State v. Mullet

NOTICE: NOT FOR OFFICIAL PUBLICATION.
UNDER ARIZONA RULE OF THE SUPREME COURT 111(c), THIS DECISION IS NOT PRECEDENTIAL
AND MAY BE CITED ONLY AS AUTHORIZED BY RULE.

IN THE
ARIZONA COURT OF APPEALS
DIVISION ONE

STATE OF ARIZONA, Appellee,

v.

MICHAEL DUANE MULLET, Appellant.

No. 1 CA-CR 18-0005
FILED 11-20-18

Appeal from the Superior Court in Maricopa County
No. CR2016-002063-001
The Honorable Warren J. Granville, Judge

VACATED AND REMANDED

COUNSEL

Arizona Attorney General’s Office, Phoenix
By William Scott Simon
Counsel for Appellee

Maricopa County Public Defender’s Office, Phoenix
By Kevin D. Heade
Counsel for Appellant
 STATE v. MULLET
Decision of the Court

MEMORANDUM DECISION

Judge Paul J. McMurdie delivered the decision of the Court, in which
Presiding Judge Jennifer B. Campbell and Judge Kent E. Cattani joined.

M c M U R D I E, Judge:

¶1 Michael Duane Mullet appeals a restitution order related to
his convictions for 35 counts of fraudulent schemes and artifices and one
count of theft. Mullet argues the superior court erred by (1) awarding
restitution in excess of the victim’s actual economic loss and (2) awarding
restitution on counts for which it directed verdicts of acquittal. For the
following reasons, we vacate the superior court’s order and remand for
further proceedings.

FACTS AND PROCEDURAL BACKGROUND

¶2 The State charged Mullet with 43 counts of fraudulent
schemes and artifices and one count of theft. 1 Mullet executed these
schemes by performing plumbing services for his employer, Lawson
Family Plumbing (“Lawson”), collecting payments for the services in the
form of personal checks made out to Mullet, and depositing the funds into
his personal bank account instead of remitting the payments to Lawson.
Lawson is the victim in this case, not Lawson’s customers. Each count of
fraud related to an individual transaction with a Lawson customer. The
superior court directed judgments of acquittal on eight counts of fraud,
citing a lack of evidence that “some representations or omissions” took
place between Mullet and the customers involved in those counts.
However, the superior court found the evidence presented for those eight
counts could nonetheless provide a basis for the jury to find Mullet guilty
of the theft count.

¶3 Following Mullet’s convictions, the State moved for entry of
a restitution order to recover $16,566.80, the sum of all checks deposited

1 This court previously affirmed Mullet’s convictions and sentences.
State v. Mullet, 1 CA-CR 17-0179, 2018 WL 2976266 (Ariz. App. June 14,
2018) (mem. decision). For a complete recitation of the facts underlying
Mullet’s convictions, see id., at *1, ¶¶ 2–6.

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into Mullet’s personal bank account from the Lawson customers. Although
Mullet did not file a written objection to the State’s motion for restitution,
Mullet argued at the sentencing hearing that the total amount deposited
should be reduced by 27%, representing the commissions he was otherwise
entitled to receive if he had appropriately remitted the money he collected
to Lawson. The superior court granted the State’s motion for the full
$16,566.80 requested. Mullet timely appealed, and we have jurisdiction
pursuant to Article 6, Section 9 of the Arizona Constitution and Arizona
Revised Statutes (“A.R.S.”) sections 12-120.21(A)(1), 13-4031, and
13-4033(A).

DISCUSSION

¶4 Under A.R.S. § 13-603(C), “the court shall require the
convicted person to make restitution to the person who is the victim of the
crime . . . in the full amount of the economic loss as determined by the
court.” See also Ariz. Const. art. 2, § 2.1(A)(8). The superior court “has
discretion to set the restitution amount according to the facts of the case in
order to make the victim whole.” In re Ryan A., 202 Ariz. 19, 24, ¶ 20 (App.
2002). “We will uphold a restitution award if it bears a reasonable
relationship to the victim’s loss.” State v. Madrid, 207 Ariz. 296, 298, ¶ 5
(App. 2004).

¶5 “Generally, we review a restitution order for an abuse of
discretion” viewing “the evidence bearing on a restitution claim in the light
most favorable to sustaining the court’s order.” State v. Lewis, 222 Ariz. 321,
¶ 5 (App. 2009). An abuse of discretion occurs when “the reasons given by
the court for its action are clearly untenable, legally incorrect, or amount to
a denial of justice.” State v. Chapple, 135 Ariz. 281, 297, n. 18 (1983). A court
also “abuses its discretion when . . . the record lacks substantial evidence to
support the court's finding.” Varco, Inc. v. UNS Elec., Inc., 242 Ariz. 166, 170,
¶ 12 (App. 2017); Romer-Pollis v. Ada, 223 Ariz. 300, ¶ 12 (App. 2009).

A. The Restitution Amount Awarded Is Not Supported by
Substantial Evidence.

¶6 This court has previously noted that “because restitution is
not intended to be punitive in nature, we have attempted to prevent
situations where payment beyond full compensation would create a
‘windfall’ to the victim.” State v. Steffy, 173 Ariz. 90, 94 (App. 1992). Based
on this principle, Mullet argues that if he had properly remitted the
customers’ payments to Lawson, he would have been entitled to collect
commissions in the amount of 27%. Therefore, Mullet contends, Lawson

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did not suffer an economic loss of the 27% portion of the customers’
payments. He further asserts that by awarding Lawson restitution in the
full amount deposited into Mullet’s bank account, without accounting for
the commission amount, the superior court created an improper windfall
for Lawson, and its decision was “erroneous as a matter of law.”

¶7 “A loss is recoverable as restitution if it meets three
requirements: (1) the loss must be economic, (2) the loss must be one that
the victim would not have incurred but for the criminal conduct, and (3) the
criminal conduct must directly cause the economic loss.” Lewis, 222 Ariz. at
324, ¶ 7 (quoting Madrid, 207 Ariz. at 298, ¶ 5).

¶8 In the instant case, the record does not support the amount of
restitution ordered. On all counts, Mullet was a Lawson employee and used
Lawson trucks and materials to complete the plumbing work. Upon the
completion of most, but not all jobs, Mullet would have earned a 27%
commission. Mullet’s illegal conduct was the misappropriation of Lawson’s
portion of the payments to his personal account. The misappropriations did
not have any bearing on the services Mullet provided to the Lawson
customers, or the commission he was entitled to upon completion of the
work.

¶9 In other words, if Mullet had never misappropriated any
funds, Lawson would have been entitled to the full amount of the
customers’ payments minus Mullet’s commission. Accordingly, Lawson
did not suffer an economic loss based on the portion of the payment that
otherwise would have been designated as Mullet’s commission. Under
these circumstances, requiring Mullet to forfeit the commission that
Lawson owed Mullet based on the work provided would amount to
disgorgement and would serve only to further punish Mullet. Such
additional punishment is beyond the appropriate scope of criminal
restitution laws.

¶10 The State correctly notes that Mullet received commissions on
some of the transactions. Therefore, the state contends the superior court’s
ruling bears a sufficiently reasonable relationship to the victim’s damages
for this court to affirm its ruling. We disagree.

¶11 At Mullet’s sentencing hearing, the superior court noted its
impression that “Lawson did not suffer 100 cents on the dollar on the
money that was given to Mr. Mullet.” Nevertheless, it granted the State’s
restitution request in full in its subsequent ruling without any explanation
other than Mullet failed to file a written objection. The lack of a written

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objection was not required to resolve the issue. See State v. Rutledge, 205
Ariz. 7, 13, ¶ 30 (2003) (“The purpose of an objection is to permit the trial
court to rectify possible error, and to enable the opposition to obviate the
objection if possible.” (quoting State v. Hoffman, 78 Ariz. 319, 325 (1955));
State v. Foshay, 239 Ariz. 271, 277, ¶ 27 (App. 2016) (use of the word “object,”
or any specific word, is not required to make an objection or to preserve an
issue for appeal).

¶12 Mullet was paid a commission on some of the completed jobs.
So, Mullet was not entitled to an offset for those commissions, and
restitution for the entire amount of payment for services on which Mullet
already received a commission may be properly ordered. Contrary to
Mullet’s assertions, on some services Mullet would not have been entitled
to the 27% commission, but only an agreed upon flat fee. On those
payments, the offset would be the designated flat fee. On the remaining
sums, the restitution amount should be reduced to reflect Mullet’s
commission if he had properly remitted the money to Lawson. Because we
cannot determine the correct restitution amount based on the record before
us, we vacate the award entered and remand for the superior court to
determine the correct amount of restitution.

B. The Superior Court Did Not Err by Awarding Restitution for
Transactions Related to Counts of Which Mullet was Acquitted.

¶13 Mullet further argues that because the superior court directed
judgments of acquittal on eight counts of fraudulent schemes and artifices,
the superior court erred by awarding the victim restitution for sums related
to those counts. We rejected a similar argument in State v. Lewis, 222 Ariz.
321 (App. 2009).

¶14 In Lewis, the defendant was charged with two counts of
aggravated assault and one count of drive-by shooting after the victim was
shot outside a party. 222 Ariz. at 323, ¶¶ 2–3. The jury found the defendant
guilty of the drive-by shooting, not guilty of one count of aggravated
assault, and failed to reach a verdict on the other count. Id. at ¶ 3. The State
requested restitution in the amount of the victim’s medical expenses, which
the superior court granted. Id. at ¶ 4. On appeal, the defendant argued the
acquittal on the aggravated assault charge demonstrated that he was not
responsible for the victim’s injury, and accordingly, the superior court’s
restitution order was erroneous. Id. at ¶ 5. This court affirmed, holding that
“[the defendant’s] acquittal of aggravated assault against [the victim] does
not necessarily absolve him of liability for restitution.” Id. at 325, ¶ 9.

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¶15 In so holding, we noted that “[r]ather than the elements of the
crime, the facts underlying the conviction determine whether there are
victims of a specific crime.” Lewis, 222 Ariz. at 325, ¶ 9 (quotation omitted).
Thus, even though a defendant is acquitted of an offense, he may still be
liable for restitution so long as the superior court concludes the defendant’s
criminal conduct directly caused the victim’s injuries by a preponderance
of the evidence. Id. at 324, ¶ 7.

¶16 In the instant case, the evidence presented supports the
court’s decision not to reduce the restitution amount by the sums related to
the dismissed counts. The superior court directed the verdicts of acquittal
on those counts because the State did not present evidence that Mullet
obtained a benefit “by means of false or fraudulent pretenses,
representations, promises or material omissions” as required by
A.R.S. § 13-2310(A). The superior court’s ruling was not based on a finding
of insufficient evidence that Mullet misappropriated funds belonging to his
employer during these events. In fact, the court specifically noted the
evidence presented on those counts provided a sufficient basis for the jury
to convict Mullet of theft, which the jury later did. Accordingly, an adequate
factual basis supports the superior court’s decision to include those sums
in the restitution award.

CONCLUSION

¶17 For the reasons discussed above, we vacate the superior
court’s restitution order and remand for further proceedings.

AMY M. WOOD • Clerk of the Court
FILED: JT

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