MEMORANDUM DECISION
Pursuant to Ind. Appellate Rule 65(D),
this Memorandum Decision shall not be FILED
regarded as precedent or cited before any May 10 2019, 9:59 am
court except for the purpose of establishing CLERK
the defense of res judicata, collateral Indiana Supreme Court
Court of Appeals
and Tax Court
estoppel, or the law of the case.
ATTORNEY FOR APPELLANT ATTORNEYS FOR APPELLEE
K. Aaron Heifner Curtis T. Hill, Jr.
Anderson, Indiana Attorney General of Indiana
Jesse R. Drum
Deputy Attorney General
Indianapolis, Indiana
IN THE
COURT OF APPEALS OF INDIANA
Lazarus White, II, May 10, 2019
Appellant-Defendant, Court of Appeals Case No.
18A-CR-975
v. Appeal from the Madison Circuit
Court
State of Indiana, The Honorable Thomas Newman,
Appellee-Plaintiff. Jr., Judge
Trial Court Cause No.
48C03-1702-F4-435
Tavitas, Judge.
Court of Appeals of Indiana | Memorandum Decision 18A-CR-975 | May 10, 2019 Page 1 of 10
Case Summary
[1] Lazarus White appeals his convictions for unlawful possession of a firearm by a
serious violent felon, a Level 4 felony, and theft, a Level 6 felony. We affirm.
Issues
[2] White raises two issues on appeal, which we restate as:
I. Whether the trial court erred in finding White guilty but
mentally ill instead of not guilty by reason of insanity.
II. Whether the evidence is sufficient to convict White of
unlawful possession of a firearm and theft.
Facts
[3] On February 8, 2017, Michael Hennis was taking his lunch break at his sister’s
home in Madison County when White knocked on the door. Hennis allowed
White in the home to use the phone and restroom. Hennis’ sister lives at the
home with her boyfriend and three children. While White was not an invited
guest at the home that day, he had been there before, and it was not unusual for
him to visit.
[4] While inside the home, White made himself something to eat, used the
restroom, and called for a ride. During this time, according to Hennis, White
was acting “[k]ind of sketchy[,]” and “like he really didn’t want to be there.”
Tr. p. 35. Hennis played video games while White waited for his ride. After
using the upstairs restroom, White took Hennis’ AR-15 gun that was stored in
an upstairs bedroom. Hennis observed White leaving the home with the
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weapon, which Hennis could see partially tucked inside White’s coat.
Approximately three hours later, Hennis filed a police report with Officer
Brandon Reynolds at the Anderson Police Department. Based on the record, it
does not appear the weapon was ever recovered; however, the State produced
photos of the weapon that Hennis had on his phone.
[5] White was arrested, and a bench trial was set to begin in March 2018. On
March 3, 2018, White filed a belated notice of insanity defense. On March 7-8,
2018, the trial court heard evidence with regard to White’s insanity defense and
held a bench trial on the charges.
[6] Dr. Susan Anderson testified that she did not believe White was suffering from
a mental disease or defect at the time of the offense to the point that White
should be excused from responsibility for his criminal acts. In reaching this
determination, Dr. Anderson reviewed the arrest report, spoke with White’s
mother, and spoke with White on November 29, 2017. White admitted to Dr.
Anderson that, on the day of the alleged crime, White used cocaine and was
not on his psychiatric medications. Further, Dr. Anderson testified regarding
her diagnosis of White—namely, that she believed that White suffered from
paranoid schizophrenia and substance abuse. White also suffered as a child
from attention deficit hyperactivity disorder.
[7] Dr. Ned Masbaum testified that White “was of unsound mind at the time of the
alleged offenses. He was not able to appreciate the wrongfulness of his
behavior at that time.” Id. at 17. In reaching this determination, Dr. Masbaum
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reviewed (1) the probable cause affidavit, (2) the charging informations, (3) the
court order for the examination, and (4) White’s past medical history, personal
history, and mental status examination. Additionally, Dr. Masbaum spoke
with White’s mother and father and spoke with White on October 12, 2017.
Dr. Masbaum also opined that White has a severe mental disease of
schizophrenia. White told Dr. Masbaum that White was “dependent on
marijuana, heroin, crack cocaine, and alcohol but he denied using any of those
substances at the time of the alleged offenses.” Id. at 22. Dr. Masbaum stated
that, although White did not admit to any substance abuse at the time of the
offense, even if he had, that would not have impacted Dr. Masbaum’s opinion
of White’s insanity.
[8] During presentation of the State’s evidence, Hennis testified to the foregoing
facts. Hennis, however, provided somewhat inconsistent or confusing
testimony. First, Hennis was unclear as to why he allowed White to stay and
eat lunch in the home, while awaiting a ride despite Hennis’ accusation that
White was acting “sketchy.” Id. at 33. Second, Hennis was unclear as to why
he waited three hours to report the stolen weapon, other than stating that he
“tried to give [White] a chance to bring [the weapon] back . . .” Id. at 53.
Third, Hennis was unclear about whether he initially saw White come down
the stairs with the weapon, or whether it was some time after White used the
restroom that Hennis observed White with the weapon. Fourth, the police
report indicates that Hennis told Officer Reynolds that he chased White as
White left the home, shouting, “Are you really going to do this to me?!”;
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whereas, at trial, Hennis testified that he did not chase after White. Appellant’s
App. Vol. II p. 18. Fifth, the police report does not mention anything about
Robert Anderson, the individual who picked White up from the home, coming
into the home; whereas, at trial, Hennis testified that Anderson came in the
home and spoke with Hennis before leaving with White.
[9] The trial court found White guilty of theft, a Level 6 felony. Subsequently, the
State admitted a certified copy of White’s previous convictions for burglary and
theft. White’s counsel “stipulate[d] to the priors.” Tr. p. 88. Accordingly, the
trial court found White guilty of unlawful possession of a firearm by a serious
violent felon, a Level 4 felony. At sentencing, the trial court amended White’s
verdict for both convictions to guilty but mentally ill. White now appeals.
Analysis
A. Insanity defense
[10] White first argues that the trial court erred in finding him guilty but mentally ill
instead of finding White guilty by reason of insanity. 1 “To convict a criminal
defendant, the State must prove each element of the offense beyond a
reasonable doubt.” Barcroft v. State, 111 N.E.3d 997, 1002 (Ind. 2018) (citing
Ind. Code § 35-41-4-1(a)). However,
1
The trial court did not appear to explicitly reject White’s insanity defense. The trial court heard evidence on
the insanity defense and then continued directly to evidence on the theft charge. At the close of the evidence,
the trial court found White guilty, thereby implicitly denying White’s insanity defense.
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[A] defendant may avoid criminal responsibility by invoking the
insanity defense. This plea requires the defendant to prove by a
preponderance of the evidence (1) that [he] suffers from a mental
disease or defect and (2) that the mental disease or defect
rendered [him] unable to appreciate the wrongfulness of [his]
conduct at the time of the offense. Proof of mental illness alone
is not enough.
Id. (citations and quotations omitted).
[11] When reviewing a trial court’s conclusion that a defendant was not insane at
the time of the offense, we give substantial deference to the trial court. See id.
“On review, we do not reweigh evidence, reassess witness credibility, or disturb
the factfinder’s reasonable inferences.” Id. (citing Myers v. State, 27 N.E.3d
1069, 1074 (Ind. 2015)). “We will instead affirm the trial court’s conviction
unless ‘the evidence is without conflict and leads only to the conclusion that the
defendant was insane when the crime was committed.’” Id. (quoting Thompson
v. State, 804 N.E.2d 1146, 1149 (Ind. 2004)).
[12] Here, Dr. Anderson and Dr. Masbaum agreed that White suffered from
schizophrenia, which satisfies the first prong of the insanity defense. This
alone, however, is not enough. See Barcroft, 111 N.E.3d at 1002. Additionally,
White was required to prove that this mental illness rendered him unable to
appreciate the wrongfulness of his conduct at the time of the offense. See id.
Dr. Anderson and Dr. Masbaum disagreed about whether White was unable to
appreciate the wrongfulness of his conduct at the time of the offense. This
alone was sufficient for the trial court, as fact finder, to conclude that White
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was not suffering from insanity at the time of the offense. See Galloway v. State,
938 N.E.2d 699, 708 (Ind. 2010) (“Our cases have consistently held that
conflicting credible expert testimony is sufficiently probative of sanity.”).
[13] The trial court was in the best position to weigh the two conflicting expert
opinions and make a determination. The trial court ultimately made the
determination that White was guilty but mentally ill. 2 Our review of the
evidence does not “lead[] only to the conclusion that the defendant was insane
when the crime was committed.” See Barcroft, 111 N.E.3d at 1002.
Accordingly, the trial court did not err in finding White guilty but mentally ill
instead of not guilty by reason of insanity.
B. Sufficient Evidence
[14] Next, White challenges the sufficiency of the evidence for his convictions.
When there is a challenge to the sufficiency of the evidence, “[w]e neither
reweigh evidence nor judge witness credibility.” Gibson v. State, 51 N.E.3d 204,
210 (Ind. 2016) (citing Bieghler v. State, 481 N.E.2d 78, 84 (Ind. 1985), cert.
denied), cert. denied. Instead, “we ‘consider only that evidence most favorable to
the judgment together with all reasonable inferences drawn therefrom.’” Id.
(quoting Bieghler, 481 N.E.2d at 84). “We will affirm the judgment if it is
supported by ‘substantial evidence of probative value even if there is some
2
Pursuant to Indiana Code Section 35-36-2-3, the trial court, as fact finder, could have found White either
guilty, not guilty, not responsible by reason of insanity at the time of the crime, or guilty but mentally ill at
the time of the crime.
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conflict in that evidence.’” Id. (quoting Bieghler, 481 N.E.2d at 84); see also
McCallister v. State, 91 N.E.3d 554, 558 (Ind. 2018) (holding that, even though
there was conflicting evidence, it was “beside the point” because that argument
“misapprehend[s] our limited role as a reviewing court”). Further, “[w]e will
affirm the conviction unless no reasonable fact-finder could find the elements of
the crime proven beyond a reasonable doubt.” Love v. State, 73 N.E.3d 693, 696
(Ind. 2017) (citing Drane v. State, 867 N.E.2d 144, 146 (Ind. 2007)).
[15] Specifically, White contends that the main issue regarding the evidence
surrounds Hennis, the State’s witness who provided the facts supporting the
theft conviction. White contends that a “review of the incredible dubiosity of
the State’s witness” is required. Appellant’s Br. p. 7. The incredible dubiosity
rule “allows an appellate court to impinge upon the fact-finder’s assessment of
witness credibility when the testimony at trial was so ‘unbelievable, incredible,
or improbable that no reasonable person could ever reach a guilty verdict based
upon that evidence alone.’” Carter v. State, 44 N.E.3d 47, 52 (Ind. Ct. App.
2015) (quoting Moore v. State, 27 N.E.3d 749, 751 (Ind. 2015)). “Incredible
dubiosity is a difficult standard to meet, requiring ambiguous, inconsistent
testimony that ‘runs counter to human experience.’” Id. (quoting Edwards v.
State, 753 N.E.2d 618, 622 (Ind. 2001)). In Moore, our Supreme Court held that
“the appropriate scope of the incredible dubiosity rule as utilized in Indiana and
other jurisdictions requires that there be 1) a sole testifying witness; 2) testimony
that is inherently contradictory, equivocal, or the result of coercion; and 3) a
complete absence of circumstantial evidence.” Moore, 27 N.E.3d at 756.
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[16] While we agree with White that there were some inconsistencies in Hennis’
testimony, as described above, these inconsistencies do not rise to the level of
incredible dubiosity. 3 First, as to the discrepancies between Hennis’ pretrial
statements and trial testimony, “When a witnesss’s trial testimony contradicts a
statement she made before trial, it is the jury’s province to decide which
statement to believe.” Chambless v. State, 119 N.E.3d 182, 193 (Ind. Ct. App.
2019), trans. denied. “Discrepancies between pretrial statements and trial
testimony go to the weight of testimony and credibility of the witness but do not
render such testimony incredibly dubious.” Id. The defense pointed out the
inconsistencies in Hennis’ pretrial and trial testimony, and the trial court
ultimately decided that Hennis was credible.
[17] As to Hennis’ trial testimony, while some of the details may have been unclear,
Hennis was clear that White was in the home that day, went upstairs to use the
restroom, and left the home with Hennis’ AR-15 without Hennis’ permission.
Hennis’ testimony is not so “unbelievable, incredible, or improbable that no
reasonable person could ever reach a guilty verdict based upon that evidence
alone.” Carter, 44 N.E.3d at 52. Instead, several of these inconsistencies were
“put squarely before the fact-finder, and the judge made a credibility call.” Id.
at 54. The evidence is sufficient to sustain White’s convictions.
3
We would not necessarily describe all of Hennis’ corrected statements as inconsistent as White does. For
example, at one point during his testimony, Hennis stated he lived with his sister until 2017, but then almost
immediately corrected that statement to 2016. See Tr. p. 32.
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Conclusion
[18] Based on the foregoing, the trial court did not err in finding White guilty but
mentally ill instead of not guilty by reason of insanity, and there is sufficient
evidence to sustain White’s convictions. We affirm.
[19] Affirmed.
Baker, J., and May, J., concur.
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