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[DO NOT PUBLISH]
IN THE UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS
FOR THE ELEVENTH CIRCUIT
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No. 18-11102
Non-Argument Calendar
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D.C. Docket No. 1:16-cv-24918-JEM
DIANA BERBER,
Plaintiff - Appellant,
versus
WELLS FARGO BANK, N.A.,
MARSHA PAINTER,
Defendants - Appellees.
________________________
Appeal from the United States District Court
for the Southern District of Florida
________________________
(January 8, 2019)
Before MARCUS, WILLIAM PRYOR, and ANDERSON, Circuit Judges.
PER CURIAM:
Diana Berber appeals the district court’s order denying her application for a
preliminary injunction, which asked the district court to compel her former
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employer, Wells Fargo Bank, to reinstate her as an employee. On appeal, Berber
argues that: (1) the district court abused its discretion in denying her request for
injunctive relief; and (2) this Court should conduct an “independent examination” of
the district court’s finding that diversity jurisdiction existed in the case, conferring
subject matter jurisdiction on the federal courts. After careful review, we affirm.
The relevant facts are these. Diana Berber was employed by Wells Fargo as
a Personal Banker in Fort Lauderdale, Florida from July 2013 to March 18, 2014,
when she was fired. In her termination letter, Wells Fargo claimed that Berber had
not met performance expectations for her position, and had not performed what were
termed “daily activities to attain sales goals.”
Two years later, Berber filed an action against Wells Fargo for an alleged
violation of the Florida Private Whistleblower Act (FPWA), Fla. Stat. §§ 448.101-
105, in Florida state court. Her claim was based on the high-profile investigation
and settlement regarding Wells Fargo’s illicit sales practices, which culminated in
the Wells Fargo CEO appearing before the United States Senate Committee on
Banking. Berber claimed that she was fired for refusing to participate in the illicit
sales practices, which included, among other things, opening accounts and applying
for credit cards without customer action or consent. One provision of the FPWA
prevents employers from taking “retaliatory personnel actions” against employees if
they “[o]bjected to, or refused to participate in, any activity, policy, or practice of
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the employer which is in violation of a law, rule, or regulation.” Fla. Stat. §
448.102(3).
Wells Fargo removed the lawsuit to federal court, asserting diversity
jurisdiction under 28 U.S.C § 1332. Berber moved to remand the case, but the
district court ruled that remand was not warranted because diversity jurisdiction
existed, adopting the Report and Recommendation of the magistrate judge. This
determination was based on the trial court’s finding that Berber’s manager at Wells
Fargo, Marsha Painter, was fraudulently joined as a defendant because managers do
not count as employers under the FPWA, and therefore the case remained in federal
court. Berber then moved the district court for preliminary injunctive relief
reinstating her as an employee at Wells Fargo. The district court denied the
application, adopted the Report and Recommendation of the magistrate judge, and
concluded that Berber could not establish irreparable harm, and therefore was not
entitled to an injunction. Berber now appeals that ruling as an interlocutory matter,
and also asks this Court to make an independent assessment as to diversity
jurisdiction.
“We review the district court’s denial of a preliminary injunction for abuse of
discretion. Findings of fact are reviewed for clear error and legal conclusions are
reviewed de novo.” GeorgiaCarry.Org, Inc. v. U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, 788
F.3d 1318, 1322 (citing Scott v. Roberts, 612 F.3d 1279, 1289 (11th Cir. 2010)). We
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review de novo a district court’s determination that it had subject matter jurisdiction.
E.g., United States v. Perez, 956 F.2d 1098, 1101 (11th Cir. 1992). Even though we
are reviewing this case on an interlocutory basis, we remain obligated to ensure that
the district court had subject matter jurisdiction. Tamiami Partners, Ltd. ex rel.
Tamiami Dev. Corp. v. Miccosukee Tribe of Indians of Fla., 177 F.3d 1212, 1221
(11th Cir. 1999) (citing Steel Co. v. Citizens for a Better Env’t, 523 U.S. 83, 94-95
(1998)).
For starters, we are unpersuaded by Berber’s claim that the district court
abused its discretion by denying her motion for preliminary injunctive relief. In
order to obtain a preliminary injunction, Berber needed to show: (1) a substantial
likelihood of success on the merits of her case; (2) that she would suffer irreparable
injury without the issuance of the injunction; (3) that her potential injury is greater
than the possible harm the injunction would cause Wells Fargo; and (4) that the
injunction would disserve the public interest. Palmer v. Braun, 287 F.3d 1325, 1329
(11th Cir. 2002). A court need not examine all of four prongs, because if, as here,
no showing of irreparable injury is made, the injunction cannot be issued. Ne. Fla.
Chapter of the Ass’n of Gen. Contractors of Am. v. City of Jacksonville, 896 F.2d
1283, 1285 (11th Cir. 1990).
The record reveals that the district court denied the application for preliminary
injunctive relief because Berber had not satisfied the irreparable harm prong. We
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can find no abuse of discretion in that decision. For starters, the district court did
not err in concluding that Berber’s alleged harms were not irreparable, and instead,
could be compensated by monetary damages. “An injury is ‘irreparable’ only if it
cannot be undone through monetary remedies.” Id. at 1286. Berber’s main claims
for harm are that her firing “(1) rendered her unemployable in the financial services
sector of the economy, (2) pushed her into poverty and (3) exacerbated her
depression.” Damages for harms like lost wages are expressly provided for under
the FPWA, Fla. Stat. § 448.103(d), and courts have interpreted the Act to allow for
mental or emotional distress claims for plaintiffs who succeed on the merits of their
cases. See, e.g., Paxton v. Roadhouse of Tarpon Springs, Inc., 2009 WL 2423258,
at *1 (M.D. Fla. Aug. 4, 2009); McIntyre v. Dehaize America, Inc., 2009 WL 161708
(M.D. Fla. 2009); Wood v. Cellco P’ship, 2007 WL 917300 (M.D. Fla. 2007); see
also Fla. Stat. § 448.103(2)(e). Because the type of damages Berber asserts are
wholly compensable with a monetary remedy, she has not shown that the damages
are irreparable or that she would be entitled to equitable relief.
Moreover, Berber’s delay in seeking injunctive relief also suggests that the
harm was not truly irreparable. See Wreal, LLC v. Amazon.com, Inc., 840 F.3d
1244, 1248 (11th Cir. 2016) (“A delay in seeking a preliminary injunction of even
only a few months -- though not necessarily fatal -- militates against a finding of
irreparable harm.”). “Indeed, the very idea of a preliminary injunction is premised
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on the need for speedy and urgent action to protect a plaintiff’s rights before a case
can be resolved on its merits. For this reason, our sister circuits and district courts
within this Circuit and elsewhere have found that a party’s failure to act with speed
or urgency in moving for a preliminary injunction necessarily undermines a finding
of irreparable harm.” Id. (citations omitted). Here, Berber waited almost three years
before seeking injunctive relief.1 This strongly supports the district court’s finding
that immediate, equitable action to protect Berber’s rights was unnecessary.
As for Berber’s general argument that Wells Fargo’s representations to the
Senate Banking Committee were a “recognition that its terminations of personal
bankers for failures to meet sales caused [them] . . . to suffer irreparable harm,” we
are unpersuaded. Wells Fargo’s statements that the company would re-hire
individuals, upon their application, merely shows that they were willing to correct
their past mistake. It says nothing about the alleged harms that were inflicted on
those fired, let alone anything about the harms visited upon Berber, nor that any of
these harms were “irreparable.” In short, the district court did not abuse its discretion
in denying Berber injunctive relief. Ne. Fla. Chapter, 896 F.2d at 1285.
1
Berber claims that the delay should not be held against her since she only learned about Wells
Fargo’s illicit practices in 2016. But this further illustrates why Berber’s harm was not
irreparable. Her alleged harms would exist regardless of the underlying factors of her
termination. If the harm was present when Berber learned of the illicit practices, it was present
the day she was fired.
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We also find no merit in Berber’s claim that the district court lacked subject
matter jurisdiction over the case. One way subject matter jurisdiction is established
in federal courts is through diversity jurisdiction. Baltin v. Alaron Trading Corp.,
128 F.3d 1466, 1469 (11th Cir. 1997); 28 U.S.C. § 1332 (2012). Diversity
jurisdiction requires an amount in controversy greater than $75,000 and complete
diversity of the parties. 28 U.S.C. § 1332. The record before us reflects that Berber
initially filed her case in state court, but the defendants removed the case to federal
court on the basis of diversity jurisdiction. Berber’s initial complaint contained
FPWA claims against Wells Fargo and Marsha Painter, Berber’s supervisor. Berber
and Wells Fargo are diverse, but Berber and Painter are both Florida residents, which
would defeat diversity jurisdiction in the case.
However, diversity jurisdiction can be restored if there was fraudulent joinder.
Under this rule, complete diversity can be re-established by dismissing non-diverse
parties like Painter if the removing party can show that the non-diverse party was
fraudulently joined. See Cabalceta v. Standard Fruit Co., 883 F.2d 1553, 1561 (11th
Cir. 1989). “In a removal case alleging fraudulent joinder, the removing party has
the burden of proving that either: (1) there is no possibility the plaintiff can establish
a cause of action against the resident defendant; or (2) the plaintiff has fraudulently
pled jurisdictional facts to bring the resident defendant into state court.” Crowe v.
Coleman, 113 F.3d 1536, 1538 (11th Cir.1997).
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Here, the district court determined that the defendants had met their burden to
prove that Painter was a fraudulently joined defendant because there was “no
possibility” that Berber could establish a cause of action against Painter. This is
because, it held, Painter could not qualify as an “employer” under the FPWA.
Because she had been fraudulently joined, the district court concluded that it had
diversity jurisdiction, and denied Berber’s motion for remand.
We cannot say that the district court erred in holding that Marsha Painter could
not be Berber’s employer under the FPWA and had been fraudulently joined. “The
determination of whether a resident defendant has been fraudulently joined must be
based upon the plaintiff’s pleadings at the time of removal, supplemented by any
affidavits and deposition transcripts submitted by the parties.” Pacheco de Perez v.
AT&T Co., 139 F.3d 1368, 1380 (11th Cir. 1998). At the time of removal, the only
complaint in federal court was Berber’s first state complaint, which only alleged
violations of the FPWA against Wells Fargo and Painter. 2 At the same time, Painter
had filed an unimpeached affidavit stating that Berber was not her employee, and
Wells Fargo filed an unchallenged affidavit stating that Berber was employed and
paid by Wells Fargo, not Painter.
2
Berber has since filed multiple amended complaints that have added additional counts against
Painter. These do not matter for the purposes of the fraudulent joinder analysis, which only
examines the pleadings at the time of removal. Pacheco de Perez, 139 F.3d at 1380.
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Under the FPWA, employers are defined as “any private individual, firm,
partnership, institution, corporation, or association that employs ten or more
persons.” Fla. Stat. § 448.101(3). Federal and Florida courts have found that
liability under the FPWA is limited to employers, not supervisors “act[ing] on behalf
of the employer.” E.g., Silverman v. Wells Fargo, Ins. Servs. USA, Inc., 20 F. Supp.
3d 1357, 1361 (S.D. Fla. 2014) (FPWA plaintiff’s supervisor at Wells Fargo cannot
be held individually liable); Tracey-Meddoff v. J. Altman Hair & Beauty Centre,
Inc., 899 So. 2d 1167, 1169 (Fla. Dist. Ct. App. 2005) (finding that the FPWA did
not authorize individual liability for officers of a defendant corporation). On this
record, we agree that Painter was not Berber’s employer. See Silverman, 20 F. Supp.
3d at 1361; Tracey-Meddoff, 899 So. 2d at 1169.
As for the two cases Painter cites, they are unhelpful. In Stillwell v. Allstate
Ins. Co., 663 F.3d 1329 (11th Cir. 2011), a panel of this Court concluded there was
no fraudulent joinder because it was possible under Georgia law that the plaintiff
could still have a legal claim against a defendant. Id. at 1334–35. In sharp contrast,
there is no possibility that Berber, based on her pleadings at the time of removal,
could assert a claim against Painter under the FPWA. Berber also cites Diaz v.
Imperial of Doral, Inc., 7 So. 3d 591 (Fla. 3d Dist. Ct. App. 2009), for the proposition
that “the existence of multiple employers of an employee presented a jury question.”
However, that case involved a competing factual record at trial, where two different
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corporate entities could have been the plaintiff’s employer. Id. at 592–93. This case
is clearly distinguishable -- as we’ve explained, the unimpeached evidence at the
time of removal indicated that Wells Fargo was Berber’s employer, not Painter.
Thus, the district court correctly held that Painter had been fraudulently joined and
that it had subject matter jurisdiction.
AFFIRMED.
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