican Republic. The record reflects that

Father testified regarding the services he planned to begin—a fact reflected in

the juvenile court’s findings. Appellant’s App., Vol. II at 25, ¶ 24 (“[Father]

testified he was still planning to start services to address his aggression the

Saturday after trial in this matter.”). As discussed above however, a juvenile

court is at liberty to disregard efforts made only shortly before termination. See

id. at ¶ 21; K.T.K., 989 N.E.2d at 1234. Thus, again, it is unclear what effect, if

any, Father’s additional testimony would have had on the result.

[38] For the reasons outlined above, we can say with confidence the record

demonstrates an accurate determination that the conditions leading to the

Children’s removal or the reasons for placement outside the home of Father are

unlikely to be remedied and that termination of Father’s parental rights is in the

Children’s best interests. Accordingly, we conclude Father’s counsel was not

ineffective and Father received a fundamentally fair hearing. Baker, 810 N.E.2d

at 1041.

Court of Appeals of Indiana | Memorandum Decision 18A-JT-1348 | October 31, 2018 Page 24 of 25
 Conclusion
[39] The juvenile court’s decision to terminate Father’s parental rights was not

clearly erroneous and Father received a fundamentally fair hearing. Therefore,

we affirm.

[40] Affirmed.

Baker, J., and May, J., concur.

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