Case: 19-10661 Date Filed: 01/08/2020 Page: 1 of 15
[DO NOT PUBLISH]
IN THE UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS
FOR THE ELEVENTH CIRCUIT
________________________
No. 19-10661
Non-Argument Calendar
________________________
D.C. Docket No. 1:16-cv-24918-JEM
DIANA BERBER,
Plaintiff - Appellant,
versus
WELLS FARGO, NA,
MARSHA PAINTER,
Defendants - Appellees.
________________________
Appeal from the United States District Court
for the Southern District of Florida
________________________
(January 8, 2020)
Before WILSON, WILLIAM PRYOR, and MARCUS, Circuit Judges.
PER CURIAM:
Diana Berber appeals from the district court’s orders granting summary
judgment on one count, granting a motion to dismiss on another, and striking a claim
Case: 19-10661 Date Filed: 01/08/2020 Page: 2 of 15
for punitive damages from her complaint, in a lawsuit she filed involving allegedly
fraudulent consumer practices by her former employer, Wells Fargo, NA. On
appeal, Berber argues that the district court erred in: (1) granting summary judgment
on her state law retaliation claim, which she brought under the Florida
Whistleblower Act (“FWA”), Fla. Stat. §§ 448.101-105; and (2) dismissing her
claim under the “Florida RICO” statute, Fla. Stat. § 772.103, for failure to state a
claim. Berber also requests that this Court certify a question of statutory
interpretation to the Florida Supreme Court, relating to the availability of punitive
damages under the FWA. After thorough review, we affirm the district court’s
rulings, and reject as moot the certification request.
I.
We review a district court’s decision granting summary judgment de novo.
Sierminski v. Transouth Fin. Corp., 216 F.3d 945, 949 (11th Cir. 2000). We construe
all facts and draw all reasonable inferences in favor of the non-moving party. Id. If,
after we do so, no genuine dispute of material fact remains, summary judgment is
proper. Id.
We also review the district court’s grant of a motion to dismiss de novo. Boyd
v. Warden, Holman Correctional Facility, 856 F.3d 853, 863–64 (11th Cir. 2017).
“To survive a motion to dismiss, a complaint must contain sufficient factual matter,
accepted as true, to ‘state a claim to relief that is plausible on its face.’” Ashcroft v.
2
Case: 19-10661 Date Filed: 01/08/2020 Page: 3 of 15
Iqbal, 556 U.S. 662, 678 (2009) (quoting Bell Atlantic Corp. v. Twombly, 550 U.S.
544, 570 (2007)). “Determining whether a complaint states a plausible claim for
relief [is] . . . a context-specific task that requires the reviewing court to draw on its
judicial experience and common sense.” Iqbal, 556 U.S. at 679. While we do accept
plausible allegations as true, we need not do the same for mere legal conclusions; a
complaint “must include enough facts to raise a right to relief above the speculative
level on the assumption that all the allegations in the complaint are true (even if
doubtful in fact).” Boyd, 856 F.3d at 864 (quoting Twombly, 550 U.S. at 555).
II.
The relevant facts, which are either undisputed or resolved in favor of Berber,
who is the non-moving party, are these. Diana Berber was hired by Wells Fargo as
a Personal Banker in Fort Lauderdale, Florida in July 2013. Her employment
continued until her termination on March 18, 2014. In her termination letter, Wells
Fargo explained that Berber had not met performance expectations for her position,
and had not performed what were termed “daily activities to attain sales goals.”
Two years after her termination, Berber filed this lawsuit in Florida state court
alleging a violation of the FWA and the Florida RICO statute. Wells Fargo removed
to the United States District Court for the Southern District of Florida under diversity
jurisdiction. 28 U.S.C. § 1332(a). In between Berber’s termination and initial
complaint, the federal government’s Consumer Financial Protection Bureau
3
Case: 19-10661 Date Filed: 01/08/2020 Page: 4 of 15
(“CFPB”) investigated Wells Fargo for fraudulent sales practices, and Wells Fargo
ultimately reached a settlement with the CFPB. Berber generally claims she was
fired for refusing to participate in these sales practices, which allegedly included
opening accounts and applying for credit cards on behalf of consumers without their
action or consent. The district court dismissed Berber’s Florida RICO allegation for
failure to state a claim, and later granted summary judgment on her FWA retaliation
claim. This timely appeal follows.
III.
First, we are unpersuaded by Berber’s argument that the district court erred in
granting summary judgment on her FWA claim. The FWA provides, in relevant
part, that “[a]n employer may not take any retaliatory personnel action against an
employee because the employee has . . . (3) [o]bjected to, or refused to participate
in, any activity, policy, or practice of the employer which is in violation of a law,
rule, or regulation.” Fla. Stat. § 448.102. A retaliation claim under the FWA is
guided by the same analysis as a Title VII federal claim. See, e.g., Sierminski, 216
F.3d at 950. Accordingly, a plaintiff claiming retaliation under the FWA must
establish a prima facie case by demonstrating: (1) she engaged in a statutorily
protected activity; (2) she suffered an adverse employment action; 1 and (3) the two
are causally related. See Olmsted v. Taco Bell Corp., 141 F.3d 1457, 1460 (11th Cir.
1
The adverse employment action prong is not at issue in this case.
4
Case: 19-10661 Date Filed: 01/08/2020 Page: 5 of 15
1998). The burden then switches to the defendant to offer a legitimate reason for the
adverse action; if the defendant can do so, the plaintiff then must prove that the
proffered reason is “mere pretext” for prohibited, retaliatory conduct. Id.; see also
McDonnell Douglas Corp. v. Green, 411 U.S. 792, 798 (1973).
In the operative complaint, which has been amended four times, Berber claims
she was terminated in violation of the FWA in retaliation for refusing to increase her
sales figures through the fraudulent opening of accounts for consumers, based on the
allegations Wells Fargo settled after her termination. However, Berber admits she
never was personally asked to engage in any fraudulent sales practices or directly
encouraged to do so; she was not even aware any fraud was taking place at the time.
She says she was inappropriately judged on her lower sales record against coworkers
with high sales, whom she “suspected” of engaging in fraud, but offers no support
for her suspicion that her coworkers in fact engaged in fraudulent practices.
Berber seems to be arguing that she was indirectly pressured to engage in
fraud, because the sales goals were so high as to be otherwise unattainable. But she
admits she was unaware that the sales conduct was potentially illegal, and that she
never reported any activity to management or outside of the company. Berber also
admits she never refused a request to engage in fraud. Berber says she “refused to
participate” in opening accounts for individuals who may not have needed them, but
admits there was “never an instance” where she was asked to engage in any type of
5
Case: 19-10661 Date Filed: 01/08/2020 Page: 6 of 15
fraudulent activity. Instead, she felt vaguely “pressured to generate sales.” The
district court granted summary judgment on Berber’s FWA claim, holding that
Berber failed to demonstrate that she “objected or refused to participate” in any
illegal activity. We agree.
A key element for any retaliation claim is to identify precisely the protected
activity that is being retaliated against. Berber’s claim fails here because there is
nothing in the record that creates a genuine issue of material fact that Berber ever
“refused” to do anything. She was never asked to commit fraud, never spoke out
against any alleged fraud being committed at the company, and, at the time, never
even knew the practices in question might be illegal. She also did not know fraud
was being committed by her coworkers, but “suspected” it was. At most, Berber has
alleged she felt “pressured” to increase her sales goals, but importantly, this pressure
was never characterized as pressure to commit fraud. It is a momentous leap to claim
that a failure to respond to general pressure to increase sales somehow transforms
into an active refusal to commit fraud under the FWA.
As for Berber’s suggestion that passive inaction is sufficient to qualify as a
“refusal” or objection under the FWA (or Title VII), we are unpersuaded. Berber
focuses on the phrase “refused to participate,” claiming she refused to engage in
fraud to increase sales. However, the word “refuse” (when, as here, it’s used with
an infinitive, like “to participate”) is defined as: “to show or express a positive
6
Case: 19-10661 Date Filed: 01/08/2020 Page: 7 of 15
unwillingness to do or comply with.” Webster’s Third New International Dictionary
1910 (2002). Under no interpretation of the facts did Berber express any “positive
unwillingness” to participate in the alleged fraud. At most, she felt vaguely
“pressured” to increase her sales, and she did not engage in illegal acts to alleviate
this pressure. This can hardly be characterized as a “positive unwillingness” to
engage in fraud, when she did not claim she was being specifically pressured to
commit fraud in the first place.
The flaw in Berber’s interpretation is also revealed by the purpose of the
FWA. The Florida Supreme Court has ruled that the FWA aims to achieve the same
goal as a similar Florida law regarding public employees: “to encourage the
elimination of public corruption by protecting public employees who ‘blow the
whistle.’” Arrow Air v. Walsh, 645 So. 2d 422, 424 (Fla. 1994) (quotations
omitted). 2 That is, the FWA is aimed at encouraging employees to speak out and
act when they witness illegality. Standing by and taking no action does not increase
illegal activity, but it also clearly does not “eliminate” it.
Under both the plain meaning of the word “refuse,” as well as the FWA’s goal
to encourage the active elimination of illegality, Berber’s argument about passive
2
Like the private employee provision at issue here, the public employee counterpart tracks the
language in the FWA as well, protecting employees who “refuse to participate” in activity
prohibited by the law. Fla Stat. § 112.3187(7).
7
Case: 19-10661 Date Filed: 01/08/2020 Page: 8 of 15
inaction falls flat. 3 Thus, because Berber has not identified any protected activity
she took to “object or refuse to participate [in]” against illegal activity, she has failed
to establish a prima facie case of retaliation under the FWA.
But even if Berber had established a prima facie case of retaliation, she has
failed to rebut Wells Fargo’s proffered legitimate reasons for her termination as
pretext. Berber appears to argue that because she was unable to meet the sales goals,
it was impossible to meet the goals without engaging in fraud. However, many other
legitimate explanations exist: higher effort by her coworkers, more time invested,
pre-existing relationships with potential customers, or simply an aptitude for sales.
Berber has offered nothing to support the idea that the sales goals were only
attainable through fraudulent means. Without offering more specificity, Berber has
not rebutted the proffered reason for her termination: she failed to meet her sales
goals.
3
Berber’s cited authority is unpersuasive. In Kearns v. Farmer Acquisition Co., a car salesman
was terminated after complaining to management that the dealership was not inspecting its cars
before sale, among other questionable practices. 157 So. 3d 458 (Fla. Dist. Ct. App. 2015).
However, we can easily identify the objection the plaintiff took: he repeatedly and explicitly made
complaints about the illegality of the actions. Id. at 461–62. Thus, that case does not help Berber’s
argument. Her second citation, Aery v. Wallace Lincoln-Mercury, LLC, is unpersuasive for the
same reason: the plaintiff there had a sit-down meeting with management to discuss an illicit part-
switching scheme. 118 So. 3d 904, 907–08 (Fla. Dist. Ct. App. 2013). Lastly, Berber’s citation
to United States v. Stein fares no better; Stein stands for the proposition that an affidavit need not
be disregarded merely because it is self-serving, but rather the self-serving element should be
weighed alongside the rest of the affidavit by the finder of fact. 881 F.3d 853, 858 (11th Cir.
2018). Here, we are not weighing evidence at all: even after taking any genuine factual dispute in
Berber’s favor, she still has not alleged any active refusal or action taken in opposition to illegality.
8
Case: 19-10661 Date Filed: 01/08/2020 Page: 9 of 15
Indeed, if anything, the record reveals additional legitimate justifications for
her firing. For example, Berber was cited for arriving to work late, failing to arrange
appointments with potential customers, and failing to organize out-of-office events
to generate sales. When we consider these reasons as a whole (all of which relate to
sales, the stated reason for her termination), Berber has not shown a genuine dispute
of material fact indicating that her failure to meet sales goals was a pretext for her
termination. Because Berber has no proof that fraud was required to meet the bank’s
demands, and because ample evidence supports a legitimate reason for her
termination, we affirm the district court’s grant of summary judgment on this claim.
We are also unconvinced by Berber’s argument that the district court erred in
dismissing her claim under Florida’s RICO statute, which alleged that an enterprise
of Wells Fargo, its parent company, and Berber’s supervisor committed fraud on
customers, resulting in Berber’s injury through her termination. Florida’s RICO
statute is largely modeled after the federal version and requires similar elements: (1)
conduct of (2) an enterprise (3) through a pattern (4) of criminal activity. Fla. Stat.
§ 772.103; see also, e.g., Gross v. State, 765 So. 2d 39, 42 (Fla. 2000) (“Given the
similarity of the state and federal statutes, Florida courts have looked to the federal
courts for guidance in construing RICO provisions.”); Bortell v. White Mts. Ins.
Grp., Ltd, 2 So. 3d 1041, 1047 (Fla. 4th DCA 2009). Like the federal version,
Florida courts have required a showing of proximate cause between the claimed
9
Case: 19-10661 Date Filed: 01/08/2020 Page: 10 of 15
injury and the predicate criminal act. See Bortell, 2 So. 3d at 1047; see also Holmes
v. Securities Investor Protection Corp., 503 U.S. 258, 268 (1992).
Here, the district court dismissed Berber’s argument for failure to state a claim
-- that is, the failure to plausibly allege proximate cause between her injury
(termination) and the predicate criminal act (committing fraud on customers).
While the sometimes-nebulous proximate cause analysis has frustrated courts for
generations, the facts as pled are beyond any reasonable definition of proximate
cause.
In Wells Fargo, we explained that for a statutory claim arising under the Fair
Housing Act, foreseeability of injury alone is not sufficient to satisfy proximate
cause. Instead, we must also identify “some direct relation between the injury
asserted and the injurious conduct alleged.” City of Miami v. Wells Fargo & Co.,
923 F.3d 1260, 1264 (11th Cir. 2019) (citing Bank of Am. Corp. v. City of Miami,
137 S. Ct. 1296, 1306 (2017)). That is, “while foreseeability ensures ‘cause,’ ‘some
direct relation’ ensures that the cause is sufficiently ‘proximate.’” Wells Fargo, 923
F.3d at 1272. We ask if there is “a direct, logical, and identifiable connection
between the injury sustained and its alleged cause. If there is no discontinuity to call
into question whether the alleged misconduct led to the injury, proximate cause will
have been adequately pled.” Id. at 1264. Further, the analysis will “depend[] in
10
Case: 19-10661 Date Filed: 01/08/2020 Page: 11 of 15
part on the ‘nature of the statutory cause of action.’” Id. at 1272 (citing Bank of
Am., 137 S. Ct. at 1306).
Specific to RICO, the Supreme Court has long required that there be “some
direct relation” between the claimed violation and resulting injury. Holmes, 503
U.S. at 268. In Holmes, the Supreme Court explained that “[a]llowing suits by those
injured only indirectly would open the door to massive and complex damages
litigation,” so “RICO’s remedial purposes would more probably be hobbled than
helped” by a relaxed proximate cause standard. Id. at 274. The Supreme Court
reiterated this standard of causation in Anza, a RICO case where the plaintiff claimed
injury resulting from a competitor failing to charge sales tax. Anza v. Ideal Steel
Supply Corp., 547 U.S. 451, 453–55 (2006). In Anza, again, the Supreme Court
concluded that proximate cause was lacking, because the “direct victim” of the
RICO violation was the state tax collector, not the plaintiff. Id. at 458. The Court
explained that the cause of the alleged harm (losing business due to a competitor’s
lower prices) was “entirely distinct from the alleged RICO violation (defrauding the
State),” and that any connection between the two was “attenuated.” Id. at 458–59.
Accordingly, our case law is clear: for a RICO claim, the plaintiff must identify
“some direct relation” between the injury and alleged RICO violation.
Viewing Berber’s allegation in the most generous light possible, she fails to
state a claim for relief. Berber argues the following chain under Florida RICO: The
11
Case: 19-10661 Date Filed: 01/08/2020 Page: 12 of 15
predicate conduct was that Wells Fargo allegedly committed fraud on its customers
by opening unrequested accounts in their name. The “enterprise” was between
Wells Fargo, its parent company, and Berber’s supervisor.4 The “pattern” was
ongoing fraud against customers. The “injury” was Berber’s termination and its
corresponding consequences.
Even under a generous construction of proximate cause, Berber’s injury was
disconnected from the alleged conduct against Wells Fargo customers. At best,
Berber’s termination was an unrelated consequence many steps down the causal
chain. Compare her claim to the facts in Wells Fargo. There, the casual chain was
easy to identify: Redlining leads to higher foreclosures. Higher foreclosures lead to
less tax revenue. Or, compare to Anza: A company fails to pay enough taxes, letting
them sell their own products for less, leading to a competitor’s loss of revenue. 547
U.S. at 453–55. That causal chain was far simpler than Berber’s, and even there the
Supreme Court found it insufficient. Here, Berber says that as a side effect of the
fraud on customers, she was fired for not similarly committing fraud. This is, at
best, a tenuous causal chain, and her own actions relating to coming into work late
4
The district court noted that an “enterprise” likely does not exist between Berber’s supervisor,
Wells Fargo N.A. (subsidiary), and Wells Fargo & Company (parent). The definition of
“enterprise” under both federal and Florida RICO is a hotly disputed area of law among the federal
circuits. Since Berber’s claim fails on other grounds, we need not address this issue. See United
States v. Goldin Indus., 219 F.3d 1271, 1276 n.7 (11th Cir. 2000) (declining to rule on whether a
parent/subsidiary relationship qualifies as an enterprise).
12
Case: 19-10661 Date Filed: 01/08/2020 Page: 13 of 15
and failing to conduct sales events likely sever whatever thin connection might have
existed.
Berber argues that Wells Fargo somehow lowers the bar to find proximate
cause. We are unpersuaded: the Supreme Court required us to increase our scrutiny
of proximate cause by analyzing not only foreseeability, but also whether there was
“some direct relation.” See Wells Fargo, 923 F.3d at 1264 (“The [Supreme] Court
held that the standard that this panel had applied -- foreseeability -- was not enough
on its own to demonstrate proximate cause.”). Further, RICO claims have long
required “some direct relation” between the injury and alleged RICO violation. See
Holmes, 503 U.S. at 268. Berber’s claim fails because allegedly defrauding banking
customers neither foreseeably leads to firing an employee, nor does it have any direct
relation. Despite its ever-expanding scope, RICO was never intended to allow for
sprawling civil causes of action. The Supreme Court in Anza expressly said there
was “no need to broaden the universe of actionable harms to permit RICO suits by
parties who have been injured only indirectly.” 547 U.S. at 460. Creative utilization
of RICO notwithstanding, under no interpretation could we envision the intent of the
law to allow for liability under Berber’s remote casual chain. 5 Accordingly, even
5
Berber’s other authority is also unhelpful. In Burgese v. Starwood Hotels & Resorts Worldwide,
Inc., a district court case in the Third Circuit, hotel staff had been involved in a prostitution scheme,
and the plaintiff brought a RICO claim after being assaulted by prostitutes in the hotel lobby. 101
F. Supp. 3d 414, 418 (D.N.J. 2015). Regardless of the accuracy of the proximate cause analysis
in that case, Berber’s causal chain is far less direct than the resulting injury there. Id. at 426.
13
Case: 19-10661 Date Filed: 01/08/2020 Page: 14 of 15
under a generous pleading standard, Berber has failed to plead a plausible claim
under RICO. We again must affirm.
Last, Berber asks us to certify a question about the availability of punitive
damages under the FWA to the Florida Supreme Court. Since we’ve rejected
Berber’s FWA retaliation claim, we deny this request as moot. But even if we had
ruled otherwise, we would still deny the request. Certification to a state supreme
court is warranted when “substantial doubt exists about the answer to a material state
law question.” Winn-Dixie Stores, Inc. v. Dolgencorp, LLC, 746 F.3d 1008, 1039
(11th Cir. 2014) (citation omitted). As the district court explained, the answer here
is clear: The FWA explicitly outlines the types of relief available, and punitive
damages did not make the list. See, e.g., Branche v. Airtran Airways, Inc., 314 F.
Supp. 2d 1194, 1197 (M.D. Fla. 2004); Hanna v. WCI Cmtys., Inc., 348 F. Supp. 2d
1332, 1333 (S.D. Fla. 2004). 6
Berber also offers K.T. v. Royal Caribbean Cruises, Ltd., 931 F.3d 1041 (11th Cir. 2019). But
K.T. was not a RICO case, and the Court found proximate cause when a cruise ship breached its
duty to guard an underage, intoxicated passenger from going to a cabin with a group of men.
Again, the causal chain there (overserving and failing to protect an underage passenger) was at
least somewhat related to the resulting injury (sexual assault). Those facts are distinct from
Berber’s.
6
Berber cannot claim that punitive damages were intended to be included as a residual catchall,
because the statute already contains one, allowing “[a]ny other compensatory damages allowable
at law.” Fla. Stat. § 448.103 (emphasis added).
14
Case: 19-10661 Date Filed: 01/08/2020 Page: 15 of 15
AFFIRMED.7
7
In addition, we DENY Berber’s motion to take judicial notice of the Wells Fargo settlement as
irrelevant, because even if we assume Wells Fargo settled claims of fraud, our evaluation of
Berber’s claims does not change.
15