MEMORANDUM DECISION
Pursuant to Ind. Appellate Rule 65(D),
this Memorandum Decision shall not be FILED
regarded as precedent or cited before any May 08 2019, 9:23 am
court except for the purpose of establishing CLERK
the defense of res judicata, collateral Indiana Supreme Court
Court of Appeals
and Tax Court
estoppel, or the law of the case.
ATTORNEY FOR APPELLANT ATTORNEYS FOR APPELLEE
Philip R. Skodinski Curtis T. Hill, Jr.
South Bend, Indiana Attorney General of Indiana
Matthew B. Mackenzie
Deputy Attorney General
Indianapolis, Indiana
IN THE
COURT OF APPEALS OF INDIANA
James Jacobs, May 8, 2019
Appellant-Defendant, Court of Appeals Case No.
18A-CR-2031
v. Appeal from the St. Joseph
Superior Court
State of Indiana, The Honorable Jane Woodward
Appellee-Plaintiff. Miller, Judge
Trial Court Cause No.
71D01-1803-F5-55
Friedlander, Senior Judge.
[1] James Jacobs appeals his convictions of burglary and attempted burglary. We
affirm.
Court of Appeals of Indiana | Memorandum Decision 18A-CR-2031 | May 8, 2019 Page 1 of 9
[2] Jacobs presents two issues for our review, which we restate as:
1. Whether there was sufficient evidence to sustain his
convictions.
2. Whether the trial court erred when it responded to a question
from the jury during deliberations.
[3] Some time between 11:00 p.m. on March 12, 2018 and 12:00 a.m. on March
13, Jacobs was dropped off at a Motel 6 in Roseland, Indiana by his cousin,
who paid for Jacobs’ room for the night. Jacobs had been living with his
cousin, but the living arrangement ended due to Jacobs’ drinking.
[4] At approximately 8:00 a.m. on March 13, Aaron Catanzarite, Roseland Chief
of Police, was dispatched to CarX where he observed a panel missing from one
of the garage doors. The garage had been ransacked and items, including tools
and a laptop, were missing. He was then dispatched to Affordable Auto, where
he observed that a glass door had been shattered. Like CarX, the office of
Affordable Auto had been ransacked and items were missing, notably a large
gray and blue toolbox.
[5] Chief Catanzarite was then called to go to Cheers Lounge regarding an
attempted burglary. Cheers Lounge is located across the street from the Motel
6 where Jacobs had stayed the previous night. Surveillance video showed a
man removing wooden fence panels, entering Cheers’ patio area, and
attempting to gain access through the back door of the lounge. After reviewing
Cheers’ surveillance video, the Chief and his Assistant Chief, Timothy Witham,
Court of Appeals of Indiana | Memorandum Decision 18A-CR-2031 | May 8, 2019 Page 2 of 9
noticed a man at the bus stop out in front of Cheers. He was wearing the same
clothes as the man they had seen in the surveillance video, and he was sitting
on a large blue and gray toolbox like the one taken from Affordable Auto just a
few hours earlier. Upon investigation, the man, whom the officers identified as
Jacobs, also had a sleeping bag with him. A search of the sleeping bag revealed
it contained items reported stolen from CarX and Affordable Auto.
[6] Jacobs was arrested and charged with two counts of burglary, both as Level 5
1 2
felonies, and one count of attempted burglary, as a Level 5 felony. At a jury
trial, Jacobs testified that after leaving Cheers and walking to his uncle’s house,
he encountered a man having car trouble who asked if he would like to buy
some tools. Jacobs testified that he bought a toolbox, tools, and a laptop for
$65 and that he asked the man for a receipt. Jacobs then introduced, and the
trial court admitted, a handwritten receipt signed with the name “Tim
McDonald.” See Ex. Vol. 3, p. 48. Jacobs further testified that he had the
receipt in his pocket when he was arrested. During deliberations, the jury asked
a question about the receipt, and the court responded that it was unable to
answer the question. The jury convicted Jacobs on all counts, and the trial
court sentenced him to five years on each count, to be served concurrently.
Jacobs now appeals.
1
Ind. Code § 35-43-2-1 (2014).
2
Id.; Ind. Code § 35-41-5-1 (2014).
Court of Appeals of Indiana | Memorandum Decision 18A-CR-2031 | May 8, 2019 Page 3 of 9
[7] Jacobs first contends that the evidence is insufficient to support his convictions.
When we review a challenge to the sufficiency of the evidence, we neither
reweigh the evidence nor judge the credibility of the witnesses. Sandleben v.
State, 29 N.E.3d 126 (Ind. Ct. App. 2015), trans. denied. Instead, we consider
only the evidence most favorable to the verdict and any reasonable inferences
drawn therefrom. Id. If there is substantial evidence of probative value from
which a reasonable fact-finder could have found the defendant guilty beyond a
reasonable doubt, the verdict will not be disturbed. Labarr v. State, 36 N.E.3d
501 (Ind. Ct. App. 2015). Further, it is not necessary that the evidence
overcome every reasonable hypothesis of innocence. Tongate v. State, 954
N.E.2d 494 (Ind. Ct. App. 2011), trans. denied (2012).
[8] Jacobs does not challenge any specific element of the offenses that were
required to be proven by the State beyond a reasonable doubt. Instead, he
argues that he presented a credible, unrefuted explanation for his possession of
the stolen items, and, besides the fact that he was found at the bus stop outside
Cheers with the stolen property, there was no evidence to implicate him in the
burglaries.
[9] A burglary conviction may be sustained by circumstantial evidence. Allen v.
State, 743 N.E.2d 1222 (Ind. Ct. App. 2001), trans. denied. The unexplained
possession of recently stolen property will support a burglary conviction
providing there is evidence that there was in fact a burglary committed. Id.
Further, possession remains unexplained when the trier of fact rejects the
defendant’s explanation as being unworthy of credit. Id.
Court of Appeals of Indiana | Memorandum Decision 18A-CR-2031 | May 8, 2019 Page 4 of 9
[10] Essentially, Jacobs asks us to reevaluate the credibility of the witnesses and
reweigh the evidence, which we cannot do. The State presented the
surveillance video of Jacobs removing the wooden fence panels and attempting
to open the back door of Cheers. In his testimony, Jacobs admitted to pulling
down the panels and checking the back door to see if it was open because he
“was still wanting a beer.” Tr. Vol. 2, pp. 119-20. The State’s evidence
additionally showed that, nearby on the same night, both CarX and Affordable
Auto were burglarized. Less than twenty-four hours later, Jacobs was found in
the same clothes he had been wearing when he attempted to enter Cheers the
night before, sitting at a bus stop in front of Cheers across the street from the
motel where he had stayed the previous night. In addition, he was in
possession of the items that had been stolen from CarX and Affordable Auto.
[11] Jacobs’ self-serving explanation that he unknowingly purchased the stolen
property from a stranded motorist and that the man wrote a receipt for the
items in the middle of the night, while inventive, is implausible. It was well
within the jury’s province to deem this evidence unworthy of credit. Brasher v.
State, 746 N.E.2d 71 (Ind. 2001) (stating it is within jury’s province to judge
credibility of witnesses). Sufficient evidence supported Jacobs’ convictions.
[12] For his second allegation of error, Jacobs claims the court erred when it
responded to a jury question during deliberations. The pertinent portion of the
trial transcript is as follows:
THE COURT: We’re back on the record. It’s about 3:30. The
case went to the jury at about two o’clock. Maybe ten minutes
Court of Appeals of Indiana | Memorandum Decision 18A-CR-2031 | May 8, 2019 Page 5 of 9
ago we received this note. Did the State know of the defendant’s
Exhibit B [handwritten receipt] before today? I would propose
responding: I am unable to answer your question. All the
evidence that will be presented has already been provided to you.
Any problem with that, State?
[STATE]: I’m fine with that.
THE COURT: How about you, [Defense Counsel]?
[DEFENSE COUNSEL]: I guess that’s okay other than maybe
parties exchange lists of witnesses and exhibits before trial.
They’re asking whether they knew about the exhibit before the
trial. That’s their question.
THE COURT: Yes.
[DEFENSE COUNSEL]: Well, whatever.
THE COURT: I don’t think I should start answering the
question after telling them that I can’t.
[DEFENSE COUNSEL]: Okay.
Tr. Vol. 2, p. 168.
[13] Jacobs failed to adequately preserve this issue for our review by failing to object
when the trial court presented the jury’s question to counsel and asked if they
approved of its proposed response. See Butler v. State, 622 N.E.2d 1035 (Ind. Ct.
App. 1993) (defendant waived for appeal court’s alleged error in responding to
jury questions during deliberations when he failed to adequately object at time
Court of Appeals of Indiana | Memorandum Decision 18A-CR-2031 | May 8, 2019 Page 6 of 9
answers were sent back to jury), trans. denied (1994). Here, Jacobs did not just
fail to object; he affirmatively acquiesced in the court’s response.
[14] Waiver notwithstanding, Jacobs’ claim fails. In support of his argument,
Jacobs cites Indiana Code section 34-1-21-6. That statute was recodified at
Indiana Code section 34-36-1-6 in 1998 with no material difference in the
language of the two versions. See Fields v. State, 972 N.E.2d 977, 981 n.1 (Ind.
Ct. App. 2012), trans. denied. The current statute provides:
If, after the jury retires for deliberation:
(1) there is a disagreement among the jurors as to any part of the
testimony; or
(2) the jury desires to be informed as to any point of law arising
in the case;
the jury may request the officer to conduct them into court,
where the information required shall be given in the presence of,
or after notice to, the parties or the attorneys representing the
parties.
Ind. Code § 34-36-1-6. Our Supreme Court has clarified that Section 34-36-1-6
is triggered only where (1) the jurors explicitly indicate a disagreement as to any
part of the testimony or (2) the jurors desire to be informed as to any point of
law. Bouye v. State, 699 N.E.2d 620 (Ind. 1998). The phrase “any point of law
arising in the case” is narrowly construed and mandates that the trial court
provide a discrete answer only when the jury question points to an error or
Court of Appeals of Indiana | Memorandum Decision 18A-CR-2031 | May 8, 2019 Page 7 of 9
“legal lacuna” in the final instructions. Fields, 972 N.E.2d at 980 (emphasis
added).
[15] Jacobs acknowledges that the procedure set forth in Section 34-36-1-6 is
mandatory in only the two instances listed there, and he concedes that in the
present case the jury expressed no disagreement as to any testimony. He
asserts, however, that the jury’s question concerning the receipt constitutes a
desire to be informed as to a point of law and that, as such, the court was
required to answer the question.
[16] Contrary to Jacobs’ contention, given the narrow construction of the statutory
phrase “any point of law arising in the case,” we cannot say the jury’s question
in this case falls into that category. Therefore, the mandatory language of
Section 34-36-1-6 does not apply here, and the court could exercise its
discretion in determining whether to provide the requested information. Foster
v. State, 698 N.E.2d 1166 (Ind. 1998).
[17] There is nothing in the record reflecting an abuse of discretion by the court in
declining to answer the question. The parties presented all the evidence to the
jury and instructed them as to the applicable law, and Jacobs does not assert
that the court’s instructions were erroneous. Thus, on the record before us, we
conclude the trial court did not abuse its discretion when it declined to answer
the jury’s question and simply referred the jury to the evidence that had been
presented.
Court of Appeals of Indiana | Memorandum Decision 18A-CR-2031 | May 8, 2019 Page 8 of 9
[18] For the reasons stated, we conclude the evidence was sufficient to support
Jacobs’ convictions and that the trial court did not err when it declined to
answer the jury’s question.
[19] Judgment affirmed.
Riley, J., and Tavitas, J., concur.
Court of Appeals of Indiana | Memorandum Decision 18A-CR-2031 | May 8, 2019 Page 9 of 9