18-833-cv
Rivas v. New York State Lottery
UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS
FOR THE SECOND CIRCUIT
SUMMARY ORDER
Rulings by summary order do not have precedential effect. Citation to a summary
order filed on or after January 1, 2007, is permitted and is governed by Federal Rule of
Appellate Procedure 32.1 and this Court’s Local Rule 32.1.1. When citing a summary order in
a document filed with this Court, a party must cite either the Federal Appendix or an
electronic database (with the notation “summary order”). A party citing a summary order
must serve a copy of it on any party not represented by counsel.
1 At a stated term of the United States Court of Appeals for the Second Circuit, held at
2 the Thurgood Marshall United States Courthouse, 40 Foley Square, in the City of New York,
3 on the 18th day of December, two thousand eighteen.
4
5 PRESENT: JOSÉ A. CABRANES,
6 CHRISTOPHER F. DRONEY,
7 RICHARD J. SULLIVAN,
8 Circuit Judges.
9
10
11 ZELMA RIVAS,
12
13 Plaintiff-Appellant, 18-833-cv
14
15 v.
16
17 NEW YORK STATE LOTTERY,
18
19 Defendant-Appellee.
20
21
22 FOR PLAINTIFF-APPELLANT: Zelma Rivas, pro se, New York, NY.
23
24 FOR DEFENDANT-APPELLEE: Andrea Oser, Deputy Solicitor General,
25 and Joseph Spadola, Assistant Solicitor
1
1 General, for Barbara D. Underwood,
2 Attorney General of the State of New
3 York, Albany, NY.
4
5 Appeal from a March 15, 2018 judgment of the United States District Court for the
6 Northern District of New York (Brenda K. Sannes, Judge).
7 UPON DUE CONSIDERATION WHEREOF, IT IS HEREBY ORDERED,
8 ADJUDGED, AND DECREED that the order of the District Court be and hereby is
9 AFFIRMED.
10 Appellant Zelma Rivas (“Rivas”), pro se, sued her former employer, New York State Lottery
11 (“NYS Lottery”), under Title VII, 42 U.S.C. § 2000e-5 et seq., alleging discrimination on the basis of
12 race, color, and national origin; hostile work environment; and retaliation. On appeal, Rivas
13 challenges the District Court’s dismissal of many of her claims as untimely and of her sole timely
14 retaliation claim and her hostile work environment claims pursuant to Federal Rule of Civil
15 Procedure 12(b)(6). We assume the parties’ familiarity with the underlying facts, the procedural
16 history of the case, and the issues on appeal.
17 We review de novo dismissals for failure to state a claim. Biro v. Condé Nast, 807 F.3d 541, 544
18 (2d Cir. 2015). In reviewing a dismissal for failure to state a claim, we accept all factual allegations as
19 true and draw all inferences in the plaintiff’s favor. Id.
20
21 I.
22
23 Rivas first argues that NYS Lottery discriminated against her during her employment there,
24 from 1995 to 2010. We hold that the District Court properly concluded that all of Rivas’s
25 discrimination claims against NYS Lottery are time-barred. Title VII requires individuals aggrieved by
26 acts of discrimination to file a charge with the Equal Employment Opportunity Commission
27 (“EEOC”) within 300 days “after the alleged unlawful employment practice occurred.” 42 U.S.C. §
28 2000e-5(e)(1). Claims falling outside this statute of limitations are time-barred unless they are subject
29 to waiver, estoppel, or equitable tolling, Zipes v. Trans World Airlines, Inc., 455 U.S. 385, 393 (1982), or
30 fall within the continuing violation exception to the 300-day rule, Patterson v. County of Oneida, N.Y.,
31 375 F.3d 206, 220 (2d Cir. 2004). Rivas filed her EEOC charge against NYS Lottery on May 5, 2016.
32 To be timely, the alleged acts of discrimination must have occurred on or after July 10, 2015. Rivas’s
33 discrimination claims against NYS lottery—specifically, that NYS Lottery failed to promote her, that
34 she experienced unequal terms and conditions of employment, and her hostile work environment
35 claim—occurred before her November 2010 termination from NYS Lottery and are thus time-barred.
36
2
1 Rivas nevertheless contends that the continuing violation doctrine provides a basis for
2 finding all alleged acts of discrimination, retaliation, and hostile work environment timely. Rivas’s
3 complaint alleges only one incident of retaliation after July 10, 2015. In October 2015, Roger Kinsey,
4 an Assistant Attorney General who had once represented NYS Lottery against Rivas’s first Title VII
5 lawsuit in 2000 (the “2000 Suit”), allegedly had Rivas “stalked and pursued” at her new workplace:
6 the NYS Office of Temporary and Disability Assistance (the “OTDA claim”). Rivas argues that the
7 timely OTDA claim renders her otherwise time-barred retaliation claims timely.1
8
9 Under the continuing violation doctrine, “if a Title VII plaintiff files an [EEOC] charge that
10 is timely as to any incident of discrimination in furtherance of an ongoing policy of discrimination, all
11 claims of acts of discrimination under that policy will be timely even if they would be untimely standing
12 alone.” Gonzalez v. Hasty, 802 F.3d 212, 220 (2d Cir. 2015) (internal quotation marks omitted). “To
13 trigger such a delay, the plaintiff must allege both the existence of an ongoing policy of discrimination
14 and some non-time-barred acts taken in furtherance of that policy.” Fahs Constr. Grp., Inc. v. Gray, 725
15 F.3d 289, 292 (2d Cir. 2013) (internal quotation marks omitted). Importantly, the continuing violation
16 doctrine does not apply to discrete unlawful acts, even if the discrete acts were undertaken “pursuant
17 to a general policy that results in other discrete acts occurring within the limitations period.” Chin v.
18 Port Auth. of N.Y. & N.J., 685 F.3d 135, 157 (2d Cir. 2012). “[A]n employer’s failure to promote is by
19 its very nature a discrete act.” Id. The District Court correctly concluded that Rivas’s complaint alleges
20 only a series of discrete acts of retaliation and discrimination. The alleged acts, which include failure
21 to promote, occurred over the course of five years at various workplaces and were separated by many
22 months. Accordingly, the continuing violation doctrine does not revive Rivas’s time-barred retaliation
23 and discrimination claims.
24
25 II.
26
27 The District Court did not err in dismissing Rivas’s only timely retaliation claim for failure to
28 state a claim. For a Title VII retaliation claim to survive a motion to dismiss, the plaintiff must plausibly
29 allege that the employer took an adverse employment action against her because she opposed any
30 unlawful employment practice. Vega v. Hempstead Union Free Sch. Dist., 801 F.3d 72, 90 (2d Cir. 2015).
31 A plaintiff may state a claim for retaliation even if she is no longer employed by the defendant company
32 “if, for example, the company ‘blacklists’ the former employee.” Wanamaker v. Columbian Rope Co., 108
33 F.3d 462, 466 (2d Cir. 1997). Here, Rivas alleges that Kinsey continually harassed her after she left
34 NYS Lottery by, inter alia, facilitating hostile work environments at her subsequent jobs and by
35 “blacklisting” her. But Rivas does not allege that NYS Lottery—her former employer and the only
1
In addition to the 1995 to 2010 NYS Lottery discrimination claims, Rivas also alleges that
between 2010 and 2015, Kinsey engaged employees at five separate workplaces to stalk, harass,
intimidate, ridicule, and bully her. See Appellee App. 44-49 (Rivas Compl.); Appellant Br. 21-22.
3
1 defendant in this case—took any adverse employment actions against her at her subsequent jobs. Her
2 complaint focuses only on Kinsey and his alleged retaliatory acts. Rivas does not allege that Kinsey
3 was employed by the NYS Lottery, that his actions could somehow be imputed to the NYS Lottery,
4 or that NYS Lottery could control his actions. The only alleged relationship between NYS Lottery
5 and Kinsey is that Kinsey represented NYS Lottery in the 2000 Suit. Because Rivas does not allege
6 that her employer, NYS Lottery, took any adverse action against her after her termination, the District
7 Court did not err when it dismissed Rivas’s timely OTDA claim for failure to state a claim.
8
9 III.
10
11 Finally, the District Court did not err in dismissing Rivas’s hostile work environment claims
12 for failure to state a claim. Rivas’s complaint alleges that Kinsey induced employees to create a hostile
13 work environment at each of her five post-NYS Lottery places of employment. Assuming, arguendo,
14 that the continuing violation doctrine applies to extend the limitations period for Rivas’s hostile work
15 environment claims, see Nat’l R.R. Passenger Corp. v. Morgan, 536 U.S. 101, 115–18 (2002), Rivas’s
16 complaint still fails to state a claim. On a Title VII hostile work environment claim, “[i]t is the plaintiff’s
17 burden to establish that the discriminatory conduct may be imputed to the employer.” Turley v. ISG
18 Lackawanna, Inc., 774 F.3d 140, 153 (2d Cir. 2014). To do so, the plaintiff may demonstrate either that
19 a “supervisor used his or her authority to further the creation of a discriminatorily abusive working
20 environment,” or “that the employer knew or reasonably should have known about harassment by
21 non-supervisory co-workers, yet failed to take appropriate remedial action.” Id. (internal quotation
22 marks and citations omitted). Rivas does not allege that Kinsey was a supervisor at NYS Lottery, an
23 employee of NYS Lottery, or that he had any connection to NYS Lottery other than representing it,
24 as an employee of the New York State Attorney General’s office, in past litigation. Nor does she allege
25 that Kinsey had any authority to alter or otherwise control Rivas’s employment status at any of her
26 post-NYS Lottery jobs. See id. Consequently, Rivas fails to state a plausible hostile work environment
27 claim.
28
29 CONCLUSION
30 We have reviewed all of the arguments raised by Rivas on appeal and find them to be
31 without merit. Accordingly, we AFFIRM the judgment of the District Court.
32
33 FOR THE COURT:
34 Catherine O’Hagan Wolfe, Clerk
35
4