FIFTH DIVISION
MCFADDEN, P. J.,
MCMILLIAN and GOSS, JJ.
NOTICE: Motions for reconsideration must be
physically received in our clerk’s office within ten
days of the date of decision to be deemed timely filed.
http://www.gaappeals.us/rules
June 3, 2019
In the Court of Appeals of Georgia
A19A0390. SARAT-VASQUEZ v. THE STATE.
MCMILLIAN, Judge.
Marlon Ivan Sarat-Vasquez (“Vasquez”) appeals the denial of his motion for
new trial after a jury convicted him of one count of aggravated child molestation and
two counts of child molestation1 involving the minor daughter of Vasquez’s friends.2
On appeal, Vasquez asserts that the trial court violated his due process rights by
failing to ensure that his right to be assisted by a certified interpreter was safeguarded
1
After a jury convicted Vasquez on all three counts, the two child molestation
charges were merged for sentencing into the charge of aggravated child molestation,
for which he received a life sentence with 25 years to serve.
2
Vasquez does not contest the sufficiency of the evidence to support his
convictions on appeal, and having reviewed the record, we find that the evidence
presented by the State was sufficient to prove the charges against Vasquez beyond a
reasonable doubt. Jackson v. Virginia, 443 U.S. 307 (99 SCt 2781, 61 LE2d 560)
(1979).
and that any purported waiver of that right was not knowing, voluntary, or
meaningful. He also asserts a claim of ineffective assistance counsel on this ground.
Because we find that Vasquez has failed to establish any violation of his due process
rights, we affirm.
Where, as here, the trial court’s denial of the motion for new trial involves a
mixed question of law and fact, “[w]e review de novo the trial court’s decision as to
any questions of law, while applying the clearly erroneous standard of review to any
factual findings made by that court . . . . [, and] we defer to the trial court’s credibility
determinations.” (Citation and punctuation omitted.) State v. Enich, 337 Ga. App.
724, 726 (1) (788 SE2d 803) (2016). See also Wedel v. State, 328 Ga. App. 28, 28
(761 SE2d 454) (2014). “Under the highly deferential clear-error standard. . . [,] we
will not reverse a trial court’s factual findings . . . if there is any evidence to support
them, and this holds true even if the findings are based upon circumstantial evidence
and the reasonable inferences which flow from them.” (Citation and punctuation
omitted) Yarbrough v. State, 303 Ga. 594, 596-97 (2) (814 SE2d 286) (2018).
As detailed by the trial court in its order denying the motion for new trial, on
the first day of trial, the trial judge asked Vasquez in English if he wanted the trial
court to provide him with an interpreter, to which Vasquez replied in English, “No,
2
I don’t need an interpreter.” When the judge then asked him if he was sure, he replied,
“Yes, ma’am.” At that point the interpreter asked to be excused, and the trial judge
granted that request. Additionally, the trial judge “addressed [Vasquez] directly after
the close of the State’s case. The Court went through [Vasquez’s] various rights
related to testifying, all in English, and the Defendant responded appropriately, in
English, each time.” Although Vasquez initially appeared to indicate that he wanted
to testify, after consultation with his counsel, he announced that he did not wish to
testify.
At the hearing on the motion for new trial, Vasquez’s trial counsel testified that
he met with Vasquez before trial at least three or four times. Based on these
interactions, trial counsel believed that Vasquez understands 90 percent or more of
English. Trial counsel and Vasquez discussed the issue of having an interpreter at
trial. Although trial counsel told Vasquez that he was entitled to have an interpreter,
the attorney advised him that it would look better if he did not use interpretation
services at trial, especially as some of the State’s witnesses would be using an
interpreter.3 Trial counsel thought it would make Vasquez look like he had been in
3
We note that an interpreter was employed for the testimony of the victim’s
mother.
3
the country longer and had been working with English-speaking people longer.
Vasquez agreed with this strategy. Trial counsel asked another attorney, who is fluent
in Spanish, to serve as his assistant counsel and to sit at the defense table at trial and
assist Vasquez in understanding the proceedings.
To counter trial counsel’s testimony regarding Vasquez’s ability to understand
English, his appellate counsel introduced a copy of the original public defender client
folder, which displayed a sticker that said “Interpreter Needed,” as well as a note in
the file where someone had written, “Speaks very little English, prefers Spanish.”
Trial counsel explained that he did not know who in his office may have affixed the
sticker and that the note was faxed to them from the indigent defense office. No other
evidence was presented as to who may have authored the note.
The assistant counsel testified that he did not interpret anything for Vasquez
during trial and that Vasquez appeared to understand what was taking place.
Additionally, although Vasquez did not speak much during trial, the two passed notes
in which Vasquez wrote in Spanish, and the assistant counsel wrote in both English
and Spanish. The assistant counsel stated that he did not recall Vasquez ever asking
for an interpreter at trial, and if assistant counsel believed that Vasquez needed help
with translation, he would have notified the judge.
4
A legal assistant, who speaks Spanish and who accompanied trial counsel two
to three times to help with translation when he visited Vasquez in jail, testified that
although Vasquez spoke very little English, she believed that he understood more
English than he spoke. She said she would explain legal terms to him in Spanish, but
she agreed that most of the clients in the public defender’s office need help
understanding such terminology. She also stated that trial counsel visited Vasquez
without her.
Vasquez testified at the hearing, using an interpreter. He stated that he only
spoke “[a]bout 20 percent” English. He said that he did not understand when trial
counsel spoke to him in English, and he had to get help translating letters written in
English by his appellate counsel. He said that he refused an interpreter on the advice
of his counsel, and there were parts of the trial and witness testimony that he did not
understand, although he did not identify any specific testimony or other portions of
the trial that he did not follow. However, Vasquez said that he did not disagree with
his attorney’s advice regarding the interpreter. He also said that he knew there were
interpreters present at trial, who could have assisted him, but he never asked for help.
Moreover, even though he knew he had Spanish-speaking attorneys next to him at
5
trial, he never spoke to them about how the trial was going. He further admitted that
he was able to talk to his attorneys about evidence he thought was important.
It is well settled that
[a] criminal defendant’s “right to be present at all stages of the trial
where his absence might frustrate the fairness of the proceedings” is
guaranteed by the Sixth Amendment and the due process clause of the
Fourteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution. (Citation and
punctuation omitted.) Tennessee v. Lane, 541 U.S. 509, 523 (124 SCt
1978, 158 LE2d 820) (2004); see also Ga. Const. of 1983, Art. I, Sec. I,
Par. I.
Ling v. State, 288 Ga. 299, 300 (1) (702 SE2d 881) (2010). And this right is
implicated where a defendant asserts that the trial court’s failure to provide an
interpreter prevented him from understanding and following the trial because “every
criminal defendant – if the right to be present is to have meaning – must possess
sufficient present ability to consult with his lawyer with a reasonable degree of
rational understanding.” (Citations and punctuation omitted.) Id. at 301(1). See also
Ramos v. Terry, 279 Ga. 889, 892 (1) (622 SE2d 339) (2005) (“The use of qualified
interpreters is necessary to preserve meaningful access to the legal system for persons
who speak and understand only languages other than English. [Cit.]”). “One who is
unable to communicate effectively in English and does not receive an interpreter’s
6
assistance is no more competent to proceed than an individual who is incompetent
due to mental incapacity.” Ling, 288 Ga. at 301 (1).
The trial court found that Vasquez’s post-conviction assertion that he only
understood about 20 percent of English and the fact that he wrote one note in Spanish
during trial were not enough to overcome his trial counsels’ testimony that he
understands English and his apparent ability to respond appropriately when
questioned by the trial judge in English. We must defer to the trial court’s credibility
determination in this regard. Additionally, in light of this evidence, the trial court
would have been entitled to find that the notations on Vasquez’s files regarding his
need for an interpreter and his ability to speak English were not sufficient to show a
violation of due process, especially as the sources of these notations were never
identified. Moreover, the legal assistant testified that Vasquez understood more
English than he spoke, he admitted that he knew he could consult in Spanish with his
counsel at anytime, and he was able to discuss the evidence at trial with them. The
record also supports the trial court’s finding that Vasquez agreed with his trial
7
counsel’s advice to forego an interpreter in order to increase his chances of an
acquittal at trial.4
Accordingly, we find no violation of Vasquez’s due process rights, and we
affirm the denial of his the motion for new trial on this ground. See Cruz v. State, 305
Ga. App. 805, 809 (2) (700 SE2d 631) (2010) (“Given the fact that the defendants
never objected to the Spanish translation of the proceedings and even affirmatively
stated that they were able to understand their interpreters, we cannot say that the trial
court clearly erred in finding that defendants’ [post-conviction] claim that they could
not understand the proceedings lacked credibility.”); Hersi v. State, 257 Ga. App. 63,
64 (1) (570 SE2d 365) (2002) (even where defendant’s command of the English
language was not perfect, the absence of an official interpreter other than defendant’s
brother clearly did not result in a denial of his right to meaningfully participate in the
proceedings against him).
2. Vasquez also asserts that his trial counsel was ineffective because he failed
to ensure that Vasquez had an interpreter and, in fact, advised him to forego
4
We express no opinion as to whether this strategy was reasonable. See Ling,
288 Ga. at 302, n. 1 (“It is not professionally reasonable to decide to forego obtaining
an interpreter for an otherwise incompetent criminal defendant based on speculative
fears of juror bias, especially where . . . there is no evidence that the defendant
participated in or consented to the decision.”)
8
interpretation services. To establish his claim of ineffective assistance of counsel,
Vasquez must show both that his attorney’s performance was deficient and that he
was prejudiced as a result of his counsel’s performance. See Strickland v.
Washington, 466 U.S. 668, 687 (III) (104 SCt 2052, 80 LE2d 674) (1984). A
defendant’s “[f]ailure to satisfy either prong of the Strickland test is sufficient to
defeat a claim of ineffective assistance, and it is not incumbent upon this Court to
examine the other prong.” (Citation and punctuation omitted.) Green v. State, 302 Ga.
816, 818 (2) (809 SE2d 738) (2018).
As we have found that Vasquez has failed to show that his due process rights
were violated at trial by the absence of an interpreter, he cannot show the requisite
prejudice under the Strickland test to establish his claim of ineffective assistance of
counsel. See Cisneros v. State, 299 Ga. 841, 851 (3) (a) (792 SE2d 326) (2016) (claim
of ineffective assistance of counsel fails where defendant fails to carry his burden of
showing that interpretation provided at trial was so inadequate as to deny him a
fundamentally fair trial).
Judgment affirmed. McFadden, P. J., and Goss, J., concur.
9