J-S10001-19
NON-PRECEDENTIAL DECISION - SEE SUPERIOR COURT I.O.P. 65.37
IN THE INTEREST OF: J.A.M.R., A : IN THE SUPERIOR COURT OF
MINOR : PENNSYLVANIA
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APPEAL OF: N.M., MOTHER :
:
:
:
: No. 3287 EDA 2018
Appeal from the Order Entered October 15, 2018
In the Court of Common Pleas of Philadelphia County Family Court at
No(s): CP-51-AP-0001230-2017,
FID: 51-FN-004296-2011
IN THE INTEREST OF: J.R., A MINOR : IN THE SUPERIOR COURT OF
: PENNSYLVANIA
:
APPEAL OF: N.M, MOTHER :
:
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:
:
: No. 3350 EDA 2018
Appeal from the Order Entered October 15, 2018
In the Court of Common Pleas of Philadelphia County Domestic Relations
at No(s): CP-51-DP-0001020-2013,
FID 51-FN-004296-2011
BEFORE: GANTMAN, P.J.E., STABILE, J., and COLINS*, J.
MEMORANDUM BY COLINS, J.: FILED MARCH 05, 2019
In these consolidated appeals, Appellant, N.M. (“Mother”), appeals from
the orders of the Court of Common Pleas of Philadelphia County, entered
October 15, 2018, that terminated her parental rights to her child, J.A.M.R.
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* Retired Senior Judge assigned to the Superior Court.
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(“the Child”), born 2013, and changed the Child’s permanency goal from
reunification with Mother to adoption. We affirm.
The facts and procedural history underlying this appeal are as follows.
On March 22, 2016, the Department of Human Services (“DHS”) received a
report that Mother was outside with the Child for several hours and that
Mother told police that there were people trying to break into her home
through the chimney and cracks in the walls. See Trial Court Opinion, filed
December 11, 2018, at 1-2. The Child “was covered in feces and had not had
a bath[.]” N.T., 10/15/2018, at 4. Mother was involuntarily committed to a
mental health institution, and the Child was initially placed with his maternal
grandfather but was later removed to a crisis nursery, followed by a foster
home. See Trial Court Opinion, filed December 11, 2018, at 2.
On May 4, 2016, a case manager from a community umbrella agency
(“CUA”), Northeast Treatment Center, visited Mother and discovered that
Mother was not taking her mental health medication. On May 16, 2016, the
Child was adjudicated dependent. On August 11, 2016, DHS established a
single case plan (“SCP”) for Mother; the SCP required Mother to commit to
mental health treatment, to take her medication, to comply with all
instructions from the CUA, to maintain appropriate housing, and to attend
supervised visitation with the Child.
On December 20, 2017, DHS filed a petition to terminate Mother’s
parental rights to the Child pursuant to 23 Pa.C.S. § 2511(a)(1), (2), (5), (8)
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and (b) and to change the Child’s permanency goal from reunification with
Mother to adoption. On October 15, 2018, during the hearing on the
termination and goal change petition, a CUA case manager testified that
Mother was consistently non-compliant with her SCP objectives, even though
“referrals [were] made for [M]other to engage in a program she needed in
order to complete those objectives[.]” N.T., 10/15/2018, at 6-7; see also
Trial Court Opinion, filed December 11, 2018, at 2. The case manager added
that, had Mother requested assistance for housing, her agency would have
referred Mother to a housing program. N.T., 10/15/2018, at 12.
The CUA case manager further testified that Mother’s visits with the
Child were “suspended over a year ago due to her unaddressed mental health
issues.” Id. at 7. Her testimony continued:
Q. With respect to any parental duties for [the Child], has
[M]other inquired at all as to how [the Child] is doing in school or
medically or just generally?
A. No.
Q. Did you provide [Mother] with your own personal
information, your phone number, your agency’s address and your
card?
A. At the last court date.
Q. In your opinion, did she have opportunity to inform you if
she complied with any of her objectives?
A. Yes, she would have.
Q. Would you give her that information so she could inquire
about any of [the Child]’s needs if she chose?
A. Sure. . . .
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Q. In your opinion, at this time, with whom do you believe that
[the Child] shares primary parent/child bond?
A. With his foster parents.
Q. And do you have any reason to think that [the Child] shares
a parent child relationship with [Mother]?
A. No. . . .
Q. Have you observed any signs of irreparable harm to [the
Child] from not having been in contact with his mother?
A. No, I haven’t. . . .
Q. Where does [the Child] say he wants to stay?
A. He said he wants to stay at mom-mom’s forever and ever.
Id. at 12-15. “Mom-mom” is the name the Child calls his foster/pre-adoptive
mother. Id. at 15.
Mother’s counsel cross-examined the CUA case manager. Id. at 20-23.
During cross-examination, the CUA case manager testified that she never saw
any interaction between Mother and the Child and never noticed any bond
between them. Id. at 21.
Mother interrupted the CUA case manager’s testimony twice. First, she
called out that the Child “had not been left alone[.]” Id. at 4. The second
time, after the CUA case manager stated that “it would be unsafe” to reunify
Mother and the Child, Mother interjected, “It’s not unsafe to be with my
child[.]” Id. at 8. The trial court warned Mother that she “will be taken out
of the room and . . . will not be here to participate” if she interrupted again.
Id. Mother replied that “the Court of law is lying, I need my son back.” Id.
The trial court asked the sheriff to escort Mother from the courtroom. Id.
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After repeatedly demanding, “You need to return my son,” Mother left the
courtroom and never returned. Id. at 9-10.
After DHS finished presenting its evidence, the trial court asked Mother’s
counsel whether he had any evidence, and he responded: “No evidence right
now.” Id. at 24. After DHS gave its closing argument, Mother’s counsel
“ask[ed] that [the trial court] hold off from [its] decision until [Mother is] able
to come in and testify on her behalf[.]” Id. at 25. The trial court asked
Mother’s counsel what would happen if Mother were allowed to return to the
courtroom, and counsel answered, “I know she probably wants to testify at
the hearing[.]” Id. at 29. The trial court denied counsel’s request for a
continuance to present more evidence, because he had previously closed his
case. Id. at 26-29.
At the conclusion of the hearing, the trial court entered an order
involuntarily terminating Mother’s parental rights to the Child pursuant to 23
Pa.C.S. § 2511(a)(1), (2), (5), (8) and (b) and an order changing the Child’s
permanency goal from reunification to adoption. On November 4, 2018,
Mother filed timely direct appeals of both orders, along with concise
statements of errors complained of on appeal for both. See Pa.R.A.P.
1925(a)(2)(i).1
Mother presents the following issues for our review:
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1The trial court entered its opinion on December 11, 2018. See Pa.R.A.P.
1925(a)(2)(ii).
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1. Did the [trial court] rule[] in error in not granting Mother’s
counsel a continuance so Mother could testify at the hearing[?]
2. Did the [t]rial [court] rule in error that the Philadelphia City
Solicitor’s Office[2 met] its burden of proof that Mother’[s]
parental rights to her child[] should be terminated[?]
3. Did the trial [court] rule in error that the termination of
Mother’s []parental rights would best serve the needs and welfare
of the child[?]
4. Did the [t]rial [court] rule in error that the Philadelphia City
Solicitor’s Office [met] its burden of proof that the goal be changed
to adoption[?]
Mother’s Brief at 3.
Mother first contends that the trial court erred and violated her due
process rights by not granting her counsel’s motion for a continuance so that
she could testify at the termination and goal change hearing. Mother’s Brief
at 5-6.3 Mother’s brief does not specify the content of the testimony that
Mother would have given, had a continuance been granted. Id.
“[A] trial court’s grant or denial of a request for a continuance will not
be disturbed absent an abuse of discretion.” In re A.N.P., 155 A.3d 55, 66
(Pa. Super. 2017) (citation omitted).
It is well settled that termination of parental rights implicates a
parent’s Fourteenth Amendment right to due process. See In the
Interest of A.P., 692 A.2d 240, 242 (Pa. Super. 1997) (stating
that parents have a “fundamental liberty interest ... in the care,
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2 The Office of the City Solicitor’s Child Welfare Unit represents DHS.
3The trial court did not address this issue in its opinion, see generally Trial
Court Opinion, filed December 11, 2018, even though it was preserved in
Mother’s concise statement of errors complained of on appeal. Appellant’s
Concise Statement of Matters Complained of on Appeal, Docket Number CP-
51-AP-0001230-2017, 11/4/2018, at 2 ¶ 3.
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custody, and management of their children”). An individual whose
parental rights are to be terminated must be given due process of
law, as the termination of parental rights is a constitutionally-
protected action.
Id. (some citations omitted).
“Due process requires nothing more than adequate notice, an
opportunity to be heard, and the chance to defend oneself in an impartial
tribunal having jurisdiction over the matter. Due process is flexible and calls
for such procedural protections as the situation demands.” Id. (internal
citations and quotation marks omitted). In the current action, Mother does
not allege that she lacked adequate notice or that the trial court was not
impartial or lacked jurisdiction. See id.; Mother’s Brief at 5-6. Consequently,
we only need consider whether Mother had an opportunity to be heard and a
chance to defend herself. A.N.P., 155 A.3d at 66.
In In re Adoption of Dale A., II, 683 A.2d 297 (Pa. Super. 1996), this
Court considered whether a father’s due process rights were violated during a
termination hearing, where he did not participate in the hearing in person or
by telephone. This Court concluded that his rights were not violated, because
he “had access to the court through his court-appointed attorney, who cross-
examined all witnesses presented, and through the presentation of evidence
by interrogatory.” Id. at 300.
In the current appeal, we likewise find no deprivation by the trial court
of Mother’s due process rights. Mother was represented by counsel at all times
throughout the proceedings. While she was not able to participate, her
counsel had an opportunity to and did cross-examine the sole witness. See
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id.; N.T., 10/15/2018, at 20-23. Although, unlike the father in Dale A., 683
A.2d at 300, Mother did not present evidence by interrogatory, when asked
by the trial court what would happen if Mother returned to the courtroom,
Mother’s counsel was unable to articulate any additional evidence that she
would have provided if she were to testify, N.T., 10/15/2018, at 29, and
Mother’s brief also does not explain what further information she would have
provided to the trial court had she testified, Mother’s Brief at 5-6. The trial
court thus did not abuse its discretion by denying Mother’s counsel’s request
for a continuance. See A.N.P., 155 A.3d at 66.
We now turn to Mother’s contention that the trial court abused its
discretion by terminating her parental rights. Mother’s Brief at 6-7. We
consider Mother’s challenges to the termination of her parental rights in light
of our well-settled standard of review:
The standard of review in termination of parental rights cases
requires appellate courts to accept the findings of fact and
credibility determinations of the trial court if they are supported
by the record. If the factual findings are supported, appellate
courts review to determine if the trial court made an error of law
or abused its discretion. A decision may be reversed for an abuse
of discretion only upon demonstration of manifest
unreasonableness, partiality, prejudice, bias, or ill-will. The trial
court’s decision, however, should not be reversed merely because
the record would support a different result. We have previously
emphasized our deference to trial courts that often have first-hand
observations of the parties spanning multiple hearings.
In re T.S.M., 71 A.3d 251, 267 (Pa. 2013) (citations, brackets, and quotation
marks omitted).
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It is well settled that a party seeking termination of a parent’s
rights bears the burden of proving the grounds to so do by clear
and convincing evidence, a standard which requires evidence that
is so clear, direct, weighty, and convincing as to enable the trier
of fact to come to a clear conviction, without hesitance, of the
truth of the precise facts in issue.
In re K.T.E.L., 983 A.2d 745, 750 (Pa. Super. 2009) (citation and internal
quotation marks omitted).
The trial court terminated Mother’s parental rights pursuant to 23
Pa.C.S. § 2511(a)(1), (2), (5), (8) and (b). We will affirm if we agree with
the trial court’s decision as to any one subsection of 23 Pa.C.S. § 2511(a) and
its decision as to § 2511(b). In re B.L.W., 843 A.2d 380, 384 (Pa. Super.
2004) (en banc).
In the current case, we affirm the trial court’s decision to terminate
Mother’s parental rights to the Child under subsections 2511(a)(2) and (b),
which provide:
(a) General rule.—The rights of a parent in regard to a child may
be terminated after a petition filed on any of the following
grounds: . . .
(2) The repeated and continued incapacity, abuse, neglect
or refusal of the parent has caused the child to be without
essential parental care, control or subsistence necessary for
his physical or mental well-being and the conditions and
causes of the incapacity, abuse, neglect or refusal cannot or
will not be remedied by the parent.
* * *
(b) Other considerations.—The court in terminating the right of
a parent shall give primary consideration to the developmental,
physical and emotional needs and welfare of the child. The rights
of a parent shall not be terminated solely on the basis of
environmental factors such as inadequate housing furnishings,
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income, clothing and medical care if found to be beyond the
control of the parent.
23 Pa.C.S. § 2511(a)(2), (b).
In order to terminate parental rights pursuant to 23
Pa.C.S.A. § 2511(a)(2), the following three elements must
be met: (1) repeated and continued incapacity, abuse,
neglect or refusal; (2) such incapacity, abuse, neglect or
refusal has caused the child to be without essential parental
care, control or subsistence necessary for his physical or
mental well-being; and (3) the causes of the incapacity,
abuse, neglect or refusal cannot or will not be remedied.
In re Adoption of M.E.P., 825 A.2d 1266, 1272 (Pa. Super.
2003) (citation omitted). “The grounds for termination due to
parental incapacity that cannot be remedied are not limited to
affirmative misconduct. To the contrary, those grounds may
include acts of refusal as well as incapacity to perform parental
duties.” In re A.L.D., 797 A.2d 326, 337 (Pa. Super. 2002)
(citations omitted).
In re T.L.C., ___ A.3d ___, 2018 PA Super 322, 2018 WL 6259392 at *5-*6
(filed Nov. 30, 2018).
Additionally,
Section 2511(b) focuses on whether termination of parental rights
would best serve the developmental, physical, and emotional
needs and welfare of the child. As this Court has explained,
Section 2511(b) does not explicitly require a bonding analysis and
the term ‘bond’ is not defined in the Adoption Act. Case law,
however, provides that analysis of the emotional bond, if any,
between parent and child is a factor to be considered as part of
our analysis. While a parent’s emotional bond with his or her child
is a major aspect of the subsection 2511(b) best-interest analysis,
it is nonetheless only one of many factors to be considered by the
court when determining what is in the best interest of the child.
In addition to a bond examination, the trial court can equally
emphasize the safety needs of the child, and should also consider
the intangibles, such as the love, comfort, security, and stability
the child might have with the foster parent. Additionally, this
Court stated that the trial court should consider the importance of
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continuity of relationships and whether any existing parent-child
bond can be severed without detrimental effects on the child.
In re G.M.S., 193 A.3d 395, 401 (Pa. Super. 2018) (citations and internal
brackets omitted) (some formatting).
After a thorough review of the record, the briefs of the parties, the
applicable law, and the well-reasoned opinion of the trial court, we conclude
that there is no merit to Mother’s claims that DHS failed to establish the
elements of 23 Pa.C.S. § 2511(a)(2), (b). The trial court opinion properly
disposes of these questions:
DHS met their burden of demonstrating that termination was
proper. The evidence established that “incapacity” and “refusal”
under 2511(a)(2) existed given that Mother failed to demonstrate
a concrete desire or ability to remedy the problems that led to the
Child’s placement. Mother failed to cooperate with the services
provided by CUA, including housing, mental health, and
medication management. N.T. 10/15/18 at 6-8. Mother knew of
the objectives throughout the life of the case, and they had not
changed; yet, her level of cooperation has always been minimal
to none. Moreover, the evidence established that “neglect”
existed given that Mother’s visitation with the Child was
suspended due to her refusal to get mental health treatment and
this still did not persuade Mother to comply with any of the CUA
or court orders necessary to reunify with her son. Id. at 7. Th[e
trial c]ourt found that Mother’s failure to fully comply with her
objectives throughout the life of the case left the Child without
essential parental care, and the cause of such neglect, refusal and
continued incapacity has not been, and will not be, remedied by
Mother. Based on the foregoing, th[e trial c]ourt found that
competent evidence existed to justify the termination of Mother’s
parental rights pursuant to Section 2511(a)(2). . . .
Having found that the statutory grounds for termination have
been satisfied pursuant to 2511(a), th[e trial c]ourt further found
that termination of Mother’s parental rights serves the best
interest of the Child pursuant to 2511(b). . . .
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In the instant matter, th[e trial c]ourt determined that the Child
would not suffer irreparable emotional harm if Mother’s parental
rights were terminated. Mother failed to offer any evidence
establishing the existence of a parent-child bond. The testimony
demonstrated that the Child’s primary bond is with his foster
parent. [Id.] at 14. Mother has not called to check in on Child or
see how he is progressing in care. Id. at 12. Furthermore, th[e
trial c]ourt found Mother’s unwillingness to comply with the
objectives in order to re-establish visitation with the Child
insufficient to foster a meaningful and healthy parental
connection. Th[e trial c]ourt believes that we are nowhere closer
to reunification now than we were when this case first came in in
May 2016. Additionally, in determining that termination would
best serve the needs and welfare of the Child, th[e trial c]ourt
considered that Mother has not been able to meet the Child’s
emotional, physical, and developmental needs, or provide the
Child with a healthy, safe environment for eighteen months prior
to the [termination] hearing. For the foregoing reasons, th[e trial
c]ourt properly granted DHS’s petition to involuntarily terminate
the parental rights of Mother pursuant to Section 2511(b).
Trial Court Opinion, filed December 11, 2018, at 7-9, 10-11 (citation omitted)
(some formatting).4
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4 Assuming we were not to affirm the trial court’s decision to terminate
Mother’s parental rights to the Child pursuant to subsection 2511(a)(2), we
would affirm the trial court’s decision to terminate Mother’s parental rights
pursuant to subsection 2511(a)(5) (“The child has been removed from the
care of the parent by the court or under a voluntary agreement with an agency
for a period of at least six months, the conditions which led to the removal or
placement of the child continue to exist, the parent cannot or will not remedy
those conditions within a reasonable period of time, the services or assistance
reasonably available to the parent are not likely to remedy the conditions
which led to the removal or placement of the child within a reasonable period
of time and termination of the parental rights would best serve the needs and
welfare of the child.”). At the time DHS filed the termination petition, the
Child had been in care for over twenty months, Trial Court Opinion, filed
December 11, 2018, at 1-2, which is more than the statutorily required six
months. 23 Pa.C.S. § 2511(a)(5). The condition that had led to the removal
of the Child – Mother’s mental health issues – continued to exist, N.T.,
10/15/2018, at 7; Trial Court Opinion, filed December 11, 2018, at 1-2, and
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Finally, Mother contends that the trial court erred by finding that DHS
“met its burden of proof that the [Child’s permanency] goal be changed to
adoption.” Mother’s Brief at 8.5 According to Mother, “[w]hen an emotional
bond is present between parent and child, the court must consider the effect
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Mother demonstrated no effort to remedy that condition and failed to take
advantage of any services provided by the CUA. N.T., 10/15/2018, at 6-7,
12; Trial Court Opinion, filed December 11, 2018, at 1-2.
A parent must utilize all available resources to preserve the
parental relationship, and must exercise reasonable firmness in
resisting obstacles placed in the path of maintaining the parent-
child relationship. Parental rights are not preserved by waiting for
a more suitable or convenient time to perform one’s parental
responsibilities while others provide the child with his or her
physical and emotional needs.
In the Interest of K.Z.S., 946 A.2d 753, 759 (Pa. Super. 2008) (citation
omitted). Finally, as the trial court explained:
The evidence clearly establishes that termination would be in the
best interest and welfare of the Child as he is well-adjusted in [his]
pre-adoptive home and ha[s] a strong bond with [his] foster
parent. See [N.T., 10/15/2018,] at 14. When asked about where
he would like to remain, the Child stated that he wanted to stay
in the pre-adoptive foster home “forever and ever[.]” Id. at 15.
Trial Court Opinion, filed December 11, 2018, at 9 (some formatting).
Therefore, all of the required elements of subsection 2511(a)(5) were
established, and, assuming arguendo that we were not affirming the
termination order pursuant to subsection 2511(a)(2), we would still affirm
pursuant to subsection 2511(a)(5). See B.L.W., 843 A.2d at 384 (this Court
will affirm if it agrees with the trial court’s decision as to any one subsection
of 23 Pa.C.S. § 2511(a)).
5The trial court did not address this issue in its opinion, see generally Trial
Court Opinion, filed December 11, 2018, even though it was preserved in
Mother’s concise statement of errors complained of on appeal. Appellant’s
Concise Statement of Matters Complained of on Appeal, Docket Number CP-
51-DP-0001020-2013, 11/4/2018, at ¶ 1.
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of its permanent severance on the child[,]” and, in the current matter, the
CUA case manager was unable to testify about the observations by previous
case workers of the interactions between Mother and the Child. Id. at 9 (citing
In re R.L.T.M., 860 A.2d 190, 195 (Pa. Super. 2004)). Mother continues
that, in fact, “[t]here was no evidence presented about the [C]hild’s
relationship and interaction with [M]other.” Id.
In cases involving a court’s order changing the court-ordered goal
to adoption, our standard of review is abuse of discretion. To hold
that the trial court abused its discretion, we must determine its
judgment was manifestly unreasonable, that the court
disregarded the law, or that its action was a result of partiality,
prejudice, bias or ill will. While this Court is bound by the facts
determined in the trial court, we are not tied to the court’s
inferences, deductions and conclusions; we have a responsibility
to ensure that the record represents a comprehensive inquiry and
that the hearing judge has applied the appropriate legal principles
to that record.
In re L.T., 158 A.3d 1266, 1276 (Pa. Super. 2017) (citation and internal
brackets omitted) (some formatting); see also In re J.M., 166 A.3d 408, 416
(Pa. Super. 2017) (same standard of review in dependency case).
Preliminarily, we note that Mother’s reliance on R.L.T.M., 860 A.2d at
195, is misplaced. See Mother’s Brief at 9. R.L.T.M. concerned a termination
petition pursuant to the Adoption Act, 23 Pa.C.S. §§ 2101-2938, and the
consideration of the emotional bond between a parent and child is part of the
analysis for termination parental rights pursuant to 23 Pa.C.S. § 2511(b) of
the Adoption Act. See G.M.S., 193 A.3d at 401. Mother’s attempt to apply
R.L.T.M. to a change of a child’s permanency goal from reunification to
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adoption – a process controlled by an entirely different statute, the Juvenile
Act, 42 Pa.C.S. §§ 6301-6375 – is thereby misguided. See Mother’s Brief at
9.
Furthermore, contrary to Mother’s assertion, the list of factors for a trial
court to consider when ruling on a goal change petition does not include
whether “an emotional bond is present between parent and child.” Id.; see
A.N.P., 155 A.3d at 67 (“When considering a petition for goal change for a
dependent child, the trial court considers: the continuing necessity for and
appropriateness of the placement; the extent of compliance with the service
plan developed for the child; the extent of progress made towards alleviating
the circumstances which necessitated the original placement; the
appropriateness and feasibility of the current placement goal for the child;
and, a likely date by which the goal for the child might be achieved.” (citations
omitted) (some formatting)).
Moreover, even if the emotional bond between the parent and child were
an appropriate consideration for a change of permanency goal, Mother’s
allegation that there was no evidence about the relationship between herself
and the Child is still erroneous. See Mother’s Brief at 9. The CUA case
manager testified that Mother and the Child do not share a parent-child
relationship or bond and that the Child’s primary parent-child bond is with his
foster parents. N.T., 10/15/2018, at 14, 21. Due to Mother’s erratic behavior
and mental instability, visitation between Mother and the Child had been
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suspended, and there had been no interaction between Mother and the Child,
making any further development of a parent-child relationship or bond
impossible. Id. at 7, 21.6 Hence, DHS presented evidence about Mother and
the Child’s relationship – or lack thereof.
Thus, we conclude that Mother’s final issue is meritless and that the trial
court did not abuse its discretion in altering the Child’s permanency goal from
reunification with Mother to adoption. See L.T., 158 A.3d at 1276.
Based on the foregoing, we hold that the trial court did not abuse its
discretion by terminating Mother’s parental rights to the Child and by changing
the Child’s permanency goal from reunification with Mother to adoption.
Accordingly, we affirm.
Orders affirmed.
Judgment Entered.
Joseph D. Seletyn, Esq.
Prothonotary
Date: 3/5/19
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6 To the extent that Mother contends that other case workers could have
testified differently about the relationship between herself and the Child, see
Mother’s Brief at 9, she could have called such witnesses herself.
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