J-S08010-19
NON-PRECEDENTIAL DECISION - SEE SUPERIOR COURT I.O.P. 65.37
COMMONWEALTH OF PENNSYLVANIA, IN THE SUPERIOR COURT
OF
PENNSYLVANIA
Appellant
v.
GREGORY CHARLES SUNY,
Appellee No. 1999 EDA 2017
Appeal from the Order Entered May 18, 2017
In the Court of Common Pleas of Delaware County
Criminal Division at No(s): CP-23-CR-0005266-2015
BEFORE: BENDER, P.J.E., KUNSELMAN, J., and STEVENS, P.J.E.*
MEMORANDUM BY BENDER, P.J.E.: FILED MAY 02, 2019
The Commonwealth appeals from the trial court’s order granting
suppression of evidence seized from Gregory Charles Suny, Appellee. After
careful review, we affirm.
The trial court summarized the testimony it heard at the suppression
hearings in this case, held on February 18, 2016 and March 28, 2016, as
follows:
The Commonwealth first called Detective Thomas Long to testify.
Detective Long is [a] fourteen (14) year Haverford Township
Police Officer who was then presently assigned to the Criminal
Investigation Division.
His duties include investigating all sorts of crime that occurs within
Haverford Township referred by the patrol division.
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* Former Justice specially assigned to the Superior Court.
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He estimates he has come into contact with marijuana twenty (20)
times in the course of his career and he is familiar with the smell
of marijuana and what it looks like and[,] when considering his
assistance of other officers[,] he’s encountered marijuana
upwards of fifty (50) to sixty (60) times.
On July 7, 2015[,] he was in the area of Earlington Road near
Monoa Road in Haverford Township where he was backing-up
patrol officers there with an incident which[,] at the time of his
arrival[,] was under control.
At approximately 7:45 pm on the evening of July 7, 2015[,] he
heard a radio call by police dispatch advising of an Act 64 violation
in the Sunoco parking lot on Township Line Rd. That is, there was
a drug transaction between two males. According to the call, one
male was in a black Ford Explorer and the other in a BMW. The
location was on Township Line Road at the Sunoco near
Meadowbrook Road. The address was 400 East Township Line
Road. Detective Long proceeded into the Sunoco parking lot.
On arrival[,] Detective Long observed a black Ford Explorer as
described in the broadcast. It had taken him “20 seconds” to
arrive and he was operating a white Ford Expedition police vehicle.
CS-1 was marked for identification[,] and Detective Long
identified it as an aerial view of the Sunoco gas station and
surrounding vicinity.
Detective Long used the aerial map to describe the positioning of
his vehicle and the positioning of the black Ford Explorer.
Thereafter[,] Detective Long recalled his vehicle was actually blue.
Detective Long testified that he did not position his vehicle in such
a way as to prevent the black Ford Explorer from exiting the
Sunoco parking lot. Detective Long did not engage his lights or
sirens when he pulled in to the lot. He observed a lone
[C]aucasian male occupant in the front seat of the Explorer.
Detective Long exited his vehicle and approached the driver’s side
of the black Ford Explorer. The testimony was repeated that
[Appellee]’s black Ford Explorer was not blocked from moving or
exiting.
The detective engaged the operator and told him the nature of the
call that was received and he immediately smelled the odor of
marijuana. Visually he could see pieces of what he believed to be
marijuana scattered on the floor between the driver’s seat and his
feet.
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[Appellee] stipulated to his identification as the operator of the
black Ford Explorer.
Detective Long was wearing a holstered firearm that was plainly
visible. According to the Detective[,] [Appellee] was nervous and
fidgety and his speech was stammered. The Detective clarified
the smell was fresh marijuana[,] [not] burnt.
Detective Long asked the driver to step out of the vehicle for
further investigation of the marijuana on the floor that he
personally observed.
As [Appellee] exited the black Ford Explorer, the Detective noticed
a clear small plastic bag almost falling out of [Appellee]’s pocket.
The Detective testified that [Appellee] admitted to possessing
marijuana. At that point, since he was obviously going to arrest
[Appellee,] he patted [Appellee] down for officer safety while
being transported.
Detective Long retrieved the bag containing marijuana and also
retrieved a second bag … that was empty. There was also in [a]
pocket a black athletic sock that was rolled up[.] [I]nside the sock
was a glass smoking pipe and a small bag of suspected crystal
methamphetamine[.] [T]here was [also] a container that
appeared to be intended to look like a D cell battery that was
actually a storage container[,] and inside was another bag of
suspected crystal methamphetamine. At that point[,] [Appellee]
was placed under arrest and placed in a patrol car for transport.
Thereafter, based on the presence of marijuana in the vehicle,
Detective Long believed he had sufficient probable cause to search
[it].
…
On cross-examination[,] Detective Long testified that he provided
the information to the Affiant, the actual author of the incident
report. Prior to the [s]uppression [h]earing[,] he reviewed the
incident report and the notes of testimony of the preliminary
hearing. He also reviewed other case materials.
Counsel for [Appellee] had DS-1 marked which was a document
stipulated as the CAD1 report consisting of four (4) pages. The
report indicates that the event was created at “1941:13” which is
when the actual caller called dispatch and DELCOM created this
event.
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1CAD report is the information put out from DELCOM
broadcast summarized in a report[.]
The substance of the call was for suspected drug activity and
transactions at the Sunoco station. The Detective [was] handed
DS-2 which depict[ed] the same photographic information set
forth on CS-1. DS-2 [was] used to have Detective Long place
“x’s” where the exits were located.
Detective Long first observed the black Ford Explorer when he was
driving on Township Line Road. He testified that [Appellee]’s
Explorer was not blocking any right of way or exit in the Sunoco
station. On continuing cross-examination[,] the Detective
testified that he had no plate information or tag for the BMW. He
didn’t see the BMW when he arrived. As he approached
[Appellant,] he was not concerned for his safety. The Detective
reiterated that he was investigating the call about the drug
transaction.
On arrival the Detective did not believe he possessed sufficient
probable cause to detain the operator of the black Ford Explorer[,]
which is why he was cautious not to block [Appellee]’s black Ford
Explorer. Hypothetically, the Detective testified that he would
have followed [Appellee] if he ha[d] pulled away from the scene
and likely would have investigated the vehicle tag.
The first thing that Detective Long said to [Appellee] was that he
identified himself and said that he was there investigating a
possible drug transaction that occurred and his vehicle matched
the vehicle that was broadcast.
The vehicle matched the report. During the encounter[,]
Detective Long asked [Appellee] to turn the vehicle off and place
his hands on the steering wheel. At that point[,] he detected an
odor of fresh marijuana[,] and as he processed the smell[,] he
detected he concomitantly observed what he believed to be
marijuana flakes on the seat and driver floor board. At that point
he realized there may be something to the suspected drug
transaction call.
The Detective [was] shown his testimony from the September 3,
2015 preliminary hearing. Therein[,] he testified that after
approaching and engaging the [Appellee][,] he smelled marijuana
and saw [what he believed to be marijuana] ... on the floor by his
feet. Thereafter[,] Detective Long asked [Appellee] to step out of
the vehicle[,] which was not an invitation but a command.
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The Detective opened the door and [Appellee] exited and was
instructed to put his hands on the top of the vehicle for [a] pat-
down. At the same time[,] Detective Long asked [Appellee] if he
had anything on him that he should be worried about and
[Appellee] responded that he had marijuana on his person. There
were three other police cars on the scene. Detective [Long]’s car
would have been unmarked but the other two (2) cars would have
[been] marked police cars. [Appellee] was handcuffed when the
other officers arrived.
Detective Long testified that he conducted the pat-down because
he had seen and smelled the marijuana that was on the floor so
based on that[,] [Appellee] was asked to step from the vehicle.
As [Appellee] stepped from the vehicle[,] the incriminating nature
of the baggie containing the marijuana was in plain view.
Although [Detective Long] could not actually discern the
marijuana in the baggie[,] he recognized the baggie as a baggie
typically utilized to carry marijuana. The baggie was taken and a
pat-down conducted (looking for needles[,] etc.) and then he
retrieved the items that were in [Appellee]’s pockets. As far as
the pat-down[,] the Detective could feel the bag was not empty
and[,] as far as the rest of the pat-down[,] he could feel what
turned out to be a battery.
[Appellee] was not [issued Miranda1 warnings] at the scene.
[B]ased on finding marijuana, the [D]etective believed he had
probable cause to search the vehicle.
The [D]etective didn’t ask to search the car because he was going
to perform an inventory search incidental to the arrest and tow of
the vehicle.
There were smoking devices found but the Detective d[id] not
recall the precise location in the vehicle.
A mirror with residue was recovered as well as a scale that was
recovered. Also there were suboxone films recovered[,] and an
empty baggie was found in [Appellee]’s pocket.
By way of background, two recorded transmissions were made.
One was made at 7:41 p.m.[,] which is “CS-3” as well as the
transmission beginning at 7:46 and 8 seconds. There [was] a 20-
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1 See Miranda v. Arizona, 384 U.S. 436 (1966).
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second long call and a [30-]second long call. The first call
indicate[d] the call was for a “drug deal.” The caller saw a bunch
of cash being exchanged…. The caller g[ave] no information that
drugs [were] actually exchanged. The second call [was] for
possible Act 64 activity at 400 East Township Line Road. Detective
Long testified that any difference in the state [of] the car [was]
related to the towing company’s retrieval where he testified the
window was down and the photo show[ed] the driver window
“rolled up.”
On re-direct[,] Detective Long [was] asked whether he could see
the marijuana in the baggie [at] the time [Appellee] stepped out
of the vehicle. The Detective did not see the marijuana but[,]
between the marijuana he saw on the driver floor board and the
baggie[,] he connected the contraband.
…
The Commonwealth next called Detective Jerry Goodman … to the
stand to testify. He [was] in his eighteenth year (18[th]) at the
Haverford Township Police Department. He [was] assigned to the
investigations division, narcotics unit and also assigned to the
Delaware County Drug Task Force.
He spoke with [Appellee] in relation to a narcotics investigation.
This conversation took place in the arraignment room. That is the
processing area of the Police Department. Prior to speaking to him
Detective Goodman went over the Miranda Warnings. CS-4
[was] marked and identified as a Miranda Warning Waiver Form
from the Haverford Township Police Department. [Appellee]
initialed each question and then the Detective sign[ed] the form.
The Detective read the form to [Appellee]. [Appellee] read the
form himself. [Appellee] initialed and signed the form.
[Appellee] did not ask to speak to a lawyer. Then Detective
Goodman asked [Appellee] for consent to look into his cell phone.
CS-5 is a consent to search electronic device form. After
requesting the search be limited to his texts, [Appellee] signed
the form. Then Detective Goodman searched through the text
messages on [Appellee]’s phone.
On cross-examination[,] Detective Goodman testified he was
unaware of what went on from the time when [Appellee] was
arrested up to when he was Mirandized. The Detective repeated
that [Appellee] understood his Miranda warnings and waiver.
Detective Goodman and Detective Long both questioned
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[Appellee]. However, initially Detective Long simply observed.
[Appellee] proffered some explanation initially that he was owed
money[,] which led to questions by the detective as to why they
did not meet at a residence. In the 20-30 minute conversation[,]
[Appellee] stated that he was not a drug dealer and that he did
not sell drugs. The search of [Appellee]’s cell phone arose as a
means for [Appellee] to prove that he was not a drug dealer.
Two (2) cell phones were recovered. One was broken. Detective
Goodman didn’t threaten to get a search warrant if [Appellee]
didn’t consent. On re-direct examination, Detective Goodman
testified that [Appellee] never indicated to him that some other
officer or detective threatened [Appellee] in any way.
Detective … Goodman was called to the stand at the continuing
suppression hearing on March 28, 2016[,] at which time he was
asked to identify the consent to search authorization for the phone
and the text messages and photographs of the text messages that
were seized.
…
Detective Goodman was shown DS-8. He testified the photograph
appear[ed] to be a view of the Sunoco from the view of one
looking towards Meadowbrook Road.
Detective Goodman [was] then shown what was marked as DS-
11. DS-11 depicts the front end of a car. Goodman [was] asked
if this approximate[d] the location of [Appellee]’s car the day he
was arrested[,] to which the Detective responded [that
Appellant]’s car was further away than the distance depicted on
DS-11. Generally[,] Detective Goodman recall[ed] that as it
pertain[ed] to DS-11. Detective Long’s car was further off than
the nose cones depicted on that picture would indicate. Detective
Goodman [was] then shown DS-12 which [was] an image
depicting a greater distance between the bumper and the cone.
Detective Goodman testifie[d] that this approximate[d] the
relative positions of Detective Long’s vehicle and [Appellee]’s
vehicle on the day of the arrest. Ultimately Detective Goodman
could not testify [as to] whether any part of the front of …
Detective Long’s vehicle was directly in front of [Appellee]’s
vehicle.
Trial Court Opinion (“TCO”), 8/9/18, at 3-12.
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The Commonwealth charged Appellee with possession with intent to
deliver a controlled substance, 35 P.S. § 780-113(a)(30), three counts of
possession of a controlled substance, 35 P.S. § 780-113(a)(16), possession
of small amount of marijuana, 35 P.S. § 780-113(a)(31), and ten counts of
possession of drug paraphernalia, 35 P.S. § 780-113(a)(32). On November
4, 2015, Appellee filed a timely motion to suppress the seized physical
evidence, as well the incriminatory statements he made while in police
custody, the latter as fruit of the poisonous tree stemming from the ostensible
illegality of the initial seizure. As noted above, the trial court conducted a
bifurcated suppression hearing on February 18, 2016 and March 28, 2016. On
May 18, 2017, the trial court issued an order granting suppression of the
physical evidence and statements, and an accompanying opinion expressing
its findings of fact and conclusions of law.
The Commonwealth filed the instant interlocutory appeal on June 15,
2017. In its notice of appeal, the Commonwealth certified that “under
Pa.R.A.P. [] 311(d)[,] the suppression order will terminate or substantially
handicap the prosecution.” Commonwealth’s Notice of Appeal, 6/15/17, at 1.
The Commonwealth then filed a timely, court-ordered Pa.R.A.P. 1925(b)
statement on July 6, 2017. The trial court issued its Rule 1925(a) opinion on
August 9, 2018.
The Commonwealth now presents the following questions for our
review:
[I.] The detective did not pull-over [Appellee]’s vehicle, activate
his lights and siren, order [Appellee] out of his vehicle, or [his]
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vehicle from leaving the parking lot. Was the detective’s approach
of [Appellee] a mere encounter?
[II.] The detective observed marijuana in plain view on
[Appellee]’s lap and on the floor of his vehicle and smelled
marijuana emanating from the vehicle. Did the officer have
probable cause to arrest [Appellee], perform a search incident to
arrest, and search his vehicle?
Commonwealth’s Brief at 2.
We begin with our standard of review:
When reviewing the propriety of a suppression order, an appellate
court is required to determine whether the record supports the
suppression court’s factual findings and whether the inferences
and legal conclusions drawn by the suppression court from those
findings are appropriate. Where the defendant prevailed in the
suppression court, we may consider only the evidence of the
defense and so much of the evidence for the Commonwealth as
remains uncontradicted when read in the context of the record as
a whole. Where the record supports the factual findings of the
suppression court, we are bound by those facts and may reverse
only if the legal conclusions drawn therefrom are in error.
However, where the appeal of the determination of the
suppression court turns on allegations of legal error, the
suppression court’s conclusions of law are not binding on an
appellate court, whose duty it is to determine if the suppression
court properly applied the law to the facts.
In re O.J., 958 A.2d 561, 564 (Pa. Super. 2008) (en banc) (cleaned up).
The Commonwealth asserts that Appellee was not effectively seized
prior the discovery of contraband in plain view.
Our courts have long recognized three levels of interaction that
occur between the police and citizens that are relevant to the
analysis of whether a particular search or seizure conforms to the
requirements of U.S. CONST. amend. IV and P.A. CONST. art. I, §
8.
The first of these is a mere encounter (or request for information)
which need not be supported by any level of suspicion, but carries
no official compulsion to stop or respond. The second, an
investigative detention must be supported by reasonable
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suspicion; it subjects a suspect to a stop and period of detention,
but does not involve such coercive conditions as to constitute the
functional equivalent of arrest. Finally, an arrest or custodial
detention must be supported by probable cause.
In assessing the lawfulness of citizen/police encounters, a central,
threshold issue is whether or not the citizen-subject has been
seized. Instances of police questioning involving no seizure or
detentive aspect (mere or consensual encounters) need not be
supported by any level of suspicion in order to maintain validity.
Valid citizen/police interactions which constitute seizures
generally fall within two categories, distinguished according to the
degree of restraint upon a citizen’s liberty: the investigative
detention or Terry[2] stop, which subjects an individual to a stop
and a period of detention but is not so coercive as to constitute
the functional equivalent of an arrest; and a custodial detention
or arrest, the more restrictive form of permissible encounters. To
maintain constitutional validity, an investigative detention must
be supported by a reasonable and articulable suspicion that the
person seized is engaged in criminal activity and may continue
only so long as is necessary to confirm or dispel such suspicion;
whereas, a custodial detention is legal only if based on probable
cause. To guide the crucial inquiry as to whether or not a seizure
has been effected, the United States Supreme Court has devised
an objective test entailing a determination of whether, in view of
all surrounding circumstances, a reasonable person would have
believed that he was free to leave. In evaluating the
circumstances, the focus is directed toward whether, by means of
physical force or show of authority, the citizen-subject’s
movement has in some way been restrained. In making this
determination, courts must apply the totality-of-the-
circumstances approach, with no single factor dictating the
ultimate conclusion as to whether a seizure has occurred.
Commonwealth v. Lyles, 54 A.3d 76, 79-80 (Pa. Super. 2012) (cleaned up).
The Commonwealth’s first claim concerns the trial court’s determination
that Detective Long subjected Appellee to an investigative detention, requiring
reasonable suspicion of criminal activity, when the detective approached
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2 Terry v. Ohio, 392 U.S. 1 (1968).
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Appellee’s vehicle, while visibly armed and displaying his badge, immediately
after ostensibly positioning his vehicle in a manner that prevented Appellee
from leaving the parking lot. The Commonwealth argues that the detective
did not block Appellee’s vehicle and, therefore, Appellee was only subject to a
mere encounter that did not require any level of suspicion. Notably, the
Commonwealth makes no effort to argue that Detective Long possessed
reasonable suspicion at that point to subject Appellee to an investigative
detention.3 Hence, this case turns solely on the question of whether Appellee
reasonably believed he was free to leave as Detective Long approached his
vehicle.
The Commonwealth argues that: “The trial court erred by concluding
that the detective seized [Appellee] when he alighted from his vehicle and
walked towards [Appellee]’s vehicle. The detective did not pull [Appellee]
over or block his exit. Consequently, the detective’s initial interaction with
[Appellee] was a mere encounter.” Commonwealth’s Brief at 13. The framing
of the Commonwealth’s argument effectively concedes that if Detective Long
did block Appellee’s exit, such action would have constituted an investigative
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3 Nevertheless, the trial court addressed this issue, and concluded that
Detective Long did not possess reasonable suspicion that Appellee was
engaged in criminal activity. See TCO at 24-25 (reasoning that: the
information obtained from the anonymous tip lacked specificity; the tip was
not sufficiently verified by Detective Long merely because he observed that
Appellee’s vehicle matched the vague description given by the tipster; where
the other vehicle described by the tipster was not present; and where no
further observations were made by Detective Long to support the suspicion
that a drug transaction had occurred until after the court had determined that
an investigative detention had been effectuated). We agree.
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detention requiring, at a minimum, “a reasonable and articulable suspicion
that the person seized is engaged in criminal activity.” Lyles, 54 A.3d at 79.
Critically, the Commonwealth insists that in “its conclusions of law, the
trial court reiterated that the detective did not block [Appellee]’s vehicle from
exiting when he pulled into the parking lot.” Commonwealth Brief at 15. The
Commonwealth’s assertion is belied by the record. The Commonwealth
mistakes the trial court’s summary of the testimony provided by Detective
Long, for the court’s factual conclusions. In its Rule 1925(a) opinion, the trial
court plainly stated that it “specifically rejected and does not credit the
testimony that [Appellee]’s vehicle was not blocked under the
circumstances[.]” TCO at 24. The factual findings of a suppression court, to
which we afford great deference, “are dependent on the suppression court’s
credibility determinations.” In re L.J., 79 A.3d 1073, 1085 (Pa. 2013).
Thus, several factual findings, considered in the totality of the
circumstances, support the trial court’s determination that Appellee did not
reasonably believe he was free to leave when he saw Detective Long
approaching his car. First, his most obvious and safe means of departure was
blocked by Detective Long.4 Second, it is undisputed that Detective Long was
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4 The Commonwealth incredulously suggests that Appellee could have put his
vehicle in reverse and backed away from the officer. We liken this argument
to one where an officer has blocked a doorway, leaving a suspect the option
to crawl out a window. Certainly, there may be some possibility of escape in
virtually all circumstances where a suspect has not yet been physically
restrained by law enforcement, but the mere existence of such possibilities
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visibly armed, and that his badge was prominently displayed. Third, Detective
Long exited his vehicle and immediately moved toward Appellee’s driver’s side
door, with the clear intent to engage him.5
The Commonwealth further claims that the trial court’s determination
stands counter to our Supreme Court’s ruling in Commonwealth v. Au, 42
A.3d 1002 (Pa. 2012). However, the Au decision is clearly distinguishable in
two significant respects. First, the Au decision turned on whether a mere
encounter had escalated into an investigative detention when police officers
asked the occupants of a parked vehicle for identification; the Court decided
that it had not so escalated. Accordingly, the import of the Au decision was
that ”a request for identification is not to be regarded as escalatory in terms
of the coercive aspects of a police-citizen encounter.” Id. at 1007. Second,
the predicate determination that the occupants had been only subject to a
mere encounter before the questioning occurred was not at issue in Au. In
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does not undermine the legal conclusion that a reasonable person would not
feel free to leave under the circumstances. Indeed, investigative detentions
are inherently less restrictive than outright arrests, which is why they require
a lesser degree of suspicion to effectuate lawfully. See Lyles, supra. By
blocking Appellee’s vehicle from the front, Detective Long restricted his liberty
of movement, although not to such a degree that it constituted the effectual
equivalent of an arrest.
5 While Detective Long’s subjective intent was not relevant, the manner of the
detective’s approach was nevertheless relevant to the totality of the
circumstances test, as a reasonable person would not feel free to leave when
being approached by an officer in this manner. A reasonable person would
believe, in such circumstances, that he or she has been compelled to interact
with the officer who is approaching him.
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any event, the Au decision was premised on a different fact pattern, one
directly at odds with the present case. When the officer in Au initially came
upon the parked vehicle, he “positioned his vehicle at an angle relative to the
parked automobile so as to illuminate the passenger side.” Id. at 1003. The
“officer [testified] that he did so without blocking the egress of the vehicle[.]”
Id. The trial court had credited that testimony in denying Au’s motion to
suppress. Here, however, the trial court granted suppression, and found
similar testimony by Detective Long not credible. As such, Au does not compel
this Court to reverse the trial court’s suppression order in this case.
Accordingly, we conclude the Commonwealth’s first claim lacks merit.
Next, the Commonwealth contends that Detective Long had probable
cause to arrest Appellee once he discovered marijuana in plain view, and that
both the search incident to arrest and search of Appellee’s vehicle were
justified by that probable cause. However, we need not address this claim,
as we agree with the trial court that Appellee was effectively seized absent
reasonable suspicion immediately prior to Detective Long’s detection of the
marijuana. Accordingly, the subsequent discoveries were fruit of the
poisonous tree. See Commonwealth v. Shabezz, 166 A.3d 278, 280 (Pa.
2017) (holding that “contested evidence, tainted by the initial illegality, must
be suppressed, even absent a demonstrable expectation of privacy in the
locations where the evidence was found”).
Order affirmed.
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Judgment Entered.
Joseph D. Seletyn, Esq.
Prothonotary
Date: 5/2/19
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