NUMBER 13-18-00361-CV
COURT OF APPEALS
THIRTEENTH DISTRICT OF TEXAS
CORPUS CHRISTI – EDINBURG
FRED HOFFMAN, Appellant,
v.
SGT. JAVIER MURO, ET AL., Appellees.
On appeal from the 343rd District Court
of Bee County, Texas.
MEMORANDUM OPINION
Before Chief Justice Contreras and Justices Benavides and Longoria
Memorandum Opinion by Justice Longoria
Appellant Fred Hoffman is an inmate housed in the Texas Department of Criminal
Justice—Institutional Division (TDCJ—ID) at the McConnell Unit in Beeville, Texas.
Hoffman brought suit pro se and in forma pauperis against multiple defendants employed
by TDCJ—ID for breach of contract, conversion, conspiracy, retaliation, replevin, detinue,
bailment, vicarious liability, and various claims under 42 U.S.C. § 1983. The trial court
dismissed Hoffman’s claims with prejudice pursuant to Chapter 14 of the Texas Civil
Practice and Remedies Code. See TEX. CIV. PRAC. & REM. CODE ANN. §§ 14.001–.014.
By five issues, Hoffman argues that the trial court erred by: (1) dismissing his case
(issues one, four, and five); (2) failing to hold an oral hearing on his motion to reinstate
(issue two); and (3) failing to file findings of fact and conclusions of law (issue three). We
affirm.
I. BACKGROUND
On November 27, 2017, Hoffman filed suit against Javier Muro, Jonathan Montoya,
Miguel Martinez, and the TDCJ—ID. In his petition, Hoffman alleged that when he
suffered a serious seizure on May 14, 2017, Muro and Montoya “took[,] . . . irreversibly
damaged and/or lost” his property, including a typewriter, I.D. card, legal materials, and
stamps. According to Hoffman’s affidavit, on May 18, 2017, Hoffman filed a step one
grievance, which was returned to him on August 24, 2017. On August 28, 2017, Hoffman
filed a step two grievance, which was returned to him on November 10, 2017.
On December 21, 2017, notice was sent to the parties that the case was being
assigned to an associate judge. Even though they do not appear in the record, Hoffman
asserts that he filed multiple objections to the use of an associate judge in this case. On
February 26, 2018, the Office of the Attorney General filed an amicus curiae advisory
asking the court to dismiss the case; the amicus brief alleged that Hoffman’s claims were
barred by sovereign immunity and that Hoffman failed to properly exhaust all
administrative remedies. Later that day, the associate judge dismissed Hoffman’s claims
with prejudice for failure to comply with Chapter 14 and found that Hoffman was not
indigent. Hoffman filed a motion to reinstate the case. On April 16, 2018, Judge Janna
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Whatley reinstated the case, removed the associate judge from the case, and “set[] The
Attorney General Office’s Amicus Curiae Chapter 14 motion for consideration by
submission” for May 21, 2018. The trial court emphasized that all “pleadings, briefs, and
written arguments that the parties want the Court to consider must be filed by that date”
because no oral arguments would be heard. On May 25, 2018, Judge Whatley dismissed
all of Hoffman’s claims for failure to comply with Chapter 14 and found that Hoffman was
not indigent. See id. §§ 14.003–.005. Hoffman requested findings of fact and conclusions
of law; the trial court did not respond to Hoffman’s request. This appeal ensued.
II. CHAPTER 14 DISMISSAL
In his fourth and fifth issues, Hoffman argues that the trial court abused its
discretion by dismissing his claims when he had presented sufficient evidence to support
his claims. In his first issue, Hoffman asserts that the trial court abused its discretion by
dismissing his claims even though the record did not contain his brief.
A. Issues Four and Five
1. Standard of Review
We review a dismissal under Chapter 14 for an abuse of discretion. See Moreland
v. Johnson, 95 S.W.3d 392, 394 (Tex. App.—Houston [1st Dist.] 2002, no pet.); Jackson
v. Tex. Dep’t of Criminal Justice—Inst. Div., 28 S.W.3d 811, 813 (Tex. App.—Corpus
Christi–Edinburg 2000, pet. denied). A trial court abuses its discretion if it acts arbitrarily,
capriciously, and without reference to any guiding principles or rules. Brewer v. Collins,
857 S.W.2d 819, 822 (Tex. App.—Houston [1st Dist.] 1993, no writ). However, the
specific issue of whether there is an arguable basis in law is reviewed de novo. See
Moreland, 95 S.W.3d at 394.
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2. Applicable Law
Trial courts have broad discretion in dismissing a case under Chapter 14 because:
“(1) prisoners have a strong incentive to litigate; (2) the government bears the cost of an
in forma pauperis suit; (3) sanctions are not effective; and (4) the dismissal of
unmeritorious claims accrues to the benefit of state officials, courts, and meritorious
claimants.” Retzlaff v. Tex. Dep’t of Criminal Justice, 94 S.W.3d 650, 653 (Tex. App.—
Houston [14th Dist.] 2002, no pet.); see TEX. CIV. PRAC. & REM. CODE ANN. §§ 14.003–
.006; Gross v. Carroll, 339 S.W.3d 718, 723 (Tex. App.—Houston [1st Dist.] 2011, no
pet.).
A trial court can dismiss an inmate’s suit pursuant to Chapter 14 on any number of
grounds. See Gross, 339 S.W.3d at 723. For example, the trial court can dismiss the
inmate’s suit if the trial court determines that: (1) the allegation of indigency is false; (2)
the claims are frivolous or malicious; (3) the inmate failed to exhaust administrative
remedies through the grievance system; or (4) the inmate failed to file suit within thirty-
one days of receiving a written decision from the grievance proceeding. See TEX. CIV.
PRAC. & REM. CODE ANN. §§ 14.003(a)(1), (2), 14.005(b); Hamilton v. Williams, 298
S.W.3d 334, 339 (Tex. App.—Fort Worth 2009, pet. denied).
A trial court may dismiss a claim as frivolous or malicious under Chapter 14 based
on the following factors: the claim’s ultimate chance of success; whether the claim has
an arguable basis in law or fact; whether it is clear that the party cannot prove facts in
support of the claim; or whether the claim is substantially similar to a previous claim filed
by the petitioner because it arises from the same operative facts. See TEX. CIV. PRAC. &
REM. CODE ANN. § 14.003(a)(2), (b)(2); Hamilton, 298 S.W.3d at 339. “A claim has no
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arguable basis in law if it relies upon an indisputably meritless legal theory.” Fernandez
v. T.D.C.J., 341 S.W.3d 6, 13 (Tex. App.—Waco 2010, no pet.) (quoting Hamilton, 298
S.W.3d at 339). Dismissal with prejudice is improper if the dismissal is based on
procedural defects that the inmate can correct. See Fernandez, 341 S.W.3d at 13.
However, if the claim has no arguable basis in law, then dismissal with prejudice is proper.
Id.
3. Analysis
In his fourth and fifth issues, Hoffman argues that the trial court erred by dismissing
his claims because he presented sufficient evidence to support his claims. Hoffman’s
claims against the defendants are all based on the allegation that his personal property
was taken, damaged, or lost by the TDCJ—ID employees. Under Section 101.106 of the
Texas Tort Claims Act (TTCA),
[i]f a suit is filed against an employee of a governmental unit based on
conduct within the general scope of that employee’s employment and if it
could have been brought under this chapter against the governmental unit,
the suit is considered to be against the employee in the employee’s official
capacity only. On the employee’s motion, the suit against the employee
shall be dismissed unless the plaintiff files amended pleadings dismissing
the employee and naming the governmental unit as defendant on or before
the 30th day after the date the motion is filed.
TEX. CIV. PRAC. & REM. CODE ANN. § 101.106(f). In other words, a suit is completely
foreclosed against a government employee in his individual capacity if he is acting within
the scope of his employment. See Franka v. Velasquez, 332 S.W.3d 367, 381 (Tex.
2011). In Franka, the court held that a case is considered against an employee within his
or her official capacity if: (1) the defendant was an employee of a governmental unit; (2)
the defendant was acting within the general scope of his employment; and (3) the suit
could have been brought under the TTCA against the agency. See id.
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Hoffman admits that all of the individual defendants are employees of a
governmental unit. See Lopez v. Serna, 414 S.W.3d 890, 894 (Tex. App.—San Antonio
2013, no pet.). As to the second Franka prong, the TTCA defines scope of employment
as “the performance for a governmental unit of the duties of an employee’s office or
employment and includes being in and about the performance of a task lawfully assigned
to an employee by a competent authority.” TEX. CIV. PRAC. & REM. CODE ANN.
§ 101.001(5). Scope of employment “extends to job duties to which the official has been
assigned, even if the official errs in completing the task.” Lopez, 414 S.W.3d at 894.
Because it is not disputed that it was within the defendants’ job duties to confiscate
property, we find it clear from the record that the defendants were acting within the scope
of their employment. See id. (finding that the TDCJ—ID employees were acting within the
scope of their employment where the inmate alleged that the defendants committed theft
by taking money from his inmate trust fund account); see also Ballantyne v. Champion
Builders, Inc., 144 S.W.3d 417, 424 (Tex. 2004).
We also conclude that the third Franka prong is satisfied. In Franka, the court
“held that if a state employee is alleged to have committed negligence or other ‘wrongful
conduct’ in the general scope of employment, then the suit is subject to section 101.106(f)
because it could have been brought against the state agency.” Lopez, 414 S.W.3d at 895.
This applies to both unintentional torts, such as negligence, and intentional torts, such as
theft. See id. (holding that a suit for theft against TDCJ—ID employees satisfied the third
Franka prong). Thus, Hoffman’s suit is subject to 101.106(f); his suit is against the
defendants in their official, not individual, capacities; and the defendants would have been
able to have the case dismissed against them and have Hoffman name TDCJ—ID as the
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sole defendant. See Mission Consol. Indep. Sch. Dist. v. Garcia, 253 S.W.3d 653, 659
(Tex. 2008) (“Because the [TTCA] is the only, albeit limited, avenue for common-law
recovery against the government, all tort theories alleged against a governmental unit,
whether it is sued alone or together with its employees, are assumed to be ‘under [the
TTCA]’ for purposes of section 101.106.”); Lopez, 414 S.W.3d at 895.
The TTCA provides the following narrow waiver of immunity:
A governmental unit in the state is liable for:
(1) property damage, personal injury, and death proximately caused by the
wrongful act or omission or the negligence of an employee acting within
his scope of employment if:
(A) the property damage, personal injury, or death arises from the
operation or use of a motor-driven vehicle or motor-driven
equipment; and
(B) the employee would be personally liable to the claimant
according to Texas law; and
(2) personal injury and death so caused by a condition or use of tangible
personal or real property if the governmental unit would, were it a private
person, be liable to the claimant according to Texas law.
TEX. CIV. PRAC. & REM. CODE ANN. § 101.021. Hoffman’s claims do not fit into this waiver
of immunity because they do not arise from the use of a motor-driven vehicle and they
were not caused by the use of tangible property. See id. Thus, Hoffman’s remaining
claims against the TDCJ—ID would be barred by sovereign immunity, and the trial court
could find Hoffman’s suit frivolous. See id.; Lopez, 414 S.W.3d at 896 (observing that
inmate’s suit for theft against TDCJ—ID employees would be barred by sovereign
immunity because “[t]here is no waiver of immunity under the Texas Theft Liability Act,
and the [TTCA] expressly does not waive immunity for intentional torts”); see also McCray
v. Langehenning, No. 13-07-00143-CV, 2008 WL 3906395, at *1 (Tex. App.—Corpus
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Christi–Edinburg Aug. 26, 2008, no pet.) (mem. op.) (noting that a case barred by
sovereign immunity has no arguable basis in law and renders a lawsuit frivolous under
Chapter 14).
We also note that on appeal, Hoffman does not challenge the trial court’s finding
that he is not indigent. This ground alone is sufficient to support dismissal. See TEX. CIV.
PRAC. & REM. CODE ANN. § 14.003(a)(1); Donaldson v. Tex. Dept. of Criminal Justice-
Corr. Insts. Div., 355 S.W.3d 722, 725 (Tex. App.—Tyler 2011, pet. denied). Therefore,
the trial court did not abuse its discretion in dismissing Hoffman’s suit because Hoffman
has not challenged every ground that supports dismissal. See Gross, 339 S.W.3d at 723
(affirming dismissal of an inmate’s suit when the trial court dismissed on three separate
grounds, but the inmate only challenged two of the grounds on appeal). We overrule
Hoffman’s fourth and fifth issues.
B. Issue One
In his first issue, Hoffman argues that the trial court erred by dismissing his claims
without considering a brief he allegedly filed in response to the Office of the Attorney
General’s motion to dismiss
1. Standard of Review and Applicable Law
Generally, an objection must be timely raised before the trial court to be preserved
for appeal. See TEX. R. APP. P. 33.1. And appellate courts are not generally allowed to
consider exhibits that are not part of the appellate record. See Robb v. Horizon Cmtys.
Improvement Ass’n, Inc., 417 S.W.3d 585, 589 (Tex. App.—El Paso 2013, no pet.).
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In civil cases, reversible error occurs when the complained-of error probably
caused the rendition of an improper judgment or probably prevented the appellant from
properly presenting its case on appeal. See TEX. R. APP. P. 44.1.
2. Analysis
Hoffman alleges that on May 2, 2018, he filed his brief to be considered at the May
21, 2018 hearing on the motion to dismiss pursuant to Chapter 14. The trial court signed
the order of dismissal on May 25, 2018. A week later, Hoffman filed a request for findings
of fact and conclusions of law. On June 20, 2018, Hoffman filed his notice of appeal.
Hoffman does not explain how the trial court abused its discretion by dismissing
his claims, even though his brief that he allegedly filed was not before the court. Trial
courts have broad discretion in dismissing an inmate’s case under Chapter 14 for a
number of reasons, either before or after service of process. See Retzlaff, 94 S.W.3d at
653. Hoffman has not informed us what was in his brief or how it would have changed
the outcome below. Without having the brief he allegedly filed before us, we cannot
decide whether it was properly sent or what impact it could have possibly had. See Robb,
417 S.W.3d at 589. Nevertheless, the trial court had Hoffman’s motion to reinstate and
his original objection to the associate judge’s dismissal of his claims, both of which
lengthily detailed his arguments as to why his suit had merit and should not be dismissed.
Given that Hoffman was able to adequately present his arguments to the trial court and
the trial court’s broad discretion in dismissing a suit under Chapter 14, we fail to see how
the trial court abused its discretion. We overrule Hoffman’s first issue.
III. ORAL HEARING ON MOTION TO REINSTATE
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In his second issue, Hoffman argues the trial court abused its discretion by not
holding an oral hearing on his motion to reinstate.
Assuming the trial court’s failure to hold a hearing was error, we conclude the error
was harmless. See TEX. R. APP. P. 44.1. We have already concluded above that
Hoffman’s claims would be barred by sovereign immunity, meaning that holding an oral
hearing would not have changed the outcome. See id. Additionally, the trial court found
Hoffman to not be indigent, and he does not challenge that finding on appeal.
Furthermore, Hoffman’s motion to reinstate offered no new arguments, and contained no
additional or newly discovered evidence. See Curnutt v. ConocoPhillips Co., 508 S.W.3d
641, 645 (Tex. App.—El Paso 2016, no pet.) (concluding that the trial court’s failure to
hold an oral hearing was harmless error because the motion to reinstate contained no new
arguments and simply restated previous arguments). Therefore, we cannot conclude that
the failure to hold an oral hearing on the motion to reinstate probably caused the rendition
of an improper judgment or prevented a proper presentation of the case on appeal. See
TEX. R. APP. P. 44.1. We overrule Hoffman’s second issue.
IV. FAILURE TO FILE FINDINGS OF FACT
In his third issue, Hoffman argues that the trial court erred by failing to file findings
of facts and conclusions of law. However, a court has no duty to file findings of facts and
conclusions of law when a case is dismissed pursuant to Chapter 14. See Retzlaff, 94
S.W.3d at 655; Timmons v. Luce, 840 S.W.2d 582, 586 (Tex. App.—Tyler 1992, no writ);
see also Burks v. Lehmberg, No. 13-16-00382-CV, 2016 WL 6519112, at *2 (Tex. App.—
Corpus Christi–Edinburg Nov. 3, 2016, pet. denied) (mem. op.). We overrule Hoffman’s
third issue.
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V. CONCLUSION
We affirm the trial court’s judgment.
NORA L. LONGORIA
Justice
Delivered and filed the
20th day of June, 2019.
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