FOURTH DIVISION
DOYLE, P. J.,
COOMER and MARKLE, JJ.
NOTICE: Motions for reconsideration must be
physically received in our clerk’s office within ten
days of the date of decision to be deemed timely filed.
http://www.gaappeals.us/rules
June 28, 2019
In the Court of Appeals of Georgia
A19A0459. BEACH v. THE STATE. DO-015 C
DOYLE, Presiding Judge.
After a jury trial, Lance Beach, who represented himself at trial, was convicted
of one count of child molestation.1 After the trial court denied Beach’s amended
motion for a new trial filed through counsel, Beach filed this appeal, also with the
assistance of counsel. Beach argues that the trial court erred (1) by failing to re-
evaluate his competency to stand trial; and (2) by permitting the admission of
evidence of a prior bad act after ruling that the evidence was inadmissible . For the
reasons that follow, we affirm the judgment in part, reverse in part, and remand the
case for a hearing on Beach’s competency at the time of trial pursuant to OCGA § 17-
7-130 (d).
1
OCGA § 16-6-4 (a) (1).
Viewed in favor of the verdict,2 the record shows that Beach is the great-uncle
of L. F., who was 12 years old at the time of the incident. L. F. lived with her mother
and her grandfather in a two-bedroom apartment; her grandfather normally slept in
L. F.’s bedroom, and she slept on a couch in the living room. Beach had been living
in the apartment with them for a few months, and he slept on the other couch.
On the night of October 21, 2012, L. F. was watching television in the living
room with Beach while her mother was asleep. At some point, Beach turned off the
television, moved over to L. F.’s couch, and touched her breasts and buttocks with his
hands over her clothes but underneath a blanket that covered her. Beach also
attempted to force his hands between L. F.’s tightly closed legs to touch her vagina.
After Beach ceased touching her, L. F. got up and went to the bathroom and
then to her bedroom to sleep. She also sent a text to her mother at 12:44 a.m., making
an outcry of molestation, stating that “Uncle Lance touched me in inappropriate
places last night. That’s why when y[o]u wake me up [I’m going to] be in my bed.”
The text message also included a frowning emoji face with a tear. L. F.’s mother read
the text message when she awoke at approximately 4:00 a.m., immediately woke L.
F., who told her mother about the incident. The mother testified that L. F. acted scared
2
See Enloe v. State, 252 Ga. App. 666 (556 SE2d 873) (2001).
2
and cried; L. F.’s aunt also testified that L. F. made an identical outcry to her, acting
upset and crying.
The mother confronted Beach, who neither admitted nor denied the
molestation, and thereafter, the mother kicked him out of the apartment and called
police. A sexual assault exam was performed on the victim, and the sexual assault
nurse testified that the exam revealed no injuries, which was consistent with the type
of molestation alleged to have occurred by L. F. At the conclusion of trial, the jury
found Beach guilty, and after the trial court denied his amended motion for new trial
(at which time Beach was represented by counsel), this appeal followed.
1. Although Beach does not argue on appeal that the evidence was insufficient
to support the verdict, we note that the evidence as presented meets the requirements
set forth in Jackson v. Virginia.3
2. Beach argues that the trial court erred by failing to properly assess his
competence to stand trial.
3
443 U. S. 307 (99 SCt 2781, 61 LE2d 560) (1979). See Dew v. State, 292 Ga.
App. 631, 633 (1) (b) (665 SE2d 715) (2008) (holding that testimony that the
defendant touched victim’s vaginal area was sufficient and that “a conviction for
child molestation does not require a showing that the victim was touched beneath her
clothing”) (punctuation omitted). See also OCGA § 24-14-8 (“The testimony of a
single witness is generally sufficient to establish a fact. . . .”).
3
(a) Factual background. On October 1, 2013, the trial court ordered a mental
evaluation regarding Beach’s competency to stand trial, including whether he was
capable of distinguishing right from wrong or whether he was suffering from a
delusional compulsion. On June 24, 2014, the trial court held a status hearing on the
case, at which time Beach stated that he wished to represent himself. While engaging
in a Faretta4 hearing, the trial court again expressed its worry about some of the
statements Beach was making and inquired whether he had been in any sort of mental
health counseling.5 Beach stated that he did not need any counseling, and was only
taking blood pressure medication; Beach then complained that jailors were tampering
with his food by adding medications. During the hearing, the public defender
explained that Beach refused to meet with her, and it was revealed that Beach had had
a mental health evaluation in March 2014. The hearing concluded with a notation
from the court that “Beach also had an outburst in court that made no . . . sense . . .
.”
4
Faretta v. California, 422 U. S. 806 (95 SCt 2525, 45 LE2d 562) (1975). See
Ga. Const. of 1983, Art. I, Sec. I, Par. XII.
5
The court noted that the Faretta waiver document had multiple yes or no
questions, but Beach had failed to answer any of them and simply signed his name.
4
On October 23, 2014, the trial court again held a status conference with Beach,
at which he made accusations against the public defender: “she has been forcing her
representation on me. She also has been interfering and tampering with my mail. And
as of June 24, I’m sure that treason was established by her following my mail
constantly.” Thereafter, the trial court entered an order directing 90 days of
observation of Beach by the Department of Behavioral Health and Developmental
Disabilities (“DBHDD”) and the Department of Human Resources (“DHR”) to
determine his competency.
On January 9, 2015, the trial court entered an order directing the public
defender’s office to represent Beach because a psychiatrist at Georgia Regional
Hospital had opined that Beach was incompetent and could therefore not waive his
right to counsel; the court, however, did not actually find that Beach was incompetent
but rather that his “competency is in question.”
On February 18, 2015, the court conducted a hearing to determine whether
Beach was competent to stand trial and on whether to forcibly medicate Beach
pursuant to Sell v. United States.6 At the hearing, psychiatrists testified that Beach
was diagnosed with schizophrenia, and he was offered antipsychotic medication for
6
539 U. S. 166 (123 SCt 2174, 156 LE2d 197) (2003).
5
the disorder. Beach “had some difficulties with his ability to assist his attorney, given
that he [had] paranoid delusions, meaning that the thoughts that he had were not
based in reality and were paranoid in nature. And [he] also had significant
disorganized thought process, which limited his ability to effectively assist his
attorney.”
On February 20, 2015, nunc pro tunc to February 18, 2015, the trial court found
Beach incompetent to stand trial and directed DHR to reevaluate him in 90 days. On
February 20, 2015, the trial court also entered an order directing the DBHDD to
forcibly administer the psychotropic medications necessary to restore Beach’s
competency.
The record contains production orders for status conferences during 2015, but
no hearing transcript appears in the record for those dates. The next hearing occurred
on March 14, 2016, with a new judge presiding and conducting a second Faretta
hearing. At the hearing, in response to the judge’s question as to whether Beach had
“ever been under the care of a psychiatrist, psychologist, or other mental health
professional,” Beach responded “no.” The defense attorney interjected at this point:
6
Defense Counsel: Your honor, he is currently located at Georgia
Regional[,] and so he needs to understand that you are also talking about
what his current care is now.
The Court: Well[,] I just asked if he’s under the care of any psychiatrist,
psychologist, or other mental health professional[,] and you said no. Do
you want to change your answer?
Beach: Yes.
The Court: Okay. Tell me about that?
Beach: I’m at Georgia Regional right now under Dr. Fear.
The Court: What is Dr. Fear doing for you?
Beach: She’s a psychiatrist.
The Court: Tell me a little bit more about that.
Beach: Well[,] she’s treating me for anxiety, it’s going along pretty
good. . . . She’s treating me [for] anxiety. I take Zyprexa[,] and I take
Clonapam. . . .
The Court: How do you feel about the state of your treatment?
Beach: Everything’s fine. A lot calmer.
7
Thereafter, the trial court continued its inquiry into whether Beach was knowingly
and voluntarily waiving his right to counsel, and the court granted his request to
waive counsel.
On May 9, 2016, the trial court entered a nunc pro tunc order to June 19, 2015,
finding that Beach was competent to stand trial based on a report from that date from
Georgia Regional, presumably stating that Beach’s competency had been restored.
That same day, the court began the trial against Beach, appointing the public defender
to act as stand-by counsel and assist only with procedural advice. After a brief recess,
the trial court inquired of the public defender, “Ma’am, after speaking with Mr. Beach
this morning, any concerns about his competency?” to which counsel responded that
she thought he was competent. The court conducted a third Faretta hearing, asking,
among other questions, whether Beach had “been under the care of a psychiatrist,
psychologist, or other mental health professional,” to which Beach responded, “No.
no other time than Georgia Regional.” The court asked if Beach had taken medication
or drugs in the preceding 24 hours, and he responded that he took his medicine; and
then he raised the issue of food-tampering again — “the last three years that’s been
quite overwhelming. There’s been medications and things put in my food.”
8
The court concluded its Faretta hearing, again finding that Beach had
knowingly and voluntarily waived counsel, and the State interjected that “Mr. Beach
indicated that medication was being put in his food. I’m not sure that’s how they are
administering his medications, so that may raise a concern. If we could have a recess
to speak with the doctor briefly.” The court had a recess, and the public defender
reported that a doctor from Georgia Regional had spoken with Beach, and the doctor
told the public defender Beach was “ready to proceed.”
(b) Analysis. Beach argues on appeal that the trial court should have inquired
into his competency immediately before trial, and the court’s action of entering a
nunc pro tunc order finding Beach competent based on a one-year-old evaluation was
insufficient. We agree that in this case, based on the February 20 finding of
incompetency, the trial court failed to follow the requisite procedure set forth in
OCGA § 17-7-130 to later find Beach competent.
Pursuant to OCGA § 17-7-129 (a),
[w]hen information becomes known to the court sufficient to raise a
bona fide doubt regarding the accused’s mental competency to stand
trial, the court has a duty, sua sponte, to inquire into the accused’s
mental competency to stand trial. The court may order the [DBHDD] to
conduct an evaluation of the accused’s competency. If the court
determines that it is necessary to have a trial on the issue of competency,
9
the court shall follow the procedures set forth in Code Section 17-7-130.
...7
In this case, the trial court properly followed this procedure when it ordered
Beach into the custody of DBHDD, DHR, and Georgia Regional for a determination
of competency. Additionally, the trial court held a hearing after receiving the first
evaluation of Beach, at which hearing treating physicians testified as to Beach’s
mental state, declared him incompetent to stand trial, and ordered a future evaluation
after he was forcibly medicated. This was proper according to the procedure set forth
in OCGA § 17-7-130 (c).
Nevertheless, after the DBHDD evaluation holding that Beach was competent
after receiving treatment, the trial court failed to follow the procedure set forth in
OCGA § 17-7-130 (d), which states that if, after treatment and evaluation of the
accused under OCGA § 17-7-130 (c), the DBHDD finds that the accused is competent
to stand trial, “the court shall hold a bench trial to determine the accused’s mental
competency to stand trial within 45 days of receiving the [DBHDD’s] evaluation or,
7
(Emphasis supplied.) We note that the Georgia Supreme Court determined
that OCGA § 17-7-130 (c) is unconstitutional as applied to certain classes of
defendants, which is not an issue applicable to this case. See Carr v. State, 303 Ga.
853, 869 (5) (b) (815 SE2d 903) (2018).
10
if demanded, shall conduct a special jury trial within six months of receiving the
[DBHDD’s] evaluation.”8 If the language of a statute is plain and unambiguous and
does not lead to contradictory, absurd, or wholly impractical results, it is the sole
evidence of legislative intent and must be applied according to its express terms.9 We
also must give each part of the statute meaning and avoid constructions that make
some language mere surplusage.10 Following these principles, our Court has held that
the word “‘[s]hall’ is generally construed as a mandatory directive.”11
In this case, after the court received the June 2015 evaluation stating Beach’s
competency was restored, the trial court briefly touched on Beach’s competency at
the second Faretta hearing, but failed to hold the bench trial on competency as
required by OCGA § 17-7-130 (d) (1). Because the statutory procedures of OCGA §
17-7-130 were triggered by the trial court’s entry of the October 2014 order directing
his evaluation and February 2015 order to forcibly medicate him, the court was bound
8
(Emphasis supplied.) OCGA § 17-7-130 (d) (1).
9
See Hollowell v. Jove, 247 Ga. 678, 681 (279 SE2d 430) (1981).
10
See J. Kinson Cook, Inc. v. Weaver, 252 Ga. App. 868, 870 (1) (556 SE2d
831) (2001).
11
Beach v. B. F. Saul Property Co., 303 Ga. App. 689, 695 n. 4 (694 SE2d 147)
(2010).
11
to implement the remaining dictates of the statutory scheme.12 This should have been
completed by the court prior to conducting the second Faretta hearing or proceeding
to trial.13
Beach argues that this requires a reversal of his conviction. But based on the
Supreme Court’s holding in Baker v. State,14 we simply remand the case to the trial
court to conduct the required procedure under OCGA § 17-7-130 (d) (1), but do not
require a new trial on guilt or innocence at this time.15 “The case is remanded with
direction that the trial court conduct a hearing to determine the above issues. Upon
completion of the proceedings on remand, the judgment may be subject to a right of
appeal from the rulings and findings then made.”16
12
Compare with Duckett v. State, 331 Ga. App. 24, 30-31 (2) (769 SE2d 743)
(2015); Perkins v. State, 328 Ga. App. 508, 511-512 (2) (759 SE2d 626) (2014). In
those cases, there was not the history of application of the statutory procedures and
prior finding of incompetence that existed in this case.
13
Compare with Lamar v. State, 278 Ga. 150, 150-151 (1) (598 SE2d 488)
(2004).
14
250 Ga. 187 (297 SE2d 9) (1982). Baker addressed a defendant’s special plea
of incompetency, but no such plea was necessary in this case based on the February
20, 2015 order finding Beach incompetent.
15
See id. at 193 (1).
16
Id.
12
3. Beach also argues that the trial court erred by admitting evidence of a prior
bad act through the admission of a recording of his statement to the lead detective and
the detective’s testimony at the preliminary hearing. Beach argues that the trial court
previously had ruled that evidence of the prior bad act was inadmissible, and the trial
court committed plain error by not redacting references to the act from the
defendant’s interview with the detective and the detective’s testimony prior to
publishing them to the jury.
(a) Background. Prior to trial, the State attempted to admit the statement of R.
C. (Beach’s biological daughter born in 1984), who alleged that over the summer
between her second and third grade year, she was lying on top of Beach while both
were clothed, watching a movie, and drifting off to sleep. R. C. stated that Beach’s
penis became erect, and Beach ground it against her private area. She also stated that
he frequently discussed sex inappropriately around her and her friends. The trial court
denied the State’s request to use the evidence.
During the preliminary hearing in January 2013, a detective testified about her
interview of Beach, which testimony did not refer to the prior bad act; Beach
considered her testimony perjury when compared to the substance of the interview.
At trial, during his cross-examination of the detective, Beach attempted to impeach
13
the detective about her “perjury” at the preliminary hearing using his statement from
the interview. Because Beach mentioned the interview, the State moved to admit it.
The Court asked Beach whether he would like a curative instruction to the jury to
disregard the mention of the interview, but Beach instead requested that it be admitted
to trial as an exhibit. Additionally, the preliminary hearing was presented to the jury.
Both of those recordings contained passing references to the prior bad act evidence
that the trial court had ruled inadmissible. Beach did not ask the trial court to redact
those references, and the trial court did not sua sponte instruct that the references be
redacted.
(b) Analysis. Because Beach did not object to admission of the interview or the
preliminary hearing testimony, and because he did not move for the trial court to
redact references to the prior bad act evidence therefrom, we review this enumeration
of error under the plain error standard.
The showing required to establish plain error by a trial court is great:
First, there must be an error or defect — some sort of deviation from a
legal rule — that has not been intentionally relinquished or abandoned,
i.e., affirmatively waived, by the appellant. Second, the legal error must
be clear or obvious, rather than subject to reasonable dispute. Third, the
error must have affected the appellant’s substantial rights, which in the
ordinary case means he must demonstrate that it affected the outcome of
14
the trial court proceedings. Fourth and finally, if the above three prongs
are satisfied, the appellate court has the discretion to remedy the error
— discretion which ought to be exercised only if the error seriously
affects the fairness, integrity or public reputation of judicial
proceedings.17
We agree that the third prong of this analysis is satisfied, and the admission of
these two statements likely affected the outcome of the trial, given the lack of
physical evidence or witnesses other than L. F. and Beach even though L. F.
immediately reported the incident.18 Nevertheless, Beach has not satisfied the first or
second prongs of the analysis in order to establish plain error.
Beach contends that he did not intentionally relinquish his right to redact the
excluded allegation from the two hearings, and he was not aware he had that right
because he was acting pro se and suffers from mental illness. Nevertheless, Beach has
not challenged the Faretta hearing, and assuming that the trial court properly
determined that Beach’s competency was restored and that he had knowingly and
17
(Punctuation and emphasis omitted.) State v. Kelly, 290 Ga. 29, 33 (2) (a)
(718 SE2d 232) (2011).
18
See Dumas v. State, 337 Ga. App. 124, 129-130 (1) (786 SE2d 508) (2016)
(“the jury’s determination necessitated weighing the credibility of the victim’s
testimony against [the defendant’s] credibility”).
15
voluntarily waived his right to an attorney, it was incumbent on Beach to become well
versed in trial procedure to protect himself.19
Beach contends that because the trial court previously ruled that the prior bad
act should be excluded because its prejudice outweighed its probative value, allowing
this inadmissible evidence via the records of the interview and the detective’s
testimony at the preliminary hearing to be presented to the jury is plain error. But
Beach specifically requested that the interviews be admitted, and out of the 80-minute
interview, much of Beach’s statements were his contentions that the grandfather was
attempting to act inappropriately with L. F. In the statement, Beach told the detective
that he and the mother had had an argument the week before because L. F. had
confided in Beach that her grandfather was trying to get in the shower with her.
Beach told the mother, and the mother became hostile toward him, making up the
allegations against him, and that the night of the allegations, L. F. had been trying to
move him off the couch, and they play fought over it. Thus, Beach has failed to
19
See Moss v. State, 196 Ga. App. 81, 82 (1) (395 SE2d 363) (1990) (“When
a criminal defendant elects to represent himself, either solely or in conjunction with
representation or assistance by an attorney, he will not thereafter be heard to assert
a claim of ineffective assistance of counsel with respect to any stage of the
proceedings wherein he was counsel.”) (punctuation omitted). See also Duckett, 331
Ga. App. at 24 (1).
16
establish plain error because it is reasonable that he made a calculated attempt to get
his statements to the detective into evidence in order to discredit the mother and L.
F.20 Accordingly, this enumeration is without merit.
Judgment affirmed in part, reversed in part, and case remanded with direction.
Coomer and Markle, JJ., concur.
20
See Adkins v. State, 301 Ga. 153, 156 (2) (800 SE2d 341) (2017) (“Although
we may take notice of plain errors affecting substantial rights even when an error is
not brought to the attention of the trial court, [if] invited error exists, it precludes a
court from invoking the plain error rule and reversing.”) (citation and punctuation
omitted). See also Moss, at 82 (1).
17