J-A28020-18
NON-PRECEDENTIAL DECISION - SEE SUPERIOR COURT I.O.P. 65.37
COMMONWEALTH OF PENNSYLVANIA : IN THE SUPERIOR COURT OF
: PENNSYLVANIA
:
v. :
:
:
THOMAS H. UNGARD, JR. :
:
Appellant : No. 1209 MDA 2017
Appeal from the Judgment of Sentence Entered October 12, 2011
In the Court of Common Pleas of Lycoming County
Criminal Division at No(s): CP-41-CR-0001398-2007
BEFORE: LAZARUS, J., OLSON, J., and MUSMANNO, J.
MEMORANDUM BY OLSON, J.: FILED MARCH 06, 2019
Appellant, Thomas H. Ungard, Jr., appeals from the judgment of
sentence entered on October 12, 2011, as made final by the denial of his post-
sentence motion on July 6, 2017. We affirm in part and reverse in part.
Appellant served as coordinator for the Lycoming County Drug Task
Force (“Task Force”), which frequently obtained vehicles through criminal
and/or civil forfeiture. In July 2006, the District Attorney learned that
Appellant and the Williamsport police chief went on a personal trip to Canada
in a forfeited vehicle. When confronted, Appellant paid restitution to the Task
Force in an amount equal to the fair market rental value of the vehicle. The
Lycoming County District Attorney removed Appellant as coordinator of the
Task Force and referred the case to the Attorney General of Pennsylvania for
possible prosecution.
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The Attorney General’s investigation revealed that, on two occasions,
Appellant engaged in simulated sales1 of two forfeited vehicles. Appellant and
Adrian Heffley (“Heffley”) completed MV-4ST forms which made it appear as
though the forfeited vehicles were transferred initially to Heffley and,
thereafter, to members of Appellant’s family.2 During the investigation,
Appellant asked or encouraged Heffley to lie to investigators by stating that
he bought the vehicles, performed maintenance thereon, and then resold the
vehicles to Appellant’s family members listed on the MV-4ST forms.
On September 25, 2007, the Commonwealth charged Appellant via
criminal information with five counts of tampering with public records or
information (“tampering”),3 four counts of theft by failure to make required
disposition of funds (“theft”),4 conspiracy to commit tampering,5 obstructing
the administration of law or other governmental function (“obstruction”),6 and
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1 See Black’s Law Dictionary, 1366 (8th Ed. 1990) (“A sale in which no price
or other consideration is paid or intended to be paid, and in which there is no
intent to actually transfer ownership.”).
2 Appellant knew Heffley was a mechanic at a garage where Appellant had
repair work performed.
3 18 Pa.C.S.A. § 4911(a)(1), (a)(3).
4 18 Pa.C.S.A. § 3927(a).
5 18 Pa.C.S.A. §§ 903, 4911.
6 18 Pa.C.S.A. § 5101.
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conflict of interest.7 The trial court dismissed four counts of tampering and
one count of theft for failure to make a prima facie showing that Appellant
committed those offenses. The trial court also denied the Commonwealth
leave to amend the criminal information and suppressed certain evidence.
Later, the Commonwealth appealed. This Court reversed the dismissal of the
tampering and theft charges, reversed the decision barring the
Commonwealth from filing an amended criminal information, affirmed the
suppression ruling, and remanded for further proceedings. See
Commonwealth v. Ungard, 15 A.3d 540 (Pa. Super. 2010) (unpublished
memorandum).
On remand, Appellant waived his right to counsel and represented
himself at trial. On July 22, 2011, a jury convicted Appellant of two counts of
tampering and obstruction. Appellant requested the assistance of counsel
during post-trial proceedings, including direct appeal. The trial court denied
that request and, on October 12, 2011, sentenced Appellant to an aggregate
term of 18 months’ probation. This Court affirmed the judgment of sentence
and our Supreme Court denied allowance of appeal. Commonwealth v.
Ungard, 68 A.3d 367, 2013 WL 11279623 (Pa. Super. 2013) (unpublished
memorandum), appeal denied, 77 A.3d 1260 (Pa. 2013). Appellant did not
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7 18 Pa.C.S.A. § 1103(a).
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begin serving his probationary term after our Supreme Court denied allowance
of appeal but the record does not explain the reason for this delay.
On August 8, 2014, Appellant filed a pro se PCRA petition. The PCRA
court appointed counsel who filed an amended petition. Thereafter, the PCRA
court granted in part and denied in part Appellant’s PCRA petition. It
reinstated Appellant’s direct appellate rights, together with his right to file a
post-sentence motion, nunc pro tunc. It denied relief on Appellant’s remaining
claims. On February 9, 2017, Appellant filed a post-sentence motion. On July
6, 2017, the trial court denied that motion. This direct appeal followed.8
Appellant presents three issues for our review:
1. Whether the trial court erred by concluding that the evidence was
sufficient to [prove that Appellant obstructed the administration
of law or governmental function by an unlawful act?]
2. Whether the trial court erred by concluding that [Appellant could
be convicted of obstruction for conduct directed at a
nongovernmental agent?]
3. Whether the trial court erred by denying [Appellant’s] motion to
dismiss two counts of tampering[?]
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8 We commend counsel and the PCRA court for cooperating during the
pendency of Appellant’s PCRA petition and after the PCRA court granted relief.
The parties and PCRA court worked together to set deadlines and interpret
court orders. We note, however, that the off-the-record cooperation in this
case led to subject matter jurisdiction concerns. After questioning counsel
regarding the jurisdictional concerns at oral argument, and ordering two
rounds of briefing focusing on those concerns, we are satisfied that we have
jurisdiction to reach the merits of this appeal. We caution counsel that matters
which may impact a court’s subject matter jurisdiction should be made part
of the certified record.
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Appellant’s Brief at 8.9
Appellant’s first two issues challenge the sufficiency of the evidence.
“The determination of whether sufficient evidence exists to support the verdict
is a question of law; accordingly, our standard of review is de novo and our
scope of review is plenary.” Commonwealth v. Edwards, 177 A.3d 963,
969 (Pa. Super. 2018) (citation omitted). In assessing Appellant’s sufficiency
challenge, we must determine “whether viewing all the evidence admitted at
trial in the light most favorable to the [Commonwealth], there is sufficient
evidence to enable the fact-finder to find every element of the crime beyond
a reasonable doubt.” Commonwealth v. Sweitzer, 177 A.3d 253, 257 (Pa.
Super. 2017) (citation omitted). “[T]he facts and circumstances established
by the Commonwealth need not preclude every possibility of innocence. . . .
The finder of fact, while passing upon the credibility of witnesses and the
weight of the evidence produced, is free to believe all, part, or none of the
evidence.” Commonwealth v. Davison, 177 A.3d 955, 957 (Pa. Super.
2018) (cleaned up).
The Pennsylvania Crimes Code provides that:
A person commits a misdemeanor of the second degree if he
intentionally obstructs, impairs[,] or perverts the administration
of law or other governmental function by force, violence, physical
interference or obstacle, breach of official duty, or any other
unlawful act, except that this section does not apply to flight by a
person charged with crime, refusal to submit to arrest, failure to
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9 We have renumbered the issues for ease of disposition.
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perform a legal duty other than an official duty, or any other
means of avoiding compliance with law without affirmative
interference with governmental functions.
18 Pa.C.S.A. § 5101.
Thus, the crime has two elements: (1) intentional obstruction,
impairment, or perversion of the administration of law or other governmental
function by (2) (i) force, (ii) violence, (iii) physical interference or obstacle,
(iv) breach of official duty, or (v) any other unlawful act. See
Commonwealth v. Gentile, 640 A.2d 1309, 1312 (Pa. Super. 1994), appeal
dismissed, 675 A.2d 710 (Pa. 1996). Appellant argues that the evidence was
insufficient to satisfy the second element of the offense. With respect to this
element of the offense, the trial court instructed the jury that, in order to
convict Appellant, it must find that Appellant obstructed the administration of
law or other governmental function via an unlawful act. N.T., 7/22/11, at 14-
15.
At trial, it was the Commonwealth’s theory that Appellant obstructed the
administration of law through an unlawful act when he encouraged Heffley to
lie to investigators. Appellant claims he did not commit an unlawful act
because solicitation to avoid one’s own prosecution is not a criminal offense.
The Commonwealth counters Appellant’s contention in two ways. First, it
contends that the law-of-the-case doctrine prevents us from reaching the
merits of this issue. Alternatively, the Commonwealth argues that the
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evidence was sufficient to prove that Appellant obstructed the administration
of law or other governmental function via an unlawful act.
The Commonwealth argues that we may not reach the merits of
Appellant’s argument because of the law-of-the-case doctrine. The law-of-
the-case doctrine provides, inter alia, that “upon a second appeal, an appellate
court may not alter the resolution of a legal question previously decided by
the same appellate court[.]” Zane v. Friends Hosp., 836 A.2d 25, 29 n.6
(Pa. 2003) (citation omitted). We conclude that the law-of-the-case doctrine
does not bar us from reaching the merits of this issue.
Although we are unaware of any cases directly on point, we find
instructive this Court’s decision in Commonwealth v. O’Bidos, 849 A.2d 243
(Pa. Super. 2004), appeal denied, 560 A.2d 123 (Pa. 2004). In O’Bidos, the
defendant filed a direct appeal. His counsel failed to file a concise statement.
This Court affirmed the judgment of sentence. Despite the fact that counsel’s
omission waived the defendant’s claims, this Court addressed the sufficiency
challenge. This Court declined to address the merits of the remaining waived
issues.
O’Bidos then filed a PCRA petition arguing that counsel was ineffective
for not filing a concise statement. The PCRA court denied relief; however, this
Court reversed and remanded with instructions for the PCRA court to reinstate
O’Bidos’ direct appeal rights nunc pro tunc. A second direct appeal followed.
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On the second direct appeal, O’Bidos raised the same issues that he
raised in his first direct appeal. This Court held that it was bound by the law-
of-the-case doctrine with respect to the sufficiency challenge, the one issue
that the prior panel decided on the merits. See id. at 251-253. This Court,
however, addressed Appellant’s remaining claims of error including those that
the prior panel found waived on the first direct appeal. See id. at 251.
This disposition is sensible. The defendant in O’Bidos obtained
appellate review of his sufficiency challenge with the effective assistance of
counsel and, therefore, the law-of-the-case doctrine barred a subsequent
panel of this Court from revisiting the prior panel’s decision on the merits. On
the other hand, in the first direct appeal, the defendant received ineffective
assistance of counsel with respect to his remaining claims of error. Hence,
the subsequent panel was not constrained by the prior panel’s disposition of
those issues.
O’Bidos indicates that we may engage in merits review of Appellant’s
sufficiency challenge. In O’Bidos, the defendant was denied the effective
assistance of counsel with respect to those issues this Court found waived
during his first appeal. Similar to the abandonment that occurred in O’Bidos,
Appellant here was denied any assistance of counsel with respect to his first
appeal. It would create perverse incentives for trial courts and prosecutors if
we were to hold that a defendant who is denied his right to counsel on a direct
appeal forever forfeits all claims disposed of in the pro se direct appeal. It
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would eviscerate Appellant’s right to effective assistance of counsel.
Accordingly, we proceed to analyzing whether the evidence was sufficient to
prove that Appellant obstructed the administration of law or other
governmental function.
The Commonwealth proceeded under a theory that Appellant obstructed
and/or impaired the administration of law or other governmental function by
soliciting Heffley’s assistance in hindering the ensuing investigation.10 See
Ungard, 2013 WL 11279623 at *9 (citation omitted); Commonwealth’s Brief
at 28. Appellant argues that, pursuant to the hindering prosecution statute,
he cannot be criminally culpable for obstructing his own prosecution. The
Crimes Code makes it an offense to “hinder the apprehension, prosecution,
conviction or punishment of another[.]” 18 Pa.C.S.A. § 5105(a) (emphasis
added). By the plain language of the statute, one cannot hinder prosecution
of oneself. Since Appellant could not be found guilty of hindering his own
prosecution, he reasons that he could not be culpable for soliciting that
offense. Appellant further argues that because he could not solicit a hindrance
to his own prosecution, there was no unlawful act that supported the
obstruction charge.
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10 Appellant may have obstructed the administration of law or other
governmental function via some other unlawful act, e.g., solicitation to violate
18 Pa.C.S.A. § 4904(a)(2) (unsworn falsification to authorities). The
Commonwealth, however, did not make this argument at trial. We decline to
find that the jury was aware of the intricacies of the Crimes Code and
speculate that the jury found Appellant guilty on this basis.
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The Crimes Code provides that “[i]t is a defense to a charge of
solicitation or conspiracy to commit a crime that if the criminal object were
achieved, the actor would not be guilty of a crime under the law defining the
offense[.]” 18 Pa.C.S.A. § 904(b). Since Appellant cannot be found guilty of
hindering his own prosecution, it follows that he cannot, under section 904(b),
solicit such offense. The Commonwealth cites Commonwealth v. Hacker,
15 A.3d 333 (Pa. 2011), Commonwealth v. Bricker, 41 A.3d 872 (Pa. Super.
2012), and Commonwealth v. Trignani, 483 A.2d 862 (Pa. Super. 1984) in
support of its argument that section 904(b) is inapplicable in this case.
According to the Commonwealth, ruling in favor of Appellant would conflict
with those decisions. This argument is unavailing.
In the cases cited by the Commonwealth, the reviewing courts held that
the defendant solicitors could be found guilty of solicitation even though the
targets of their solicitation were incapable of committing the offenses they
were encouraged to carry out. This case presents an entirely different
scenario because it is Appellant, the defendant solicitor, who is legally
incapable of committing the underlying offense of hindering his own
prosecution. In similar situations, this Court has previously recognized that
the focus of the solicitation statute is on the solicitor, not the target of his or
her solicitation.
In Commonwealth v. Fisher, 627 A.2d 723 (Pa. Super. 1993), appeal
denied, 639 A.2d 24 (Pa. 1994), the defendant was charged with solicitation
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to possess a controlled substance with intent to deliver and/or delivery of a
controlled substance. This Court concluded that, based on the facts of that
case, even if the target of Fisher’s solicitations had, in fact, delivered the
controlled substance, Fisher would not have been guilty of delivery of a
controlled substance and/or possession with intent to deliver a controlled
substance. This Court, therefore, held that the defendant “should not have
been charged with solicitation to commit that offense. Section 904 explicitly
prohibits such a charge.” Id. at 734; see also Commonwealth v. Wilson,
442 A.2d 760, 764 (Pa. Super. 1982), aff’d in part and vacated in part, 447
A.2d 1381 (Pa. 1982) (per curiam) (“[t]he statute addresses itself to the act
of the solicitor in obtaining another individual’s ‘complicity’ in a crime.”).
The Commonwealth also contends that Appellant’s “position ignores the
fact if a defendant solicits another to commit a crime with the intent of
promoting or facilitating it, he is guilty of the solicited crime as an accomplice.”
Commonwealth’s Brief at 32. We disagree. Hindering prosecution is defined
in such a way that Appellant’s conduct is inevitably incident to Heffley’s
commission of that offense. Appellant is the “another” that must be present
in order for Heffley to hinder the prosecution. This is similar to the pregnant
woman having an illegal abortion discussed by the Commonwealth in its brief.
Hence, pursuant to 18 Pa.C.S.A. § 306(f),11 and the cases cited by the
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11 That section provides that:
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Commonwealth, Appellant cannot be deemed an accomplice to Heffley’s
hindering his prosecution. To the extent that the Commonwealth argues that
solicitation is the “offense” for purposes of section 306(f), that argument is
without merit. The “offense” must be a substantive offense and not another
inchoate offense. There can be no inchoate liability if there is no liability for
the underlying offense.
As the Commonwealth notes in its brief, section 904(b) is taken
verbatim from Model Penal Code § 5.04. The comment to that section of the
Model Penal Code states that it “make[s] the scope of liability for conspiracy
and solicitation congruent with the provisions of Section 2.06 on the liability
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Unless otherwise provided by this title or by the law defining the
offense, a person is not an accomplice in an offense committed
by another person if:
(1) he is a victim of that offense;
(2) the offense is so defined that his conduct is inevitably
incident to its commission; or
(3) he terminates his complicity prior to the commission of the
offense and:
(i) wholly deprives it of effectiveness in the commission of the
offense; or
(ii) gives timely warning to the law enforcement authorities or
otherwise makes proper effort to prevent the commission of the
offense.
18 Pa.C.S.A. § 306(f).
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of acc[omplices].” Model Penal Code § 5.04 cmt. As section 5.04 makes
solicitation congruent with the accomplice liability theory, we cannot construe
section 306 and section 904 in the manner proposed by the Commonwealth.
Doing so would make them incongruent.
The Commonwealth also argues that our analysis is inconsistent with
the purpose of the solicitation statute. Again, we disagree. Although the
purpose of the solicitation statute is broad, our General Assembly placed a
limit on the scope of the solicitation statute by passing section 904(b). This
Court’s prior decisions, cited above, show that courts do not read section
904(b) narrowly because of the overall purpose of the solicitation statute.
There is no doubt that Appellant acted nefariously by asking Heffley to
hinder prosecution by lying to investigators. Nevertheless, based on the plain
language of the relevant statutes and the binding case law, we conclude that
this conduct cannot constitute solicitation to hinder another’s prosecution, the
only theory the Commonwealth advanced at trial for the unlawful act that
supported Appellant’s obstruction charge. Accordingly, we conclude that the
evidence was insufficient to convict Appellant of obstruction and reverse that
conviction.12
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12 Because we grant Appellant relief on this argument, we need not address
his alternative reason for reversing his obstruction conviction.
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In his final issue, Appellant argues that the trial court erred in not
dismissing the two tampering charges as de minimis infractions.13 “We review
a trial court's refusal to dismiss an infraction as de minimis for an abuse of
discretion.” Commonwealth v. Toomer, 159 A.3d 956, 959 (Pa. Super.
2017), appeal denied, 170 A.3d 979 (Pa. 2017) (citations omitted).
The Crimes Code provides that:
The court shall dismiss a prosecution if, having regard to the
nature of the conduct charged to constitute an offense and the
nature of the attendant circumstances, it finds that the conduct of
the defendant:
(1) was within a customary license or tolerance, neither expressly
negatived by the person whose interest was infringed nor
inconsistent with the purpose of the law defining the offense;
(2) did not actually cause or threaten the harm or evil sought to
be prevented by the law defining the offense or did so only to an
extent too trivial to warrant the condemnation of conviction; or
(3) presents such other extenuations that it cannot reasonably be
regarded as envisaged by the General Assembly or other authority
in forbidding the offense.
18 Pa.C.S.A. § 312(a).
In support of his argument, Appellant focuses on the label the
Commonwealth used to describe the transactions in question. Appellant is
correct that the Commonwealth used the incorrect term. Appellant engaged
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13Appellant was convicted of tampering with the two MV-4ST forms discussed
above.
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in “simulated sales” and not “sham transactions” or a “straw purchase.”14 This
lack of precision in defining Appellant’s conduct, however, does not entitle him
to relief under section 312. Instead, as Appellant argues in his brief, the trial
court was required to consider the factual circumstances of Appellant’s case
to determine if his infractions were de minimis.
Appellant repeatedly argues that he did no pecuniary harm to either a
person or the Commonwealth. He also contends that “there [was] no victim”
with respect to his tampering offenses. Appellant’s Brief at 36. This argument
fails because the General Assembly did not criminalize tampering to protect
victims. Instead, our General Assembly made a policy decision that, in order
for public records to be reliably accepted as definitive statements of what
occurred, there must be criminal penalties attached to tampering with those
records. Hence, the lack of pecuniary loss, or an identifiable victim, does not
indicate that the trial court abused its discretion by denying Appellant’s motion
to dismiss.
Appellant argues that programs by the Pennsylvania Department of
Revenue and Pennsylvania Department of Transportation to ensure collection
of the appropriate amount of sales tax for vehicle transactions indicate that
his infractions were de minimis. He contends that these programs remedy
any harm caused by the tampering charges brought in this case. This
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14 See note 1, supra.
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argument is without merit. Neither the Pennsylvania Department of Revenue
nor Pennsylvania Department of Transportation have the authority to
prosecute alleged criminals. Instead, the Attorney General or a District
Attorney must prosecute crimes. Hence, the lack of prosecutions by the
Pennsylvania Department of Revenue and Pennsylvania Department of
Transportation is unavailing.
When considering the totality of the circumstances, it is important to
recognize that Appellant was trusted with leading the Task Force. He betrayed
that trust by using a forfeited vehicle for private use and only reimbursing the
Task Force when confronted by the District Attorney. He further betrayed that
trust by tampering with public records in an attempt to shield his dealings
from public scrutiny. Such actions decreased the public’s trust in the Task
Force’s records. The trial court reasonably concluded that this was not a de
minimis infraction.
Appellant avers that “[w]hen looking at whether an infraction is de
minimis, [c]ourts have also looked at whether administrative punishment has
dealt with a defendant sufficiently enough to avoid the need for criminal
conviction.” Appellant’s Brief at 38. Since existence of administrative
remedies did not deter Appellant, the facts of this case illustrate why the
administrative punishment associated with tampering with a title transfer form
is insufficient to deter criminal conduct. If a public official is aware that he or
she will have a criminal conviction, and possibly lose his or her pension, the
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probability that public official will tamper with records decreases dramatically.
Hence, contrary to Appellant’s argument, administrative remedies are not
sufficient to deter such criminal conduct.
We may not review Appellant’s de minimis argument de novo. Instead,
we review whether the trial court abused its discretion in denying Appellant’s
motion to dismiss. It is immaterial whether we, as a reviewing court, would
have granted Appellant’s motion to dismiss. For the reasons set forth above,
we conclude that the trial court did not abuse its discretion by denying
Appellant’s motion to dismiss. As our reversal of Appellant’s obstruction
conviction does not upset the trial court’s overall sentencing scheme, we
decline to remand this matter for further proceedings.
Judgment of sentence affirmed in part and reversed in part. Jurisdiction
relinquished.
Judgment Entered.
Joseph D. Seletyn, Esq.
Prothonotary
Date: 03/06/2019
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