Filed
Washington State
Court of Appeals
Division Two
May 29, 2019
IN THE COURT OF APPEALS OF THE STATE OF WASHINGTON
DIVISION II
STATE OF WASHINGTON, No. 50738-2-II
Appellant/Cross-Respondent,
UNPUBLISHED OPINION
v.
KATRINA MEGAN LACY,
Respondent/Cross-Appellant.
MAXA, C.J. – The State appeals the trial court’s order waiving Katrina Lacy’s restitution
and mandatory legal financial obligations (LFOs) because she was indigent. Lacy cross-appeals
the trial court’s refusal to waive the interest that had accrued on the restitution and mandatory
LFOs. While this appeal was pending, the legislature in 2018 enacted amendments to several
statutes addressing LFOs and interest on those obligations.
We hold that (1) RCW 9.94A.753 establishes that the trial court did not have the
authority to waive Lacy’s restitution obligation because of her inability to pay; (2) the 2018
amendments to LFO statutes apply prospectively to this appeal of a motion to waive LFOs and
related interest; (3) the crime victim penalty assessment imposed on Lacy cannot be waived
under the 2018 amendments to RCW 9.94A.6333(3)(f); (4) the trial court has the authority under
the 2018 amendments to RCW 9.94A.6333(3)(f) to waive the DNA collection fee imposed on
Lacy because she is indigent and her failure to pay the fee was not willful; (5) we do not address
No. 50738-2-II
Lacy’s argument that attempting to collect restitution and the crime victim penalty assessment
when she is indigent violates due process or equal protection because waiver of those obligations
would not be the remedy even if she established constitutional violations; and (6) interest on
restitution cannot be waived under RCW 10.82.090(2)(b) but interest on nonrestitution LFOs
must be waived under the 2018 amendments to RCW 10.82.090(2)(b).1
Accordingly, we affirm the trial court’s waiver of Lacy’s DNA collection fee and the trial
court’s refusal to waive accrued interest on restitution, but we reverse the trial court’s waiver of
the crime victim penalty assessment and restitution and refusal to waive interest on
nonrestitution LFOs. We remand for the trial court to vacate the order waiving the crime victim
penalty assessment and restitution and to strike any accrued interest on nonrestitution LFOs.
FACTS
In 2010, Lacy pleaded guilty to one count of second degree burglary. The sentencing
court imposed $580.52 in restitution and three mandatory LFOs: a $500 crime victim penalty
assessment, a $100 DNA collection fee, and a $200 criminal filing fee. The judgment and
sentence stated that Lacy was required to make payments of not less than $30 per month
beginning two months later.
In 2011 and again in 2013, the Pierce County Clerk assigned Lacy’s restitution and LFO
obligations plus accrued interest to AllianceOne Receivables Management, Inc. (AllianceOne), a
debt collection agency. In November 2013, AllianceOne obtained a writ of garnishment for a
1
The State initially appealed the trial court’s waiver of the criminal filing fee imposed on Lacy
but withdrew that appeal in light of the 2018 amendment to RCW 36.18.020(2)(h), which
precludes the imposition of such a fee on an indigent defendant. Therefore, we do not address
the previously mandatory criminal filing fee.
2
No. 50738-2-II
continuing lien on Lacy’s earnings. In 2014, AllianceOne garnished Lacy’s wages and received
a payment that was applied to the restitution obligation. In 2014, AllianceOne also obtained a
judgment against Lacy for $268.62 in garnishment costs.
In May 2017, Lacy filed a motion to remit or revoke all her LFOs and to waive all
restitution and nonrestitution interest. In support, Lacy submitted a declaration establishing that
she was indigent under GR 34 even though she was employed. She stated that she owed
$14,866.34 in LFOs to various courts.2 Finally, she stated that her housing voucher would expire
in 2020 and that the existence of outstanding debts would make it more difficult for her to obtain
affordable housing.
As of June 2017, $283.51 of the restitution and all of the mandatory LFOs imposed in
this case remained outstanding. Total accrued interest on these obligations was $1,522.61,
including $324.71 of interest on the restitution portion.
The trial court issued a letter ruling regarding Lacy’s motion. The court found that Lacy
was indigent, and that her violation of the sentencing conditions was not willful. The court ruled
that it had authority under RCW 9.94B.040(3)(d) to modify a previous order regarding payment
of LFOs. The court ordered that Lacy’s judgment and sentence be modified to waive, remit
and/or revoke all mandatory LFOs, which apparently included restitution. But the court denied
Lacy’s request to waive accrued interest.3
2
The record is unclear whether this amount included interest.
3
The trial court also waived discretionary LFOs, but the State does not appeal that ruling.
3
No. 50738-2-II
The State appeals the trial court’s waiver of restitution and certain mandatory LFOs, and
Lacy cross-appeals the trial court’s failure to waive accrued interest.
ANALYSIS
A. WAIVER OF RESTITUTION AND MANDATORY LFOS
The State argues that the trial court lacked statutory authority to waive Lacy’s restitution
and mandatory LFOs. Lacy argues that the trial court had such authority under various statutory
provisions.4 She also argues that if the trial court had no authority to waive these obligations,
attempting to collect restitution and LFOs when she could not pay them would violate the due
process and equal protection provisions of the United States Constitution. The 2018
amendments to various LFO statutes now address the trial court’s authority regarding waiver of
certain mandatory LFOs.
We hold that the trial court erred in waiving the restitution and the crime victim penalty
assessment but not in waiving the mandatory DNA collection fee. And we decline to address
Lacy’s constitutional claims.
1. Standard of Review
This case involves the trial court’s authority to waive restitution, mandatory LFOs, and
related interest. Whether a trial court has authority to issue an order is a question of law that we
review de novo. State v. Soto, 177 Wn. App. 706, 713, 309 P.3d 596 (2013).
4
An offender may file a motion for remission of discretionary LFOs under RCW 10.01.160(4).
However, RCW 10.01.160(4) applies only to “costs,” and mandatory LFOs do not qualify as
costs. State v. Sorrell, 2 Wn. App. 2d 156, 179-80, 408 P.3d 1100 (2018).
4
No. 50738-2-II
2. Authority to Waive Restitution
Under RCW 9.94A.753(5)5, “[r]estitution shall be ordered whenever the offender is
convicted of an offense which results in injury to any person or damage to or loss of property.”
(Emphasis added.) The sentencing court imposed restitution on Lacy pursuant to this statute.
RCW 9.94A.753(4) states that restitution “may be modified as to amount, terms, and
conditions” while the offender remains under the sentencing court’s jurisdiction. However,
RCW 9.94A.753(4) also expressly states, “The court may not reduce the total amount of
restitution ordered because the offender may lack the ability to pay the total amount.”
Here, the sole basis for the trial court’s revocation of restitution was Lacy’s indigence.
Therefore, the court’s order violated RCW 9.94A.753(4).
Lacy notes that RCW 9.94A.753(4) prohibits revocation of restitution only if the offender
cannot pay the total amount, and she claims that RCW 9.94A.753(4) is inapplicable here because
she cannot pay any amount. But this distinction makes no sense. RCW 9.94A.753(4)
unambiguously prohibits a trial court from reducing ordered restitution based on the offender’s
inability to pay.
We hold that the trial court did not have authority under RCW 9.94A.753(4) to waive
Lacy’s restitution and therefore that the trial court erred in waiving restitution.
3. Authority to Waive Nonrestitution Mandatory LFOs
At the time of sentencing in 2010, specific statutes required the sentencing court to
impose certain mandatory LFOs as part of Lacy’s sentence: (1) a $500 crime victim penalty
5
RCW 9.94A.753 was amended in 2018, but those amendments are not material here.
Therefore, we cite to the current version of the statute.
5
No. 50738-2-II
assessment, former RCW 7.68.035(1)(a) (2009); and (2) a $100 DNA collection fee, former
RCW 43.43.7541 (2008). Neither of those statutes required that the sentencing court consider
the defendant’s ability to pay these fees. See State v. Seward, 196 Wn. App. 579, 587, 384 P.3d
620 (2016), review denied, 188 Wn.2d 1015 (2017).
a. Prospective Application of 2018 Amendments
In 2018, the legislature amended RCW 9.94A.6333(3)(f), which now authorizes a court
to waive LFOs if the offender is indigent and the prior failure to pay was not willful. However,
the 2018 amendments to RCW 9.94A.6333(3)(f) expressly prohibit revoking the crime victim
penalty assessment imposed under RCW 7.68.035.
Regarding the trial court’s authority to impose LFOs, the Supreme Court in State v.
Ramirez held that the 2018 amendments to the LFO statute apply prospectively to cases that
were pending on direct appeal from the judgment and sentence when the amendments took
effect. 191 Wn.2d 732, 747-49, 426 P.3d 714 (2018). A statutory amendment applies
prospectively when the precipitating event for application of the statute occurs after its effective
date. Id. at 749. The court held that the precipitating event for the imposition of LFOs was the
termination of the defendant’s case. Id. Therefore, the 2018 amendments applied to Ramirez’s
case because the case was pending on direct appeal and was not yet final. Id.
This case involves the trial court’s authority to waive mandatory LFOs (and related
interest) in response to Lacy’s motion to waive. The precipitating event for the waiver of LFOs
is when the trial court’s ruling on a waiver motion becomes final. Here, the State’s direct appeal
and Lacy’s cross-appeal were pending and the case was not yet final when the 2018 amendments
6
No. 50738-2-II
to the LFO statutes took effect. Therefore, we hold that the 2018 amendments apply
prospectively to Lacy’s motion to waive mandatory LFOs and related interest.
b. Crime Victim Penalty Assessment
Under the current version of RCW 9.94A.6333(3)(f), the trial court does not have
authority to waive the crime victim penalty assessment. Therefore, we reverse the trial court’s
waiver of the crime victim penalty assessment imposed on Lacy.
c. DNA Collection Fee
The current version of RCW 43.43.7541, the statute authorizing the DNA collection fee,
does not state that the trial court may waive the fee for indigent offenders. However, the current
version of RCW 9.94A.6333(3)(f) states:
If an offender fails to pay legal financial obligations as a requirement of a sentence
the following provisions apply:
....
(f) If the court finds that the violation was not willful, the court may, and if the court
finds that the defendant is indigent as defined in RCW 10.101.010(3)(a) through
(c), the court shall modify the terms of payment of the legal financial obligations,
reduce or waive nonrestitution legal financial obligations, or convert nonrestitution
legal financial obligations to community restitution hours.
(Emphasis added.)
This statute expressly authorizes the trial court to waive an imposed fee if the offender is
indigent and the prior failure to pay was not willful. Here, the trial court found that Lacy was
indigent and that her failure to pay was not willful.
The State argues that former RCW 9.94A.6333 (2015) applies only if the offender was
subjected to a violation hearing. However, the current version of RCW 9.94A.6333(3) does not
state that its terms apply only in the context of a violation hearing and in fact does not even
7
No. 50738-2-II
reference a violation hearing. Instead, the statute expressly applies when “an offender fails to
pay legal financial obligations.” RCW 9.94A.6333(3). Here, the State does not dispute that
Lacy failed to pay her mandatory LFOs.
The State also argues that because there was no violation hearing, there was no finding
regarding willfulness. But the trial court expressly found that Lacy’s nonpayment was not
willful.6
This court in State v. Conway held that former RCW 9.94A.6333 (2008) did not authorize
a trial court to remit mandatory LFOs. ___ Wn. App. 2d ___, 438 P.3d 1235, 1240 (2019).
Conway is inapplicable here because we apply the current version of RCW 9.94A.6333(3),
which expressly authorizes a trial court to reduce or waive nonrestitution mandatory LFOs if an
indigent offender fails to pay those LFOs and the failure is not willful.
Therefore, we affirm the trial court’s waiver of the DNA collection fee imposed on Lacy
under the current version of RCW 9.94A.6333(3)(f).7
4. Due Process and Equal Protection Claims
Lacy argues that we can affirm the trial court’s waiver of restitution and the crime victim
penalty assessment on other grounds because attempting to collect those obligations when she
6
RCW 9.94A.6333(3) does not expressly authorize an offender to file a motion to waive
mandatory LFOs. However, the State does not argue that Lacy did not have authority to file her
motion. Therefore, we do not address this issue.
7
The trial court apparently relied on former RCW 9.94B.040(3)(d) (2002) as authority to revoke
Lacy’s mandatory LFOs. But RCW 9.94B.010(1) expressly states that chapter 9.94B RCW is
applicable only to crimes committed before July 1, 2000. And the Supreme Court in State v.
Bigsby confirmed that RCW 9.94B.040 only applies to crimes committed before July 1, 2000.
189 Wn.2d 210, 214-21, 399 P.3d 540 (2017). Therefore, we do not rely on this statute.
However, we can affirm the trial court on any basis supported by the record. State v. Streepy,
199 Wn. App. 487, 500, 400 P.3d 339, review denied, 189 Wn.2d 1025 (2017).
8
No. 50738-2-II
could not pay them violates the due process and equal protections provisions of the United States
Constitution. We decline to address this argument.
Lacy does not challenge the trial court’s imposition of restitution and the crime victim
penalty assessment in her judgment and sentence. She argues that the attempted collection of
these obligations is unconstitutional. The State acknowledges that a trial court may have
authority to stop the unconstitutional collection of LFOs.
However, Lacy did not request that the trial court stop collection activities, only that the
restitution obligation and the crime victim penalty assessment be waived. The remedy for an
unconstitutional enforcement activity would seem to be an order precluding that activity, not an
order waiving the validly imposed restitution and crime victim penalty assessment.
We decline to consider Lacy’s constitutional claims because even if we were to agree
with those claims, the appropriate remedy would not be what the trial court ordered – waiver of
restitution and the crime victim penalty assessment.
B. WAIVER OF INTEREST
Former RCW 10.82.090(2) (2015) allowed an offender, upon the offender’s release from
total confinement, to file a motion to reduce or waive interest on LFOs. The trial court declined
to waive the interest that had accrued on Lacy’s restitution and mandatory LFOs based on the
language of the former statute. But applying the 2018 amendments to RCW 10.82.090, we hold
that although Lacy’s restitution interest cannot be waived under the facts here, her nonrestitution
LFO interest must be waived.8
8
Lacy also argues that RCW 10.82.090 violates the due process and equal protection provisions
of the United States Constitution regarding the collection of restitution interest. We decline to
9
No. 50738-2-II
Former RCW 10.82.090(2)(b) allowed the trial court to reduce interest on the restitution
portion of LFOs only if the offender had paid the principal in full. That requirement remains
unchanged after the 2018 amendments. Lacy has not yet paid her restitution obligation in full.
Therefore, the trial court did not err in refusing to waive the interest on Lacy’s restitution
obligation at this time.
Former RCW 10.82.090(1) required that interest accrue on all LFOs imposed in the
judgment and sentence. Former RCW 10.82.090(2)(c) allowed the trial court to reduce or waive
interest on nonrestitution LFOs if the offender “has personally made a good faith effort to pay”
and “the interest accrual is causing significant hardship.” Former RCW 10.82.090(2)(a) also
required the trial court to waive interest on nonrestitution LFOs that accrued during the term of
total confinement upon a showing of hardship.
In 2018, the legislature amended RCW 10.82.090(2)(a), which now states that the trial
court shall waive nonrestitution interest that had accrued before June 7, 2018. In addition, RCW
10.82.090(1) now provides that no interest will accrue on nonrestitution LFOs after June 7, 2018.
As we concluded above, these amendments apply prospectively to Lacy’s motion to waive
interest. Therefore, all interest on Lacy’s nonrestitution LFO obligations must be waived.
CONCLUSION
We affirm the trial court’s waiver of Lacy’s DNA collection fee and the trial court’s
refusal to waive accrued interest on restitution, but we reverse the trial court’s waiver of the
crime victim penalty assessment and restitution and refusal to waive interest on nonrestitution
address this argument for the same reason that we declined to address the same argument
regarding the restitution obligation.
10
No. 50738-2-II
LFOs. We remand for the trial court to vacate the order waiving the crime victim penalty
assessment and restitution and to strike any accrued interest on nonrestitution LFOs.
A majority of the panel having determined that this opinion will not be printed in the
Washington Appellate Reports, but will be filed for public record in accordance with RCW
2.06.040, it is so ordered.
MAXA, C.J.
I concur:
GLASGOW, J.
11
No. 50738-2-II
WORSWICK, J. (concurring) — I concur in the result. I write separately only to express
frustration with the legal financial obligation (LFO) statutory scheme, which creates unnecessary
uncertainty for the parties and the courts.
This court strives to determine and implement the legislature’s intent when interpreting
statutes. State v. Armendariz, 160 Wn.2d 106, 110, 156 P.3d 201 (2007). We avoid reading
statutes in a manner “that produces absurd results because we presume that the legislature does
not intend absurd results.” State v. Novick, 196 Wn. App. 513, 522, 384 P.3d 252 (2016). But
avoiding absurd results is nearly impossible when navigating Washington’s enigmatic labyrinth
of LFO statutes.
The majority opinion expertly winds its way through no fewer than 10 statutes and
former statutes across 3 statutory chapters, to arrive at its conclusions.9 One conclusion is that
although a trial court is required to impose mandatory LFOs, regardless of whether the defendant
is indigent, State v. Catling, __Wn. 2d __, 438 P.3d 1174, 1177 (2019), the trial court is also
required to reduce or waive the same mandatory LFOs when the defendant fails to pay them.
Majority at 8. I cannot fault the majority for reaching this result, although the legislative reasons
for requiring a court to impose a “mandatory” LFO only to then require the trial court to reduce
or waive that same LFO 31 days later escapes me.
Moreover, RCW 9.94A.6333(3) gives no procedures for defendants or the trial courts to
follow to trigger such a review of LFOs. The majority rightfully does not address this issue, as it
was not raised in the briefs, but the practical aspects of implementing the statute’s provisions
remain unknown at this time.
9
The statutes discussed in the majority are but a fraction of the statutes applicable to LFOs.
12
No. 50738-2-II
Katrina Lacy’s commendable attempt to manage her LFOs demonstrates the uncertainty
created by the statutes. First, the statutes are unclear as to when and how (or if) an offender can
proactively seek modification of certain LFOs. Second, interpreting the statutes necessarily
produces, if not an absurd result, certainly a curious one regarding mandatory LFOs. The current
statutory scheme results in undue burdens and unnecessary confusion affecting the parties as
well as the trial courts.
_____________________________
Worswick, J.
13