Wendy Lee Kyle v. H.T. Strasburger, Individually and in His Capacity as a Member of the Board of Directors of Fidelity Bank of Texas, and as a Member of Tuition LLC Shirley Strasburger, Individually and in Her Capacity as Vice-Chair of the Board of Directors of Fidelity Bank of Texas, and as Member of the Tuition LLC Terry Whitley, Individually and in His Capacity as President and Member of the Board of Directors of Fidelity Bank of Texas Fidelity Bank of Texas Tuition LLC

NUMBER 13-13-00609-CV

COURT OF APPEALS

THIRTEENTH DISTRICT OF TEXAS

CORPUS CHRISTI - EDINBURG

WENDY LEE KYLE, Appellant,

v.

H.T. STRASBURGER, INDIVIDUALLY AND
IN HIS CAPACITY AS A MEMBER OF THE
BOARD OF DIRECTORS OF FIDELITY BANK
OF TEXAS, AND AS A MEMBER OF TUITION
LLC; SHIRLEY STRASBURGER, INDIVIDUALLY
AND IN HER CAPACITY AS VICE-CHAIR OF
THE BOARD OF DIRECTORS OF FIDELITY
BANK OF TEXAS, AND AS A MEMBER OF THE
TUITION LLC; TERRY WHITLEY, INDIVIDUALLY
AND IN HIS CAPACITY AS PRESIDENT AND
MEMBER OF THE BOARD OF DIRECTORS OF
FIDELITY BANK OF TEXAS; FIDELITY BANK
OF TEXAS; AND TUITION LLC, Appellees.

On appeal from the 250th District Court
of Travis County, Texas.
 MEMORANDUM OPINION ON REMAND
Before Chief Justice Valdez and Justices Rodriguez and Contreras
Memorandum Opinion on Remand by Justice Contreras

This matter is before the Court on remand from the Texas Supreme Court. 1

Appellant Wendy Lee Kyle argued by five issues that the trial court erred in granting

summary judgment dismissing her claims against appellees, Fidelity Bank of Texas et al.

(collectively Fidelity).2

The dispute arose from a 2004 home equity loan which was secured by a deed of

trust on the Austin homestead belonging to Kyle and her ex-husband Mark. Kyle later

learned that Mark’s employee forged Kyle’s signature on the loan documents.

Subsequently, pursuant to a Rule 11 agreement, Kyle executed a special warranty deed

and an agreed divorce decree transferring her interest in the homestead to Mark. In this

suit, filed in 2012, Kyle alleges that she agreed to the transfer only because Fidelity and

others incorrectly and fraudulently led her to believe that the property would be foreclosed

upon and that she would be held personally liable on the home equity loan.

On original submission, we affirmed the trial court’s dismissal, on limitations

grounds, of the following claims made by Kyle: (1) for declaratory judgment that the deed

of trust securing the loan is void; (2) for forfeiture of principal and interest under article

1 The appeal was transferred to this Court from the Third Court of Appeals in Austin pursuant to an
order issued by the Texas Supreme Court. See TEX. GOV’T CODE ANN. § 73.001 (West, Westlaw through
2017 1st C.S.).
2 Appellees are H.T. Strasburger, individually and in his capacity as a member of the board of
directors of Fidelity Bank of Texas, and as a member of Tuition LLC; Shirley Strasburger, individually and
in her capacity as vice-chair of the board of directors of Fidelity Bank of Texas, and as a member of Tuition
LLC; Terry Whitley, individually and in his capacity as president and member of the board of directors of
Fidelity Bank of Texas; Fidelity Bank of Texas; and Tuition LLC.

2
XVI, section 50 of the Texas Constitution; and (3) for declaratory judgment setting aside

the special warranty deed. Kyle v. Strasburger, 520 S.W.3d 74, 80 (Tex. App.—Corpus

Christi 2015) (holding that the alleged defects made the loan voidable, not void ab initio,

and applying the residual four-year statute of limitations), aff’d in part & rev’d in part, 522

S.W.3d 461 (Tex. 2017). We also held that because Kyle’s statutory real estate fraud,

Texas Finance Code, and Deceptive Trade Practices Act (DTPA) claims (collectively, the

statutory claims) were each dependent on her claim that the deed of trust is void, those

claims were properly disposed of on no-evidence grounds. 520 S.W.3d at 81–83.3

The supreme court affirmed in part and reversed in part, holding that: (1) Kyle’s

claim for forfeiture of principal and interest was not an independent cause of action under

the Texas Constitution and was therefore properly dismissed; but (2) the statute of

limitations did not bar Kyle’s declaratory judgment claims and, therefore, those claims and

the remaining statutory claims should not have been dismissed. 522 S.W.3d at 464–67

(“A home-equity loan secured by a lien that was not created with the consent of each

owner and each owner’s spouse is not ‘a debt described by this section’ [under article

XVI, section 50] and is therefore invalid unless and until such consent is

obtained. . . . The statute of limitations does not bar Kyle’s claim to declare the lien

invalid.”) (citing Garofolo v. Ocwen Loan Servicing, 497 S.W.3d 474, 478 (Tex. 2016);

Wood v. HSBC Bank USA, N.A., 505 S.W.3d 542, 548 (Tex. 2016)).4

3 After Kyle filed her notice of appeal in 2013, the trial court rendered an order denying Fidelity’s

motion for sanctions against Kyle for filing a frivolous lawsuit. Fidelity appealed that order separately, and
we affirmed. Strasburger v. Kyle, No. 13-14-00079-CV, 2016 WL 1072618, at *1 (Tex. App.—Corpus
Christi Mar. 17, 2016, no pet.) (mem. op.).
4 As to Kyle’s claim for declaratory judgment setting aside the special warranty deed, we affirmed

summary judgment on limitations grounds because Kyle did not challenge those grounds on appeal with
respect to that claim. Kyle v. Strasburger, 520 S.W.3d 74, 80–81 (Tex. App.—Corpus Christi 2015), aff’d

3
 In accordance with the supreme court’s opinion, we now consider whether

summary judgment on Kyle’s outstanding claims was supported on any of the other

grounds raised in Fidelity’s motions. We affirm in part and reverse and remand in part.

I. BACKGROUND

In our 2015 opinion, we set forth the background of this case as follows:

On May 24, 2004, appellant’s ex-husband, Mark Kyle, obtained a 1.1
million dollar home equity loan from Fidelity, a loan which was secured by
the couple’s homestead. It is undisputed that Mark’s employee signed
appellant’s name on the loan documents, including the promissory note,
deed of trust, and disclosure statements.5 Fidelity alleges that appellant
consented to her friend signing the document6; however, appellant claims
that she did not consent to the forgery and learned of the signature later. In
late 2009, appellant filed for divorce from Mark. During the divorce
proceedings, Mark failed to pay ad valorem taxes and Fidelity declared the
note on the loan in default. Threatened with foreclosure, attorneys for Mark
and appellant attempted to negotiate a forbearance agreement with Fidelity
that would temporarily abate the threatened foreclosure of the couple’s
homestead. Appellant refused to sign a document requiring her to verify
that she had signed the original loan documents. Terry Whitley, Fidelity’s
president, testified that he did not know whether Fidelity was aware that
appellant had not signed the original loan documents.

On March 24, 2011, Fidelity began foreclosure proceedings on the
property. The foreclosure application included Whitley’s affidavit stating
that appellant and Mark had executed the loan agreement. Appellant filed
a verified denial in response to the foreclosure proceedings stating that she
had not signed the loan agreement and that she had not given anyone
authority to sign on her behalf. Fidelity began investigating whether
appellant had actually signed the loan documents. However, according to
appellant, Fidelity continued to pursue foreclosure against the couple’s
homestead and represented to others that appellant had executed the

in part & rev’d in part, 522 S.W.3d 461 (Tex. 2017). The Texas Supreme Court disagreed, finding that
“[a]lthough Kyle could have more clearly referenced the deed claim in the portion of her brief devoted to the
statute of limitations, she fully responded to the substance of Fidelity’s limitations argument.” 522 S.W.3d
at 466.
5 Whoever signed the documents used appellant’s passport as identification.
6 Fidelity provided Mark’s testimony that appellant agreed to the loan and allowed her friend to sign
the loan documents. Fidelity also provided as summary judgment evidence, an email dated June 8, 2004,
from appellant to Mark stating, “I asked you for $5,000. of the 1.? ? ? million that we took out of the house
but haven’t had the courtesy of a reply.”

4
home-equity loan documents. Fidelity also “sent notice of the pending non-
judicial foreclosure sale of the [couple’s] homestead to the Internal Revenue
Service,” asserting “that Mark and [appellant] had executed the home-
equity loan and that Fidelity had scheduled the foreclosure sale on August
2, 2011.”

On June 2, 2011, pursuant to a Rule 11 agreement with Mark and as
part of the final divorce decree, appellant conveyed her interest in the home
to Mark by special warranty deed, thereby making Mark the sole owner of
the home. Fidelity points out that appellant testified that she signed the
Rule 11 agreement and accompanying documents based on the advice of
her attorneys and confirmed that she did not rely on the advice of anyone
else. However, appellant claims that she sold the property because she did
not want to be part of the foreclosure proceeding. The divorce court entered
a final judgment of divorce decreeing that the home was Mark’s sole and
separate property and appellant signed the judgment as “approved and
consented as to both form and substance.” On June 21, 2011, Fidelity
nonsuited appellant from the foreclosure proceedings.

On October 13, 2011, Fidelity sold the note and assigned the lien to
Tuition LLC, a corporation formed by the Strasburgers for, according to
appellant, “the sole purpose of holding the note and lien.” Appellant claims
that Tuition LLC had been attempting to collect past-due payments on the
home-equity note from her and has instituted foreclosure proceedings
naming her as a party.

On October 3, 2012, appellant filed suit against Fidelity and Mark
asserting claims for fraudulent filing of a financing statement, statutory fraud
in a real estate transaction, securing the execution of a document by
deception, common law fraud, negligent misrepresentation, “aiding and
abetting,” fraudulent inducement, and damage to credit. Appellant sought
damages from Fidelity that she claims were sustained as a result of
misrepresentations made by Fidelity that a loan secured by a fraudulent
signature was enforceable. Appellant requested the trial court to declare
the loan agreement void and set aside the transfer of the property to Mark.

On March 11, 2013, Fidelity filed its first motion for summary
judgment on traditional and no-evidence grounds challenging all elements
of appellant’s causes of action and claiming the affirmative defense of
absolute privilege. On March 13, 2013, appellant amended her petition
adding claims for forfeiture of principal and interest and declaratory
judgment actions requesting that the lien be declared void and that the
special warranty deed be set aside. The trial court granted Fidelity’s motion
on May 16, 2013. Fidelity filed a subsequent motion for summary judgment
as to the claims appellant added in her amended petition arguing that
appellant did not have standing and that her suit was barred by the statute

5
 of limitations. The trial court granted the motion without specifying the
grounds and severed appellant’s suit against Fidelity from her claims
against Mark. This appeal followed.

Kyle, 520 S.W.3d at 76–77 (footnotes in original).

Following Kyle’s abandonment of certain claims and the supreme court’s 2017

ruling, only the following claims raised by Kyle remain pending: (1) declaratory judgment

that the deed of trust securing the loan is void; (2) declaratory judgment setting aside the

special warranty deed; (3) Texas Finance Code violations; (4) DTPA violations; and (5)

statutory fraud in a real estate transaction under the business and commerce code. See

id. at 81 n.13.

II. DISCUSSION

A. Summary Judgment Law and Standard of Review

A party may move for summary judgment on traditional or no-evidence grounds.

See TEX. R. CIV. P. 166a(c), (i). In a traditional motion for summary judgment, the movant

has the burden to establish that no genuine issue of material fact exists and that he is

entitled to judgment as a matter of law. TEX. R. CIV. P. 166a(c); Sw. Elec. Power Co. v.

Grant, 73 S.W.3d 211, 215 (Tex. 2002). A defendant seeking traditional summary

judgment must either disprove at least one element of each of the plaintiff’s causes of

action or plead and conclusively establish each essential element of an affirmative

defense. Cathey v. Booth, 900 S.W.2d 339, 341 (Tex. 1995) (per curiam); Sanchez v.

Matagorda Cty., 124 S.W.3d 350, 352 (Tex. App.—Corpus Christi 2003, no pet.). A no-

evidence summary judgment must show that no evidence exists of one or more essential

elements of a claim on which the adverse party bears the burden of proof at trial. TEX. R.

CIV. P. 166a(i); Timpte Inds., Inc. v. Gish, 286 S.W.3d 306, 310 (Tex. 2009). Once the

6
motion is filed, the burden shifts to the non-movant to produce evidence raising a genuine

issue of material fact on the elements specified in the motion. TEX. R. CIV. P. 166a(i);

Mack Trucks, Inc. v. Tamez, 206 S.W.3d 572, 582 (Tex. 2006).

Fidelity’s motions for summary judgment raised both traditional and no-evidence

grounds. See TEX. R. CIV. P. 166a(c), (i). Though the burden varies for traditional and

no-evidence summary judgment motions, because all parties brought forth summary

judgment evidence, the differing burdens are immaterial and the ultimate issue is whether

a fact issue exists. Neely v. Wilson, 418 S.W.3d 52, 59 (Tex. 2013) (citing Buck v. Palmer,

381 S.W.3d 525, 527 & n.2 (Tex. 2012)). A fact issue exists, precluding summary

judgment, if there is more than a scintilla of probative evidence to support each element

of the plaintiff’s claim. Id. Evidence is more than a scintilla if it “rises to a level that would

enable reasonable and fair-minded people to differ in their conclusions.” Serv. Corp. Int’l

v. Guerra, 348 S.W.3d 221, 228 (Tex. 2011). Evidence is less than a scintilla if it is “so

weak as to do no more than create a mere surmise or suspicion that the fact exists.”

Regal Fin. Co. v. Tex Star Motors, Inc., 355 S.W.3d 595, 603 (Tex. 2010). We review the

summary judgment evidence in the light most favorable to the non-movant, indulging

every reasonable inference and resolving any doubts against the motion. City of Keller

v. Wilson, 168 S.W.3d 802, 824 (Tex. 2005).

Because the trial court’s orders granting summary judgment do not specify the

basis for the rulings, we must affirm the judgments if any of the theories advanced in

Fidelity’s motions are meritorious. W. Invs., Inc. v. Urena, 162 S.W.3d 547, 550 (Tex.

2005). We review the rulings de novo. Neely, 418 S.W.3d at 59.

7
B. Analysis

The following grounds raised in Fidelity’s summary judgment motions have not

previously been addressed on appeal: (1) whether Kyle lacks standing to assert her

declaratory judgment claims; (2) whether judicial estoppel bars her declaratory judgment,

finance code, and DTPA claims; (3) whether the absolute privilege doctrine bars her

statutory claims; (4) whether the evidence conclusively negates the reliance and

causation elements of Kyle’s statutory claims; and (5) whether there is no evidence

supporting the statutory claims or the claim to declare the special warranty deed invalid.

See Kyle, 520 S.W.3d at 467 n.11.7

1. Standing

In a footnote in its second summary judgment motion, Fidelity argued that Kyle

does not have standing to pursue her claims for declaratory relief because she “divested

herself of all interest to her homestead.” It further contended that, having already

conveyed her interest in the homestead, Kyle has no justiciable interest in the loan

documents because the loan is “without recourse for personal liability.” Kyle argues by

part of her first issue on appeal that summary judgment was improper if granted on these

grounds.

Standing is a component of subject matter jurisdiction and is a constitutional

prerequisite to maintaining suit. Tex. Ass’n of Bus. v. Tex. Air Control Bd., 852 S.W.2d

7 Fidelity’s second summary judgment motion additionally argued in part that (1) Kyle abandoned

her homestead, and (2) her suit constitutes an impermissible collateral attack on the divorce decree.
However, the trial court sustained Kyle’s objections to these arguments on grounds that they are affirmative
defenses which were not pleaded. The trial court ordered Fidelity to plead these defenses in an amended
answer prior to moving for summary judgment thereon; however, no amended answer asserting these
defenses appears in the record. Accordingly, the trial court could not have properly granted summary
judgment on these grounds. See TEX. R. CIV. P. 94, 166a(c).

8
440, 443–44 (Tex. 1993). A plaintiff has the initial burden to plead facts establishing

standing. See id. at 446. The issue focuses on whether a party has a sufficient

relationship with the lawsuit so as to have a “justiciable interest” in its outcome. Austin

Nursing Ctr., Inc. v. Lovato, 171 S.W.3d 845, 848 (Tex. 2005). Generally, a party has

standing to sue if there is (1) “a real controversy between the parties” that (2) “will be

actually determined by the judicial declaration sought.” Id. (citing Tex. Ass’n of Bus., 852

S.W.2d at 443–44). More specifically, chapter 37 of the civil practice and remedies code,

the Uniform Declaratory Judgments Act (UDJA), provides that:

A person interested under a deed, will, written contract, or other writings
constituting a contract or whose rights, status, or other legal relations are
affected by a statute, municipal ordinance, contract, or franchise may have
determined any question of construction or validity arising under the
instrument, statute, ordinance, contract, or franchise and obtain a
declaration of rights, status, or other legal relations thereunder.

TEX. CIV. PRAC. & REM. CODE ANN. § 37.004 (West, Westlaw through 2017 1st C.S.).

As to her claim for a declaration that the special warranty deed is void, Kyle alleged

in her live petition that she is a party to the deed and therefore has a justiciable interest

in her claim to determine its validity.8 However, the sequence of events revealed by the

summary judgment evidence shows that there is no genuine controversy surrounding the

validity of the special warranty deed. The parties’ Rule 11 agreement, in which Kyle

agreed to transfer her interest in the homestead to Mark, was executed and filed with the

trial court on June 2, 2011. Kyle executed the special warranty deed a few days later.

But the agreed divorce decree, rendered in August 2011 and also based on the Rule 11

8 In the sections of her live petition addressing standing under the UDJA, Kyle asserts that “[t]he
justiciable controversy centers around [her] homestead rights to the [subject property] and her rights to the
forfeiture of principal and interest paid on the Fidelity Loan.” She claims that “[t]his Court’s declaration of
the void status” of the loan and special warranty deed, respectively, “will resolve this controversy.”

9
agreement, also awarded the entire homestead to Mark as part of the just and right

division of the marital estate. The decree stated that Kyle “is divested of all right, title,

interest, and claim in and to” the homestead. The decree further stated as follows in a

section entitled “Judgment Effective to Pass Title”:

Notwithstanding any other provisions of this Agreed Final Decree of
Divorce, this judgment shall operate as a conveyance to the parties so
named of the real property described herein and title to such real property
passes as ordered herein, without the necessity of any further action by the
party being divested of title.

This decree shall serve as a muniment of title to transfer ownership of all
property awarded to any party in this Agreed Final Decree of Divorce.

The terms of the unchallenged divorce decree render the validity of the special warranty

deed inconsequential. Even if the trial court were to declare the June special warranty

deed invalid, the August divorce decree would effectuate the same result—i.e., a 100%

conveyance of Kyle’s interest in the homestead to Mark. Accordingly, the judicial

declaration sought by Kyle would not “actually determine” a “real controversy” between

the parties. See Austin Nursing Ctr., Inc., 171 S.W.3d at 848. It follows that Kyle lacked

standing under the UDJA to bring her claim for a declaration that the special warranty

deed is invalid. See id.

The terms of the agreed divorce decree also deprive Kyle of standing to seek a

declaration that the deed of trust securing the home equity loan is void. In particular,

consistent with the Rule 11 agreement, the decree allocated 100% of the debt associated

with the loan to Mark9; and as Fidelity notes, the Texas Constitution provides that a home

9 The decree stated:
IT IS ORDERED AND DECREED that the husband, MARK KYLE, shall pay, as a part of
the division of the estate of the parties, and shall indemnify and hold the wife and her

10
equity loan is “without recourse for personal liability against each owner and the spouse

of each owner . . . .” TEX. CONST. art. XVI, § 50(a)(6)(C); see Patton v. Porterfield, 411

S.W.3d 147, 159 (Tex. App.—Dallas 2013, pet. denied). The terms of the decree,

combined with the constitutional provision cited above, ensured that Kyle could not be

held personally liable on the home equity loan, regardless of whether the trial court

declared the deed of trust securing the loan void. Kyle therefore lacked a justiciable

interest in the outcome of this claim. See Austin Nursing Ctr., Inc., 171 S.W.3d at 848.

Kyle argues on appeal that she has standing to seek these declarations because

she “remain[s] an obligor on the promissory note, her credit continued to be affected by

the loan despite the conveyance of the collateral to her husband in the divorce, and she

is still named as a respondent in Fidelity’s latest foreclosure application.” But Kyle did not

allege these specific facts in her live petition, and her appellate brief directs us to no

evidence in the summary judgment record establishing those facts. Accordingly, she has

not met her burden to allege facts showing that she has standing to seek a declaration

that the deed of trust is void. See Tex. Ass’n of Bus., 852 S.W.2d at 446.

We observe that Kyle’s claims are focused principally on the alleged

misrepresentations by Mark and Fidelity as to whether the home equity loan was valid

and whether she could be held personally liable thereon. She asserts that, without those

alleged misrepresentations, she would not have entered into the Rule 11 agreement to

property harmless from any failure to so discharge, these items:
H-1. The balance due, including principal, interest, tax, and insurance escrow, on the
promissory note executed by MARK KYLE and wife, WENDY KYLE, in the original principal
sum of $1,100,00.00 [sic] dated May 29, 2004, payable to Fidelity Bank of Texas, and
secured by deed of trust on the real property awarded in this decree to the husband . . . .

11
convey her interest in the homestead. But, as the supreme court noted, “[t]here is no

basis for declaratory relief when a party is seeking in the same action a different,

enforceable remedy, and a judicial declaration would add nothing to what would be

implicit or express in a final judgment for the enforceable remedy.” Kyle, 522 S.W.3d at

467 n.10 (citing Patel v. Tex. Dep’t of Licensing & Regulation, 469 S.W.3d 69, 79 (Tex.

2015) (holding that “courts will not entertain an action [against a governmental unit] under

the [UDJA] when the same claim could be pursued through different channels”); Etan

Indus., Inc. v. Lehmann, 359 S.W.3d 620, 624 (Tex. 2011) (per curiam) (noting that a

declaratory judgment claim “must do more than merely duplicate the issues litigated via

[other] claims” in order to authorize an award of attorney’s fees under the UDJA);

Universal Printing Co. v. Premier Victorian Homes, Inc., 73 S.W.3d 283, 296 (Tex. App.—

Houston [1st Dist.] 2001, pet. denied)).10 To the extent Kyle seeks relief in connection

with the alleged misrepresentations, her remaining statutory claims provide an

enforceable remedy and the declarations she seeks “would add nothing to what would be

implicit or express in a final judgment for the enforceable remedy.” See id.

For the foregoing reasons, we conclude that the trial court’s summary judgment on

Kyle’s declaratory judgment claims was proper on grounds that she lacked standing. This

part of Kyle’s first issue on appeal is overruled. We proceed to address the remaining

summary judgment grounds as they pertain to Kyle’s remaining statutory claims.

10 The supreme court held that Kyle’s declaratory judgment claims are not moot merely because
“[w]hile the appeal was pending, Mark sold the encumbered property at issue to a third party” and “the
home equity loan was paid off.” Kyle, 522 S.W.3d at 466. Nevertheless, it explicitly declined to opine on
“whether the above-referenced doctrine precludes Kyle from litigating them alongside her remaining
statutory claims.” Id. at 467 n.10.

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 2. Judicial Estoppel

Fidelity argued in its second summary judgment motion that Kyle is judicially

estopped from asserting that she did not execute the home equity loan documents

“because she successfully took the contrary position in the divorce action.” Fidelity’s

argument is based on the recital, in the section of the divorce decree regarding the just

and right division of marital liabilities, that both Kyle and Mark “executed” the promissory

note associated with the loan. See supra n.9. Fidelity notes that Kyle signed the decree

under a statement indicating that she “approved and consented to” both the “form and

substance” of the decree. It argues that this negates the contrary assertion made by Kyle

as part of her finance code and DTPA claims.

Judicial estoppel “precludes a party from adopting a position inconsistent with one

that it maintained successfully in an earlier proceeding.” Pleasant Glade Assembly of

God v. Schubert, 264 S.W.3d 1, 6 (Tex. 2008). “The doctrine is not strictly speaking

estoppel, but rather is a rule of procedure based on justice and sound public policy.” Id.

“Its essential function ‘is to prevent the use of intentional self-contradiction as a means of

obtaining unfair advantage.’” Id. (quoting Andrews v. Diamond, Rash, Leslie & Smith,

959 S.W.2d 646, 650 (Tex. App.—El Paso 1997, writ denied)).

By part of her first issue on appeal, Kyle contends that the recital in the decree

cannot give rise to judicial estoppel because it “is not a sworn statement.” We agree.

Judicial estoppel may be based only on a sworn statement made in a prior judicial

proceeding. See Long v. Knox, 291 S.W.2d 292, 295 (Tex. 1956) (“Under the doctrine of

judicial estoppel, as distinguished from equitable estoppel by inconsistency, a party is

estopped merely by the fact of having alleged or admitted in his pleadings in a former

13
proceeding under oath the contrary to the assertion sought to be made.” (emphasis

added)); In re Marriage of Butts, 444 S.W.3d 147, 151 (Tex. App.—Houston [14th Dist.]

2014, no pet.); Owen v. Knop, 853 S.W.2d 638, 641 (Tex. App.—Corpus Christi 1993,

writ denied) (noting that “the doctrine of judicial estoppel serves to uphold the sanctity of

the oath, and to eliminate the prejudice which would result to the administration of justice

if a litigant were to swear one way one time and a different way another time”). Citing

Schubert, Fidelity argues that a statement need not be sworn in order to trigger judicial

estoppel, but the Texas Supreme Court held nothing of the sort in that case. See 264

S.W.3d at 6. Though the Schubert Court did not recite the well-established precedent

that a statement must be sworn in order to give rise to judicial estoppel, it held that the

doctrine did not apply in that case for three unrelated reasons. See id. Therefore, it is

inapposite.

Because the recital in the agreed divorce decree was not a sworn statement, it

could not have served as the basis for judicial estoppel. Therefore, the trial court erred if

it granted summary judgment on these grounds. We sustain this part of Kyle’s first issue.

3. Absolute Privilege

It is first summary judgment motion, Fidelity argued that Kyle’s statutory claims are

barred because they are based on statements made in the foreclosure proceedings and

are therefore absolutely privileged. See, e.g., Neely, 418 S.W.3d at 62 (“[T]he common

law has recognized a judicial proceedings privilege since at least 1772 for parties,

witnesses, lawyers, judges, and jurors.”); Krishnan v. Law Offices of Preston Henrichson,

P.C., 83 S.W.3d 295, 302 (Tex. App.—Corpus Christi 2002, pet. denied) (“Absolute

privilege provides that communications that are made in the due course of a judicial

14
proceeding cannot serve as the basis for a defamation action.”). On appeal, Kyle asserts

by her third issue that the doctrine of absolute privilege does not apply to her statutory

claims because those claims “do[] not sound in defamation and she does not seek

defamation-type damages.”

This Court addressed the issue of absolute privilege as it pertains to this case in

our 2016 opinion affirming the trial court’s denial of Fidelity’s motion for sanctions. See

Strasburger v. Kyle, No. 13-14-00079-CV, 2016 WL 1072618, at *1 (Tex. App.—Corpus

Christi Mar. 17, 2016, no pet.) (mem. op.). In considering whether Kyle’s pleadings were

frivolous because they were barred by the absolute privilege doctrine, we noted that the

doctrine “typically applies” only in “claims of libel and slander arising out of judicial

proceedings.” Id. at *3 (citing Reagan v. Guardian Life Ins. Co., 166 S.W.2d 909, 912

(Tex. 1942)). We then held:

. . . . Kyle’s claims are not based solely on Fidelity’s legal filings for
foreclosure. There were communications between at least the bank
president and Kyle’s agents regarding the threatened foreclosure by Fidelity
as well as alleged verbal threats to foreclose even after Fidelity knew Kyle
claimed both lack of consent to the underlying loan and forgery. Fidelity
sent a notice to the Internal Revenue Service. Further, Fidelity was directly
involved in negotiations surrounding the Rule 11 agreement and special
warranty deed wherein Kyle signed away her interest. In its reply brief,
Fidelity cites Perdue, Brackett, Flores, Utt & Burns v. Linebarger, Goggan,
Blair, Sampson & Meeks, L.L.P., 291 S.W.3d 448, 451 (Tex. App.—Fort
Worth 2009, no writ). However, once again, the case deals with libel or
slander in a governmental context: “the affirmative defense that the alleged
defamatory statements were absolutely privileged under the doctrine of
quasi-judicial immunity.” Id.; see also Bird v. W.C.W., 868 S.W.2d 767,
771–72 (Tex. 1994) (stating that a communication was privileged where the
father’s damages were basically defamation).

Moreover, as Kyle argues, the Lee case observes: “We know of no Texas
case where absolute privilege was asserted as anything other than an

15
 affirmative defense to a defamation claim.” In re Lee, 995 S.W.2d 774, 776
(Tex. App.—San Antonio 1999, orig. proceeding).11

With due consideration for the above arguments and authorities, we hold
that absolute privilege did not apply, or there was a sound argument against
its application under these facts.

Strasburger, 2016 WL 1072618, at *3 (footnote in original).

The question we addressed in Strasburger (whether Kyle’s argument against

application of the absolute privilege doctrine was frivolous) differs slightly from the one

that is presented here (whether Fidelity conclusively established application of the

doctrine). See id.; see also Cathey, 900 S.W.2d at 341. Nevertheless, the observations

we made in the earlier case are salient to this appeal. In particular, as we noted in 2016,

Kyle’s statutory claims are based in part on her allegations that Fidelity threatened her

with foreclosure and notified the IRS of her potential liability, even after Fidelity was made

aware that she was claiming that her signature was forged on the loan documents and

she did not consent to the loan. Kyle claims that Fidelity’s threats were false because the

loan was void, and that she would not have otherwise agreed to transfer her interest in

the homestead. The communications made by Fidelity directly to Kyle and to the IRS are

independent of the allegations made by Fidelity in its foreclosure pleadings and do not

constitute statements made in the course of judicial proceedings.

In any event, even assuming that Fidelity’s threats were made only in the context

of judicial proceedings, the judicial privilege doctrine does not apply to claims of the sort

brought by Kyle. Fidelity is correct that the judicial privilege doctrine may, under certain

circumstances, apply in non-defamation cases. But those circumstances are limited to

11 We acknowledge other cases sometimes extend the absolute privilege rule into a broader context
but here other proof takes the claim outside the rule.

16
cases in which a plaintiff, though asserting a non-defamation claim, seeks “defamation

damages”—i.e., damages for loss of reputation and mental anguish. See Bird, 868

S.W.2d at 772 (finding absolute privilege applied in negligence suit because the damages

sought “are basically defamation damages”); 5-State Helicopters, Inc. v. Cox, 146 S.W.3d

254, 259 (Tex. App.—Fort Worth 2004, pet. denied) (holding absolute privilege applied in

tortious interference with contract claim because plaintiff sought “defamation-type

damages based on the allegedly libelous communications”); Laub v. Pesikoff, 979 S.W.2d

686, 691–92 (Tex. App.—Houston [1st Dist.] 1998, pet. denied) (holding absolute

privilege applied in intentional infliction of emotional distress claim because essence of

claim was that plaintiff was injured “as a result of the communication of allegedly false

statements during a judicial proceeding”); see also Tex. Mut. Ins. Co. v. Ray Ferguson

Interests, Inc., 2006 WL 648834, at *9 (Tex. App.—Houston [1st Dist.] 2006, pet. denied)

(mem. op.) (holding that absolute privilege applied in deceptive insurance practices claim

under Texas Insurance Code because “although [plaintiff] did not plead defamation, its

theory of damages was that its clients, creditors, and bonding companies abandoned it,

in part, because of the [insurer’s] allegations and assertions . . . made in the course of

this judicial proceeding”); Steadfast Ins. Co. v. SMX 98, Inc., No. CIV.A. H-06-2736, 2009

WL 890398, at *22 (S.D. Tex. Mar. 30, 2009) (mem. op.). To the extent Kyle’s statutory

claims are based on statements made in judicial proceedings, they do not seek relief akin

to reputational or mental anguish damages—instead, they seek damages arising from

Kyle’s agreement to transfer her interest in the homestead to Mark.12

12 It is also noteworthy that misrepresentations “in a judicial or governmental proceeding” are

explicitly made actionable under the Texas Finance Code and DTPA provisions pleaded by Kyle. See TEX.
FIN. CODE ANN. § 392.304(a)(8) (West, Westlaw through 2017 1st C.S.) (providing generally that “in debt

17
 We conclude that the absolute privilege doctrine does not bar Kyle’s Texas

Finance Code, DTPA, and statutory fraud claims. Her third issue is sustained.

4. Conclusive Negation of Reliance and Causation

Fidelity argued in both summary judgment motions that Kyle’s deposition testimony

conclusively negates her allegations that she relied on misrepresentations by Fidelity in

signing the Rule 11 agreement, agreed divorce decree, and special warranty deed. It

also argued that her testimony conclusively negates the causation element of her

statutory claims. In her second issue on appeal, Kyle argues that she produced evidence

generating an issue of fact as to the reliance and causation elements.13

In its summary judgment motions, Fidelity cited the following deposition testimony

given by Kyle:

Q. [Fidelity’s counsel] You entered into a settlement with your husband,
with Mark Kyle. Correct?

A. [Kyle] Yes.

Q. Okay. And that settlement split up both the debts
and the assets. Correct?

[Kyle’s counsel]: Objection, form.

THE WITNESS: I believe that’s what a divorce is.

collection or obtaining information concerning a consumer, a debt collector may not use a fraudulent,
deceptive, or misleading representation . . . misrepresenting the character, extent, or amount of a
consumer debt, or misrepresenting the consumer debt’s status in a judicial or governmental
proceeding . . . ”); id. § 392.404(a) (West, Westlaw through 2017 1st C.S.) (providing that a violation of
finance code chapter 392 is also actionable under the DTPA). This indicates that the clear intent of the
Legislature was to exclude these statutory claims from application of the judicial privilege doctrine.
13 Kyle also argues by her second issue that reliance is not an essential element of her claim under

the Texas Finance Code. See id. § 392.403(a)(2) (West, Westlaw through 2017 1st C.S.). For purposes
of this issue, we will assume, but not decide, that reliance is an element of that cause of action. It is
undisputed that reliance is an essential element of a claim for fraud in a real estate transaction under the
Texas Business and Commerce Code. See TEX. BUS. & COM. CODE ANN. § 27.01(a)(1)(B) (West, Westlaw
through 2017 1st C.S.).

18
 Q. And you entered into that agreement based upon
the advice of—of your lawyers. Correct?

A. Yes.

Q. Okay. And your lawyers being Ms. Jodi Lazar and
Ms. Rikki Rivers. Correct?

A. Yes.

Q. And also Mr. Tom Virr?

A. Yes. He—yes.

Q. Okay. Okay. Was there anybody else who was
giving you advice as to whether or not to enter into
that divorce settlement, aside from those three
lawyers?

A. No.

Q. Okay. And you relied on that advice. Correct?

A. Yes.

Q. Okay. In looking back at it now, you think that was
bad advice. Correct?

A. Yes.

Q. Okay. And it was—it was—it was the advice from
those attorneys that caused you to enter into that
agreement and to, as you say, I think, give away
your half of the house. Is that right?

[Kyle’s counsel]: Object objection, form.

THE WITNESS: Yes. I believe that Rikki Rivers stated specifically
that even if the signature was forged, that I would
still be responsible for the debt.

Q. [Fidelity’s counsel] And did Jodi Lazar tell you something similar?

A. Yes.

Fidelity argued that this shows Kyle relied solely on her three attorneys’ “advice,” and did

not rely on anyone else’s “advice,” in agreeing to the terms of the divorce decree.

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 In response, Kyle contends that, even though the only “advice” she relied on was

that of her attorneys, she also relied on Fidelity’s alleged misrepresentations. She points

to additional testimony later in the same deposition which she argues creates a fact issue

as to whether she relied on Fidelity’s representations. In particular, Kyle testified as

follows:

Q. [Fidelity’s counsel] . . . [Y]ou allege in Paragraph 38 [of the live
petition] that your husband obtained the Fidelity
loan documents through deception. Do you see
that?

A. [Kyle] Yes.

Q. Okay. And then you add my clients and say that
they obtained your execution of the Rule 11
Agreement through deception. Correct?

A. Yes.

Q. Okay. What deception did my clients perform on
you that got you to execute the Rule 11
Agreement?

A. They said that they were going to foreclose, and I
believed that I was liable for the debt.

Q. And they said they were going to foreclose in the
documents, the application for foreclosure.
Correct?

A. . . . Yes.

Q. In Count 4, “Common Law Fraud,” . . . you allege
that the Defendants committed common law fraud
when they misrepresented to you that your home
would be foreclosed upon. Correct?

A. Yes.

Q. Okay. And that representation, at least by my
clients, was, again, in that application for
foreclosure. Correct?

20
 [Kyle’s counsel]: Objection, form.

THE WITNESS: Yes.

Q. [Fidelity’s counsel] Okay. Count 5, the “Negligent Misrepresentation,”
you say, “The Defendants are guilty”—this is
Paragraph 44—“of negligent misrepresentation
because they did not exercise reasonable care
when they represented to Wendy that her interest
in the River Hills home would be foreclosed upon
if she did not sign the Rule 11 Agreement.[”] Do
you see that?

A. [Kyle] Yes.

Q. Okay. Who told you that if you didn’t sign the Rule
11 Agreement, the home would be foreclosed
upon?

A. Jodi Lazar.

Q. Who else?

A. Rikki Rivers.

Q. Anybody else?

A. That’s it.

We agree with Kyle that this testimony was enough to establish a genuine issue of

material fact as to whether she relied on Fidelity’s alleged misrepresentations in agreeing

to convey her share of the homestead to Mark. The testimony cited by Fidelity in its

summary judgment motions established that Kyle relied on the advice of her attorneys in

signing the agreed divorce decree; however, the Rule 11 agreement was executed before

the divorce decree, so it is plausible that her attorneys were simply advising Kyle to

comply with the terms of the earlier agreement when they advised her to sign the decree.

Kyle additionally testified that only her attorneys—not Fidelity—told her “if you didn’t sign

the Rule 11 Agreement, the home would be foreclosed upon.” But that narrow fact does

21
not conclusively establish that she did not rely on Fidelity’s alleged misrepresentations.

The misrepresentations by Fidelity, as alleged by Kyle, did not explicitly involve the Rule

11 agreement at all—instead, they were confined to the status or character of the home

equity loan.

Kyle cites cases holding in the fraud context that, even if a misrepresentation is

“not a party’s sole inducement for entering into the contract,” it “may still be material so

long as the party relied on it.” Reservoir Sys., Inc. v. TGS-NOPEC Geophysical Co., L.P.,

335 S.W.3d 297, 305 (Tex. App.—Houston [14th Dist.] 2010, pet. denied); Brush v. Reata

Oil & Gas Corp., 984 S.W.2d 720, 727 (Tex. App.—Waco 1998, pet. denied). Although

these cases discuss materiality rather than reliance, they are instructive because they

show that there may be multiple pieces of information upon which a party relies when

agreeing to enter into a contract. As set forth above, when asked what “deception” Fidelity

engaged in that “got [her] to execute” the Rule 11 agreement, Kyle replied: “They said

that they were going to foreclose, and I believed that I was liable for the debt.” This

statement constitutes more than a scintilla of evidence that Kyle relied upon Fidelity’s

representations when she first agreed to convey her share of the homestead, and it

constitutes more than a scintilla of evidence that those representations proximately

caused her to do so. Therefore, Fidelity did not meet its burden to conclusively disprove

the reliance element of Kyle’s statutory claims. See Cathey, 900 S.W.2d at 341. Kyle’s

second issue is sustained.

5. No-Evidence Summary Judgment

Finally, we address Kyle’s fourth issue on appeal, by which she argues that she

provided more than a scintilla of probative evidence as to the challenged elements of her

22
statutory claims, thereby defeating Fidelity’s no-evidence grounds for summary

judgment.14

To establish fraud in a real estate transaction under chapter 27 of the business

and commerce code, a plaintiff must prove these essential elements: (1) a transaction

involving real estate; (2) the defendant made a false representation of fact, a false

promise, or benefited by not disclosing that some other person’s representation or

promise was false; (3) the false representation or promise was made to induce the plaintiff

to enter into a contract; (4) the plaintiff relied on the false representation or promise and

entered into the transaction; and (5) the reliance caused the plaintiff’s injury. Kyle, 520

S.W.3d at 81; see TEX. BUS. & COM. CODE ANN. § 27.01(a) (West, Westlaw through 2017

1st C.S.). Fidelity’s first summary judgment motion challenged each element listed above

except the first.

To recover under chapter 392 of the Texas Finance Code, a plaintiff must prove

that: (1) a debt collector used “a fraudulent, deceptive, or misleading representation that

employs” one of several prohibited practices, including, as pleaded here,

“misrepresenting the character, extent, or amount of a consumer debt, or misrepresenting

the consumer debt’s status in a judicial or governmental proceeding”; and (2) the plaintiff

sustained actual damages as a result. TEX. FIN. CODE ANN. §§ 392.304(a)(8),

392.403(a)(2) (West, Westlaw through 2017 1st C.S.). A violation of chapter 392 is also

a deceptive trade practice actionable under the DTPA. Id. § 392.404(1) (West, Westlaw

14 Kyle also argues by this issue that she produced evidence as to all essential elements of her
claim for declaratory judgment that the special warranty deed is invalid. However, we have already held
that she did not have standing to raise that claim. Therefore, we do not address that argument. See TEX.
R. APP. P. 47.1.

23
through 2017 1st C.S.). Fidelity’s second summary judgment motion challenged each

element of these claims.

We have already held above that Kyle’s deposition testimony—in which she stated

that Fidelity’s application for foreclosure was the “deception” that “got [her] to execute”

the Rule 11 agreement—was sufficient to create a fact issue as to the elements of reliance

and causation. See TEX. BUS. & COM. CODE ANN. § 27.01(a); TEX. FIN. CODE ANN.

§ 392.403(a)(2). We will proceed to consider the remaining elements of Kyle’s statutory

claims.

Misrepresentation is an essential element of all three statutory claims. See TEX.

BUS. & COM. CODE ANN. § 27.01(a)15; TEX. FIN. CODE ANN. §§ 392.304(a)(8). Kyle argues

that Fidelity’s foreclosure application is evidence supporting this element. The

application, signed by Fidelity’s counsel and filed with the district court on March 24, 2011,

stated in relevant part as follows:

FIDELITY BANK OF TEXAS, the applicant, seeks an order from this court
pursuant to TEX. R. CIV. P. 736 allowing foreclosure of a lien on real property
securing a debt owed to the application by Mark Kyle and Wendy Kyle, the
respondents . . . .

The respondents are residents of Travis County, Texas, and are the
persons obligated to pay the debt described in Paragraph II below,
according to the records of the applicant.

On May 20, 2004, the respondents executed and delivered to the applicant
a Texas Home Equity Extension of Credit in the amount of [$1,100,000] to
be paid in equal monthly installments commencing on June 20, 2004 for
thirty years in the amount of [$5,905.32]. The respondents also executed a
Texas Home Equity Deed of Trust in favor of the trustee, in trust for the

15 Kyle did not allege that Fidelity made a false promise or benefited by not disclosing that some
other person’s representation or promise was false. Therefore, to establish statutory fraud in a real estate
transaction, she had to show that Fidelity made a “false representation of a past or existing material fact.”
TEX. BUS. & COM. CODE ANN. § 27.01(a)(1).

24
 benefit of the applicant, as security for the Texas Home Equity Extension of
Credit.

The debt owed by the respondents to the applicant is secured by a lien
created under Article XVI, Section 50(a)(6) of the TEXAS CONSTITUTION on
the [subject property] . . . .

The respondents, although obligated by the terms of Home Equity
Extension of Credit . . . , failed to pay the property taxes. . . . The failure to
pay the property taxes in a timely manner constituted a default under the
Texas Home Equity Deed of Trust.

Attached to the application was a copy of the forged deed of trust. According to Kyle, the

application contained the misrepresentations upon which she relied in agreeing to transfer

her share of the homestead to Mark.

Fidelity argues that the foreclosure application cannot be evidence of a

misrepresentation because it also contained an extensive disclaimer which noted Kyle’s

claims of forgery, explained that she already conveyed her interest in the property to Mark,

and affirmed that the loan is “without recourse for personal liability” for Kyle.16 However,

the version of the foreclosure application which was attached as evidence to Fidelity’s

summary judgment motions did not contain this disclaimer. Instead, as Fidelity concedes,

this disclaimer was included for the first time in a subsequent application for foreclosure

16 The entire disclaimer follows:
Wendy Kyle is listed as a Respondent in these proceedings in order that Petitioner may
comply with Texas law and ensure that Ms. Kyle receives notice of these proceedings.
See Tex. R. Civ. P. 736.1(d)(1)(8). Ms. Kyle claims that she did not sign the Note and
Deed of Trust. On June 6, 2011, she executed a Special Warranty Deed, deeding her
interest in the property to Mark Kyle. A true and correct copy of the Special Warranty Deed
is attached to the Affidavit of Terry Whitley as Exhibit “F”. In the Special Warranty Deed,
Mr. Kyle agrees to “indemnify and hold [Ms. Kyle] harmless from payment of the note and
from performance of [her] obligations specified in the instruments securing payment of the
note.” Accordingly, while Ms. Kyle’s name is on the loan agreement, as evidenced by
Exhibits “B” and "C”, Petitioner recognizes that Ms. Kyle no longer has an interest in the
Property and that Mr. Kyle agreed to assume all liability on the Note. Because this is a
home equity loan, it without recourse for personal liability as to Ms. Kyle [sic].

25
filed on December 9, 2013, well after the trial court rendered its two summary judgment

orders. Indeed, the version of the application containing the disclaimer does not appear

in the trial court record, but was attached to Fidelity’s brief on appeal. Accordingly, we do

not consider the disclaimer in our analysis. See TEX. R. CIV. P. 166a(c); Nguyen v.

Citibank N.A., 403 S.W.3d 927, 932 (Tex. App.—Houston [14th Dist.] 2013, pet. denied);

Blankinship v. Brown, 399 S.W.3d 303, 309 (Tex. App.—Dallas 2013, pet. denied).

Instead, considering only summary judgment evidence properly before the trial

court, we conclude that there was more than a scintilla of evidence that Fidelity made a

misrepresentation concerning the character and status of the debt associated with the

home equity loan. See TEX. BUS. & COM. CODE ANN. § 27.01(a); TEX. FIN. CODE ANN.

§ 392.304(a)(8).

Next, Kyle’s statutory fraud claim required a showing that Fidelity’s representations

were made to her for the purpose of inducing her to enter into a contract. See TEX. BUS.

& COM. CODE ANN. § 27.01(a)(1)(A). As evidence to support this element, Kyle points to

an email from her attorney to Fidelity’s attorney, which she attached as evidence to her

summary judgment response. The email, dated June 8, 2011, contained a copy of the

newly-executed Special Warranty Deed and stated in part: “As we discussed, since

Wendy Kyle no longer has an interest in the property, you will dismiss her with prejudice

from the foreclosure action.” Kyle’s summary judgment response also included a copy of

the notice of non-suit filed by Fidelity on June 21, 2011 dismissing Kyle from the

foreclosure action. This constitutes more than a scintilla of evidence that Fidelity’s

representations in the foreclosure application were made to Kyle for the purpose of

inducing her to enter into the Rule 11 agreement and special warranty deed.

26
 Finally, Kyle was required to show that she suffered actual damages as part of her

finance code and DTPA claims. See TEX. FIN. CODE ANN. § 392.403(a)(2). Kyle testified

at deposition that she executed the Rule 11 agreement and special warranty deed

because of the representations made by Fidelity in the foreclosure application. Her theory

is that, had Fidelity not made those representations, she would not have agreed to convey

her share of the homestead as part of the divorce settlement, and she then could have

challenged the foreclosure process. Subsequent events in these proceedings have lent

significant credence to that theory. In particular, the supreme court held that, assuming

Kyle did not consent to the home equity loan, the lien associated with the loan is void ab

initio because it did not comply with the Texas Constitution. Kyle, 522 S.W.3d at 465

(citing Wood, 505 S.W.3d at 548); see TEX. CONST. art. XVI, § 50(a)(6)(A) (requiring a

foreclosure-eligible home-equity loan to be “secured by a voluntary lien on the homestead

created under a written agreement with the consent of each owner and each owner’s

spouse”). Thus, had she retained her interest in the homestead, Kyle would have been

able to make a colorable case that foreclosure was prohibited. See Kyle, 522 S.W.3d at

465 n.7 (noting that article XVI, section 50 “describes what a home-equity loan must look

like if a lender wants the option to foreclose on a homestead upon borrower default”). We

conclude that Kyle has produced more than a scintilla of evidence that she suffered actual

damages as a result of Fidelity’s alleged misrepresentations.

Having found more than a scintilla of evidence to support each of the challenged

elements, we conclude that trial court erred if it granted summary judgment on no-

evidence grounds. Kyle’s fourth issue is sustained.

27
 III. CONCLUSION

The trial court properly dismissed Kyle’s declaratory judgment claims because Kyle

lacked standing. However, summary judgment was improper as to Kyle’s finance code,

DTPA, and statutory fraud claims. Accordingly, we affirm the trial court’s judgment of

dismissal as to the declaratory judgment claims, reverse the remainder of the judgment,

and remand for further proceedings consistent with this opinion.

DORI CONTRERAS
Justice

Delivered and filed the 28th
day of December, 2018.

28