In the Matter of the Termination of Parental Rights of: I.H., and E.H. (Mother) v. Indiana Department of Child Services and Child Advocates, Inc. (mem. dec.)

MEMORANDUM DECISION
Pursuant to Ind. Appellate Rule 65(D),
this Memorandum Decision shall not be FILED
regarded as precedent or cited before any Feb 21 2019, 8:42 am
court except for the purpose of establishing
the defense of res judicata, collateral CLERK
Indiana Supreme Court
Court of Appeals
estoppel, or the law of the case. and Tax Court

ATTORNEY FOR APPELLANT ATTORNEYS FOR APPELLEE
Danielle L. Gregory Curtis T. Hill, Jr.
Indianapolis, Indiana Attorney General of Indiana
Matthew Michaloski
Deputy Attorney General
Indianapolis, Indiana

IN THE
COURT OF APPEALS OF INDIANA

In the Matter of the Termination February 21, 2019
of Parental Rights of: Court of Appeals Case No.
18A-JT-2231
I. H.,
Appeal from the Marion Superior
and Court
E. H. (Mother), The Honorable Marilyn Moores,
Appellant-Respondent, Judge
The Honorable Larry Bradley,
v. Magistrate
Trial Court Cause No.
Indiana Department of Child 49D09-1802-JT-183
Services,
Appellee-Petitioner,

and

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 Child Advocates, Inc.,

Appellee-Guardian Ad Litem.

Riley, Judge.

STATEMENT OF THE CASE
[1] Appellant-Respondent, E.H. (Mother), appeals the termination of her parental

rights to her minor child, I.H. (Child).

[2] We affirm.

ISSUE
[3] Mother raises one issue on appeal, which we restate as: Whether the Indiana

Department of Child Services (DCS) presented clear and convincing evidence

to support the trial court’s termination of Mother’s parental rights.

FACTS AND PROCEDURAL HISTORY
[4] Mother gave birth to the Child on December 21, 2014. The Child’s putative

father was alleged to be either J.H. or J.T. The Child was initially removed

from Mother’s care on July 12, 2016 due to allegations of abuse and neglect.

Two days later, on July 14, 2016, DCS filed a Child in Need of Services

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 (CHINS) petition, alleging that Mother had failed to provide the Child with a

safe, stable, and appropriate living environment free from domestic violence.

DCS claimed that Mother had shown “a propensity of violence as evidenced by

her involvement in two altercations within a month—each within the presence

of the Child.” (Petitioner’s Exh. 1, p. 4). During the altercation, a window was

broken and Mother was punched in the face. When police officers arrived at

the scene, Mother refused to disclose the location of the Child, declaring “you’ll

never find her.” (Petitioner’s Exh. 1, p. 4). Marijuana and paraphernalia were

located in the residence and Mother admitted to being a regular user.

[5] During the pre-trial hearing on August 1, 2016, the trial court ordered the Child

returned to Mother, contingent on Mother’s participation in home-based

therapy, home-based case management services, random drug screens, and a

domestic violence assessment. Mother cared for the Child for approximately

two-and-one-half months, until she became “overwhelmed” and voluntarily

placed the Child in the care of Mother’s former foster parents. (Petitioner’s

Exh. 5, p. 24).

[6] On November 7, 2016, the trial court adjudicated the Child to be a CHINS

based on Mother’s history of domestic violence, her failure to successfully

complete classes, her eviction from the residence, and her on-going drug abuse.

Although the trial court initially placed the Child with Mother’s former foster

parents, in January 2018, the trial court placed the Child with the daughter and

husband of Mother’s former foster parents (Foster Parents). On December 5,

2016, the trial court ordered Mother to participate in supervised parenting time,

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 in addition to her participation in home-based case management, submission to

random drug screens and to follow all recommendations of her service

providers.

[7] During the pendency of the CHINS proceedings, Mother was in and out of jail.

Following a June 2, 2016 domestic violence incident, Mother was charged with

seven Counts. She pled guilty to domestic battery as a Class A misdemeanor

and was sentenced to probation. On March 29, 2017, Mother pled guilty to

possession of methamphetamine, after being charged with three drug-related

Counts, and was given a suspended sentence of 365 days. Mother’s probation

was revoked on May 10, 2017—following her guilty plea to Level 6 felony

invasion of privacy—and the court amended her sentence to community

corrections. Mother subsequently fled to Tennessee for several months to avoid

an outstanding warrant. Upon her return to Indiana in October 2017, she was

arrested while visiting the Child and incarcerated for approximately three

months.

[8] Mother was not consistently employed because her criminal history made it

“very difficult” to find a position. (Transcript p. 45). Mother also failed to

benefit from court-ordered services. While Mother initially participated in

domestic violence therapy, she stopped attending sessions in November 2016.

DCS referred her again for classes in 2017, but Mother could not be reached.

She eventually engaged in individual therapy upon her release from

incarceration in 2018; however, these services were not provided by DCS and

information from the sessions was not submitted to DCS. Likewise, Mother

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 did not successfully complete home-based case management. DCS deemed the

service necessary because Mother was facing homelessness and the classes

would aid her in finding stability and housing. Although Mother participated

in the beginning, DCS closed out this service in November 2016 after a period

of non-attendance. Mother was again referred in 2017, but then refused to

participate.

[9] Mother never graduated from supervised visitation because she failed to utilize

her parenting time in order for DCS to recommend a change. While parental

visits were suspended in October 2017 due to non-compliance and her

incarceration, visitation was resumed in January 2018. After the visits with

Mother resumed, a change was noted in the Child’s behavior, with her

becoming unruly and disrespectful. Mother did not always respond to this

behavior appropriately and occasionally broke down in tears, prompting her to

end visits with the Child early.

[10] Mother was addicted to illegal drugs before and during the pendency of the

CHINS proceeding. She admitted to regular use of marijuana and was found to

be in possession of marijuana and paraphernalia during her June 2016 arrest.

After leaving the Child with her former foster parents, Mother became addicted

to methamphetamine and pled guilty to possession thereof in March 2017. The

drug screen referral was eventually closed out for noncompliance. If Mother

had been compliant and engaged in random drug screens since July 2016, DCS

would have received results for “more than 50 drug screens.” (Tr. p. 81). In

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 actuality, only about 5 were received, and the test results were “mostly

positive.” (Tr. p. 84).

[11] At the time of the termination hearing, the Child had been placed outside of

Mother’s care for twenty months. She was “thriving” with her Foster Parents,

who intend to adopt her. (Tr. p. 106). Even though the Child is doing well, she

became susceptible to nightmares and wakes up crying after the visits with

Mother resumed in January 2018. Foster Parents noticed that the Child is

“really tired” and “completely drained of all her energy” following visits. (Tr.

p. 70). The Child was referred for therapeutic services to identify any stress and

to learn coping skills. While at first the Child was observed to be carefree, she

later started to express anger. The therapist correlated the Child’s acting out

with the parenting time sessions with Mother, and expressed a concern that the

visits were a trigger for the Child’s adverse behavior.

[12] On February 13, 2018, DCS filed a petition for the involuntary termination of

Mother’s parental rights, as both alleged fathers consented to the adoption of

the Child. On July 10, 2018 and August 1, 2018, the trial court conducted a

hearing on DCS’s petition. During the hearing, Family Case Manager Cinthya

Trujillo (FCM Trujillo) testified about the Child’s removal, the domestic

violence concerns, Mother’s failure to complete services, her drug abuse,

unemployment, and inability to financially provide for her or her Child. FCM

Trujillo advised against placement with Mother because Mother “was in and

out of jail and not meeting with providers to help her to get stable and make

positive life changes to her lifestyle.” (Tr. p. 82). She opined that continuation

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of the parent-child relationship posed a threat to the Child’s well-being, that

termination was in the Child’s best interests, and that the pre-adoptive home

with the Foster Parents was an appropriate placement. The Child’s Guardian

ad Litem (GAL) expressed concern about Mother’s substance abuse and the

possibility that her temporary living arrangements could suddenly end. She

advised that termination of Mother’s rights would be in the Child’s best

interests. In her opinion, additional time for Mother to complete the services

was not warranted because Mother “has had ample opportunity to complete the

services but due to her criminal warrants and her fleeing or leaving the state to

get sober and to avoid warrants,” she put “herself in a position to not be able to

complete the services and that should not delay the progress or permanency

for” the Child. (Tr. p. 111). On August 20, 2018, the trial court terminated

Mother’s parental rights to the Child, concluding, in pertinent part:

30. There is a reasonable probability that the conditions that
resulted in [the Child’s] removal and continued placement
outside the home will not be remedied by her [M]other. Two
years have elapsed since [the Child’s] CHINS case was filed and
no services have been completed to address domestic violence,
past trauma and mental health concerns and stable independent
housing with adequate income. Sobriety has not been
demonstrated.

31. There is a reasonable probability that the continuation of the
parent-child relationship poses a threat to [the Child’s] well-being
in that it would pose as a barrier to obtaining permanency for her
through an adoption which [Mother] has not put herself in a
position to offer permanency.

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 ****

42. Termination of the parent-child relationship is in the best
interests of [the Child]. Termination would allow her to be
adopted into a stable and permanent home where her needs will
be safely met.

43. There exists a satisfactory plan for the future care and
treatment of [the Child], that being adoption.

(Appellant’s App. Vol. II, pp. 83-84).

[13] Mother now appeals. Additional facts will be provided if necessary.

DISCUSSION AND DECISION
I. Standard of Review

[14] Mother challenges the termination of her parental rights to the Child. The

Fourteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution protects the

traditional right of parents to establish a home and raise their children. Bester v.

Lake Cnty. Office of Family & Children, 839 N.E.2d 143, 147 (Ind. 2005). “A

parent’s interest in the care, custody, and control of his or her children is

‘perhaps the oldest of the fundamental liberty interests.’” Id. (quoting Troxel v.

Granville, 530 U.S. 57, 65 (2000)). However, parental rights “are not absolute

and must be subordinated to the child’s interests in determining the proper

disposition of a petition to terminate parental rights.” Id. If “parents are unable

or unwilling to meet their parental responsibilities,” termination of parental

rights is appropriate. Id. We recognize that the termination of a parent-child

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 relationship is “an ‘extreme measure’ and should only be utilized as a ‘last

resort when all other reasonable efforts to protect the integrity of the natural

relationship between parent and child have failed.’” K.E. v. Ind. Dep’t of Child

Servs., 39 N.E.3d 641, 646 (Ind. 2015).

[15] Indiana courts rely on a “deferential standard of review in cases concerning the

termination of parental rights” due to the trial court’s “unique position to assess

the evidence.” In re A.K., 924 N.E.2d 212, 219 (Ind. Ct. App. 2010), trans.

dismissed. Our court neither reweighs evidence nor assesses the credibility of

witnesses. K.T.K. v. Ind. Dep’t of Child Servs., 989 N.E.2d 1225, 1229 (Ind.

2013). We consider only the evidence and any reasonable inferences that

support the trial court’s judgment, and we accord deference to the trial court’s

“opportunity to judge the credibility of the witnesses firsthand.” Id. Where, as

in this case, the trial court enters special findings of fact and conclusions

thereon under Indiana Trial Rule 52(A), we evaluate whether the trial court’s

decision is clearly erroneous. Id. Under this standard, we must determine

“whether the evidence clearly and convincingly supports the findings and the

findings clearly and convincingly support the judgment.” Id. at 1230.

II. Termination of Parental Rights Statute

[16] In order to terminate a parent’s rights to her child, DCS must prove:

(A) that one (1) of the following is true:

(i) The child has been removed from the parent for at least six (6)
months under a dispositional decree.
****

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 (iii) The child has been removed from the parent and has been
under the supervision of a local office . . . for at least fifteen (15)
months of the most recent twenty-two (22) months, beginning
with the date the child is removed from the home as a result of
the child being alleged to be a [CHINS] . . . ;

(B) that one (1) of the following is true:

(i) There is a reasonable probability that the conditions that
resulted in the child’s removal or the reasons for placement
outside the home of the parents will not be remedied.

(ii) There is a reasonable probability that the continuation of the
parent-child relationship poses a threat to the well-being of the
child.

(iii) The child has, on two (2) separate occasions, been
adjudicated a [CHINS];

(C) that termination is in the best interests of the child; and

(D) that there is a satisfactory plan for the care and treatment of
the child.

Ind. Code § 31-35-2-4(b)(2). DCS must prove each of the foregoing elements by

clear and convincing evidence. C.A. v. Ind. Dep’t of Child Servs., 15 N.E.3d 85,

92 (Ind. Ct. App. 2014). “[C]lear and convincing evidence requires the

existence of a fact to ‘be highly probable.’” Id. On appeal, Mother does not

contest the trial court’s findings that the Child has been removed from the home

for the requisite period of time.

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 A. Conditions have not been remedied 1

[17] Mother claims that there is insufficient evidence to support the trial court’s

determination that the conditions which resulted in the removal of the Child

have not been remedied. It is well established that “[a] trial court must judge a

parent’s fitness as of the time of the termination hearing and take into

consideration evidence of changed conditions.” Stone v. Daviess Cnty. Div. of

Children & Family Servs., 656 N.E.2d 824, 828 (Ind. Ct. App. 1995), trans. denied.

In judging fitness, a trial court may properly consider, among other things, a

parent’s substance abuse and lack of adequate housing and employment.

McBride v. Monroe Co. OFC, 798 N.E.2d 185, 199 (Ind. Ct. App. 2003). The trial

court may also consider a parent’s failure to respond to services. Lang v. Starke

Co. OFC, 861 N.E.2d 366, 372 (Ind. Ct. App. 2007), trans. denied. “[H]abitual

patterns of conduct must be evaluated to determine whether there is a

substantial probability of future neglect or deprivation.” Stone, 656 N.E.2d at

828. A trial court “need not wait until the children are irreversibly influenced

by their deficient lifestyle such that their physical, mental and social growth is

permanently impaired before terminating the parent-child relationship.” Id.

Furthermore, “[c]lear and convincing evidence need not reveal that the

continued custody of the parents is wholly inadequate for the child’s very

1
Indiana Code section 31-35-2-4(b)(2)(B) is written in the disjunctive; therefore, DCS is required to prove
only one of three listed elements. See In re A.K., 924 N.E.2d at 220-21. In this case, the trial court based its
termination decision on DCS’s satisfaction of Indiana Code section 31-35-2-4(b)(2)(B)(i) & (ii)—that the
conditions that resulted in the Child’s removal have not been remedied and the continuation of the parent-
child relationship poses a threat to the Child’s well-being.

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 survival. Rather, it is sufficient to show by clear and convincing evidence that

the child’s emotional and physical development are threatened by the

respondent parent’s custody.” K.T.K., 989 N.E.2d at 1230.

[18] The trial court found that

There is a reasonable probability that the conditions that resulted
in [the Child’s] removal and continued placement outside the
home will not be remedied by her [M]other. Two years have
elapsed since [the Child’s] CHINS case was filed and no services
have been completed to address domestic violence, past trauma
and mental health concerns, and stable independent housing with
adequate income. Sobriety has also not been demonstrated.

(Appellants’ App. Vol. II, p. 83).

[19] In support of her argument that the conditions which resulted in the removal of

the Child have been remedied, Mother admits that while there might have been

a brief period of homelessness, she now has secured stable housing with a

friend. At the time of the termination hearing, she reported that she had several

job interviews and was financially supported by her friend until she could find

suitable employment. She claims to have voluntarily addressed her domestic

violence and trauma concerns by seeing a therapist every other week upon her

release from incarceration and voluntarily submitted to drug screens through an

independent agency. Despite her challenges in parenting the Child during

supervised visitations, Mother asserts that she enjoys a close bond with her

daughter.

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[20] Upon review of the evidence, we find that DCS clearly established that Mother

did not remedy the conditions which resulted in the removal of the Child in the

first place. Mother was referred to case management services on August 1,

2016; however, due to non-participation, the service was closed out by

November 2016. Even when DCS offered to reestablish certain services after

these had been discontinued due to Mother’s noncompliance, Mother refused.

Likewise, Mother failed to successfully complete therapy to address her trauma

and domestic violence issues. Although Mother voluntarily attended therapy

sessions prior to the termination hearing, these services were not conducted

through DCS and information from the sessions was not submitted to the trial

court or DCS.

[21] At the termination hearing, it was revealed that Mother did not have any

“independent housing during the CHINS case” and was living with a friend

since January 2018. (Appellant’s App. Vol. II, p. 83). While Mother’s friend

allowed her to stay until she got on her feet, this housing arrangement was

fragile because Mother’s friend testified that she intended to turn Mother out if

she relapsed into substance abuse. Moreover, the friend herself relied on

support from her estranged husband, resulting in the trial court to conclude that

“[a]lthough the housing is stable, it can change at any time.” (Appellant’s App.

Vol. II, p. 83). Even though Mother testified to being drug-free, she failed to

submit to drug screens to monitor compliance. Only about 5 were received by

DCS, and the test results were “mostly positive.” (Tr. p. 84). The drug screen

referral was eventually closed out for noncompliance. If Mother had been

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 compliant with engaging in random drug screens since July 2016, DCS would

have received results for “more than 50 drug screens.” (Tr. p. 81). Mother now

draws attention to the drug screens that she voluntarily performed through an

independent agency, but this action is not the same as complying with the

particular services referred to her by DCS, which included more than drug

screening. At the time of the termination hearing, Mother still had not secured

employment, instead relying on her friend for financial support and excusing

herself by claiming that her background made it hard for her to find

employment.

[22] Even though Mother attempted to regularly visit with the Child when she was

not incarcerated, she never progressed to unsupervised visitation. During the

visits, it was clear that Mother and Child are bonded and clearly love each

other. However, testimony also reflected that, lately, the visitations had

become problematic. At times, the Child would become disrespectful and

unruly. Mother did not always respond to these tantrums appropriately and

would break down in tears or end the visit early.

[23] Accordingly, as the record reflects substantive evidence documenting Mother’s

pattern of inability, unwillingness, and lack of commitment to address parenting

problems, to cooperate with services, to address her substance abuse problem,

and her failure to otherwise successfully complete the participation services, the

trial court’s conclusion that there is a reasonable probability that the conditions

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 that resulted in the Child’s removal from Mother’s care have not been remedied

was not clearly erroneous. 2

B. Best Interests of the Child

[24] Mother also challenges the trial court’s determination that termination of her

parental rights is in the best interests of the Child. The parent-child relationship

is “one of the most valued relationships in our culture.” Bester, 839 N.E.2d at

147 (quoting Neal v. DeKalb Cnty. Div of Family & Children, 796 N.E.2d 280, 285

(Ind. 2003)). Thus, the purpose of terminating a parent-child relationship is to

protect the child, not to punish the parent. In re C.C., 788 N.E.2d 847, 855 (Ind.

Ct. App. 2003), trans. denied. When considering whether termination would be

in a child’s best interests, the trial court must “look beyond the factors identified

by [DCS] and . . . look to the totality of the evidence.” A.D.S. v. Ind. Dep’t of

Child Servs., 987 N.E.2d 1150, 1158 (Ind. Ct. App. 2013), trans. denied. “The

trial court need not wait until the child is irreversibly harmed such that the

child’s physical, mental and social development is permanently impaired before

terminating the parent-child relationship.” K.T.K., 989 N.E.2d at 1235.

Permanency is a central consideration in determining a child’s best interests.

Id. “[T]he right of parents to raise their children should not be terminated solely

2
Because Indiana Code section 31-35-2-4(b)(2)(B) is written in the disjunctive and we affirmed the trial
court’s conclusion that the conditions that resulted in the Child’s removal have not been remedied, we will
not address whether the continuation of the parent-child relationship poses a threat to the Child’s well-being.

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 because there is a better home available for the children.” In re K.S., 750

N.E.2d 832, 837 (Ind. Ct. App. 2001).

[25] In concluding that termination would serve the Child’s best interests, the trial

court relied, in part, on FCM’s Trujillo testimony which supported termination

“due to [Mother’s] poor decisions, her relying on others for stability, and the

current caregivers being committed to [the Child],” as well as the GAL’s

statement not to allow Mother more time because “she failed to do what

needed to be done and it would be unfair to deny [the Child] permanency.”

(Appellant’s App. Vol. II, p. 84).

[26] It is well established that “[a] parent’s historical inability to provide a suitable

environment, along with the parent’s current inability to do the same, supports

a finding that termination of parental rights is in the best interests of the

children.” In re J.C., 994 N.E.2d 278, 290 (Ind. Ct. App. 2013). Moreover, the

testimony of the DCS caseworker and child advocates is sufficient to support

the trial court’s conclusion that termination is in the Child’s best interests. See

McBride, 798 N.E.2d at 203. Here, DCS, the Child’s GAL, and FCM Trujillo

all testified regarding their concerns about Mother’s inability to take proper care

of the Child. There is no dispute that Mother loves her; however, Mother did

not have stable housing, employment, or a demonstrated and continued

abstinence from methamphetamine.

[27] Furthermore, by the time of the termination hearing, the Child had been

removed from Mother’s care for more than twenty months, during which time

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 she thrived. Even though the Child is doing well, testimony by Foster Parents

revealed that she has become susceptible to nightmares and wakes up crying

after the visits with Mother resumed in January 2018. Foster Parents noticed

that the Child is “really tired” and “completely drained of all her energy”

following visits. (Tr. p. 70). The Child was referred for therapeutic services to

identify any stress and to learn coping skills. While, at first, the Child was

observed to be carefree, she later started to express anger. The therapist

correlated the Child’s acting out with the parenting time sessions with Mother,

and opined that the visits are a trigger for the Child’s adverse behavior.

[28] In her appellate brief, Mother identified concerns with Foster Parents’ finances

and mental health as a reason weighing against the trial court’s conclusion. On

cross-examination, Foster Parents dispelled these concerns, with foster mother

explaining that she had received financial assistance a long time ago but was

now working full-time. She clarified that she had never been diagnosed with

any mental health issue and had no problems at the time of the hearing.

[29] Therefore, based on the totality of the evidence, we find that there is ample

support for the trial court’s determination that termination of Mother’s parental

rights is in the Child’s best interests.

C. Satisfactory Plan

[30] As a final contention, Mother challenges DCS’s plan for the future care and

treatment of the Child. In order for the trial court to terminate the parent-child

relationship, the court must find that there is a satisfactory plan for the care and

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 treatment of the child. In re S.L.H.S., 885 N.E.2d 603, 618 (Ind. Ct. App. 2008).

This plan need not be detailed, so long as it offers a general sense of the

direction in which the child will be going after the parent-child relationship is

terminated. Id. Here, DCS’s plan was for the Child to be adopted by Foster

Parents. Accordingly, the evidence supports the trial court’s finding that DCS

had a satisfactory plan for the care and treatment of the Child. See In re D.D.,

804 N.E.2d 258, 268 (Ind. Ct. App. 2004) (concluding that the State’s plan for

child to be adopted by current foster parents or another family constitutes a

suitable plan for child’s future care), trans. denied.

CONCLUSION
[31] Based on the foregoing, we conclude that DCS presented clear and convincing

evidence to support the trial court’s order terminating Mother’s parental rights

to the Child.

[32] Affirmed.

[33] Kirsch, J. and Robb, J. concur

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