REVERSE and RENDER and Opinion Filed July 17, 2019
S In The
Court of Appeals
Fifth District of Texas at Dallas
No. 05-18-00961-CV
THE CITY OF DALLAS, Appellant
V.
WILLIAM CLINTON FREEMAN, Appellee
On Appeal from the County Court at Law No. 3
Dallas County, Texas
Trial Court Cause No. CC-16-00805-C
MEMORANDUM OPINION
Before Justices Bridges, Osborne, and Reichek
Opinion by Justice Bridges
Appellee William Clinton Freeman sued the City of Dallas after he was injured while riding
a bicycle on a City sidewalk. Freeman alleged he was injured as a result of a hazardous condition
that was either a special defect or an ordinary-premises defect. The City filed a plea to the
jurisdiction asserting immunity under the Texas Tort Claims Act. The trial court denied the City’s
plea to the jurisdiction. On appeal, the City argues the trial court erred by denying its plea to the
jurisdiction because the three inch elevation change between the sidewalk and the abutting curb,
about which Freeman complains, was not a special defect, and the City did not have actual
knowledge of the elevation change prior to Freeman’s accident. We reverse the trial court’s order
denying the City’s plea to the jurisdiction and dismiss Freeman’s claim for want of subject-matter
jurisdiction. Because all issues are settled in law, we issue this memorandum opinion. TEX. R.
APP. P. 47.4.
BACKGROUND
On November 14, 2014, at approximately 12:15 p.m., Freeman was riding his bicycle on
the sidewalk on the west side of the 15700 block of Preston Road,1 just south or Arapaho Road in
Dallas. At that time, there was some debris on the sidewalk due to a storm the weekend before.
Freeman swerved to avoid the debris and the side of the bicycle’s front wheel hit the curb, and he
fell into the street. Freeman was taken to the hospital where he was treated for multiple fractures
and a concussion.
Freeman filed suit against the City asserting the Texas Tort Claims Act (the “Act”) waived
the City’s immunity from suit for his premises-liability claim. He alleged an elevation difference
between the sidewalk and the curb2 was a special defect and the City failed to exercise ordinary
care to protect him from the condition of which it was aware or reasonably should have been aware.
Freeman alternatively alleged, if the condition was not a special defect, it was a premises defect
and the City had actual knowledge of the complained of condition, and he did not.
The City filed a plea to the jurisdiction and a supplemental plea asserting Freeman could
not establish a waiver of governmental immunity under the Act because the condition at issue was
not a special defect and the City did not have actual knowledge of the complained of condition,
which is required to establish a waiver of immunity for Freeman’s premises-defect claim. The
City attached to its plea to the jurisdiction: photographs of the location where the accident
occurred; the affidavits of Robert Miranda, a Manager in the City’s Department of Mobility and
1
Preston Road is a State owned highway. Consequently, the City does not maintain the road itself.
2
The parties stipulated that the difference between the elevation of the curb and the sidewalk at the location where Freeman fell was three
inches.
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Street Services, and Sheila Gray, the City’s 3-1-1 Configuration Manager; portions of Freeman’s
interrogatory responses; and excerpts from the transcripts of Freeman’s and Miranda’s depositions.
In his affidavit, Miranda averred that he conducted a search of the City’s Citizen Request
Management System (CRMS), a system that stores calls or complaints for service regarding any
hazardous condition that may exist in the City. The search revealed that no work had been
performed by the City at the location of Freeman’s accident, and that the City had not received
any reports or complaints regarding a depressed, unrepaired, uneven, cracked, or sunken sidewalk,
an elevated curb, or any other defects or dangerous conditions at the location of the accident for a
period of two years prior to Freeman’s accident.
In her affidavit, Gray averred that complaints or calls for City services regarding dangerous
conditions are received through the 3-1-1 reporting system. The information is entered into the
City’s CRMS system and is routed to the appropriate department. Gray conducted a search of the
CRMS records and found that the City had not received any calls, reports, or complaints of a
depressed, unrepaired, uneven, cracked, or sunken sidewalk, an elevated curb, or any other defects
or dangerous conditions at the location of Freeman’s accident for a period of two years prior to
Freeman’s accident.
The City also relied on Freeman’s deposition testimony and interrogatory responses as
further support for its position that the City had no knowledge of the condition of the sidewalk
prior to Freeman’s accident. Freeman admitted during his deposition that he had no evidence the
City had knowledge of any issue with the sidewalk prior to his accident.
In response to the City’s plea, Freeman argued that the condition was a special defect and
that the City breached the duty it owed to Freeman as an invitee. He alternatively argued that, in
the event the condition was an ordinary-premises defect, the City breached the duty owed to
Freeman as a licensee. Freeman attached to his response, and supplement thereto: excerpts from
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the transcript of his deposition; photographs of the area where his accident occurred; a copy of the
City of Dallas’ Sidewalk Replacement Program, setting forth a cost share program with property
owners; Freeman’s original petition; and the City’s responses to discovery requests. Freeman
asserted that because the intersection where the incident occurred is one of the busiest intersections
in the City and because the City has a sidewalk replacement program, whereby it offers to share
the cost of repairs with property owners, there is circumstantial evidence of the City’s actual
knowledge of the condition of the sidewalk at issue in this case. Freeman also argued that, pursuant
to the Dallas City Code, the Director of the Mobility and Street Services Department had police
powers regarding roads and sidewalks, including the power to conduct inspections and notify the
owner of the abutting property that the sidewalk was in need of repair. Finally, Freeman argued
that because the City built the sidewalk, it can be inferred that the City knew the sidewalk had an
inadequate foundation and would at some point in time sink.
The trial court held five hearings on the City’s plea to the jurisdiction before denying same.
This appeal followed.
STANDARD OF REVIEW
A plea to the jurisdiction is a dilatory plea in which a party challenges a court’s authority
to determine the subject matter of the action. Rawlings v. Gonzalez, 407 S.W.3d 420, 425 (Tex.
App.—Dallas 2013, no pet.). The existence of subject-matter jurisdiction is a question of law;
therefore, we review de novo the trial court’s ruling on a plea to the jurisdiction. Id.
The plaintiff bears the burden to plead facts affirmatively demonstrating governmental
immunity has been waived and the court has subject-matter jurisdiction. State v. Holland, 221
S.W.3d 639, 642 (Tex. 2007). A governmental entity’s plea to the jurisdiction can be based on
pleadings or evidence. Tex. Dep’t of Parks & Wildlife v. Miranda, 133 S.W.3d 217, 226 (Tex.
2004). When, as here, a plea to the jurisdiction challenges the existence of jurisdictional facts, we
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consider the relevant evidence submitted by the parties to determine if a fact issue exists. Id. at
227.
The standard of review for a jurisdictional plea based on evidence “generally mirrors that
of a summary judgment under Texas Rule of Civil Procedure 166a(c).” Id. at 228; City of Dallas
v. Prado, 373 S.W.3d 848, 852 (Tex. App.—Dallas 2012, no pet.). We take as true all evidence
favorable to the nonmovant, indulging every reasonable inference and resolving any doubts in the
nonmovant’s favor. Prado, 373 S.W.3d at 853. The burden is on the City, as movant, to meet the
standard of proof. Id. If the evidence creates a fact question regarding the jurisdictional issue,
then the trial court cannot grant the plea to the jurisdiction, and the fact issue will be resolved by
the factfinder. Id. However, if the relevant evidence is undisputed or fails to raise a fact question
on the jurisdictional issue, the trial court rules on the plea to the jurisdiction as a matter of law. Id.
GOVERNMENTAL IMMUNITY
Governmental immunity protects political subdivisions of the State, including cities, from
lawsuits for money damages unless immunity has been waived. Reata Constr. Corp. v. City of
Dallas, 197 S.W.3d 371, 374 (Tex. 2006). As relevant here, the Texas Tort Claims Act provides
a limited waiver of immunity for claims arising from a condition or use of real property. TEX. CIV.
PRAC. & REM. CODE ANN. § 101.021(2). The Act recognizes potential liability for two types of
dangerous conditions of real property, premises defects and special defects. Id. § 101.022. The
Act imposes different standards of care depending on whether the condition is a premise defect or
a special defect. Id. § 101.022. If a condition is neither a special nor ordinary-premises defect, no
duty is owed and there is no waiver of immunity. See State Dep’t of Highways & Pub. Transp. v.
Payne, 838 S.W.2d 235, 237 (Tex. 1992).
I. Special Defect
If a claim arises from a special defect, the governmental unit owes the duty that a private
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person owes to an invitee. See CIV. PRAC. & REM. § 101.022(b). “With respect to an invitee, the
City owes a higher duty to use ordinary care to reduce or eliminate an unreasonable risk of harm
created by a premises condition of which the City is or reasonably should be aware.” City of Austin
v. Rangel, 184 S.W.3d 377, 383 (Tex. App.—Austin 2006, no pet.).
Whether a condition is a special defect is a question of law that we review de novo. Tex.
Dep’t of Transp. v. Perches, 388 S.W.3d 652, 655 (Tex. 2012) (per curiam). The Act does not
define “special defect,” but “likens it to conditions ‘such as excavations or obstructions on
highways, roads, or streets.’” University of Tex. at Austin v. Hayes, 327 S.W.3d 113, 116 (Tex.
2010) (per curiam) (quoting Texas Tort Claims Act § 101.022(b)). “A condition must therefore
be in the same class as an excavation or obstruction on a roadway to constitute a special defect.”
Perches, 388 S.W.3d at 655. In determining whether a particular condition is like an excavation
or obstruction, we consider the following: (1) the size of the condition, (2) whether the condition
unexpectedly and physically impairs an ordinary user’s ability to travel on the road, (3) whether
the condition presents some unusual quality apart from the ordinary course of events, and (4)
whether the condition presents an unexpected and unusual danger. Hayes, 327 S.W.3d at 116.
Most property defects are ordinary-premises defects, not special defects. Payne, 838 S.W.2d at
238. The class of special defects contemplated by the statute is narrow. Perches, 388 S.W.3d at
655.
In its first issue, the City contends the trial court erred in denying its plea to the jurisdiction
as to Freeman’s special-defect claim because the three inch elevation change at issue here is not
in the same class as an excavation or obstruction on a roadway and, thus, cannot be a special defect.
The Texas Supreme Court’s decisions in Paper, Reed, Bernal, and Roberts and this Court’s
decision in Phelps are instructive on the issue of whether the elevation change in this case is a
special defect and aid our analysis. See City of Denton v. Paper, 376 S.W.3d 762 (Tex. 2012);
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City of Dallas v. Reed, 258 S.W.3d 620 (Tex. 2008); City of El Paso v. Bernal, 986 S.W.2d 610
(Tex. 1999); City of Grapevine v. Roberts, 946 S.W.2d 841 (Tex. 1997); City of Richardson v.
Phelps, No. 05-18-00753-CV, 2019 WL 2912238 (Tex. App.—Dallas July 8, 2019. No pet. h.)
(mem. op.).
In the Paper case, a bicyclist was injured when her bicycle’s front wheel encountered a
depression or sunken area in a roadway a few inches deep where the city had installed a sewer tap.
Paper, 376 S.W.3d at 763–64. The bicyclist was pitched over the handlebars, landing on her chin
and breaking several teeth. Id. at 764. In that case, the supreme court concluded that “the sunken
area or pot hole here, ranging from two inches to a few inches more at its deepest point and located
in the center of one lane of traffic is not the excavation or obstruction contemplated by the statute.”
Id. at 765–66. The sunken area “did not physically impair Paper’s ability to travel.” Id. at 766.
And “the sunken area could have been avoided without leaving the roadway or entering the
opposing lane.” Id.
In the Reed case, a motorcyclist was injured when he encountered a two-inch elevation
variance on the roadway as he changed lanes. Reed, 258 S.W.3d at 621. In that case, the supreme
court concluded “[n]ot only is the two-inch drop-off here not in the same kind or class as an
excavation or obstruction, there is nothing unusually dangerous about a slight drop-off between
traffic lanes in the roadway.” Id. at 622. “Ordinary drivers, in the normal course of driving, should
expect these slight variations on the road caused by normal deterioration. Thus, to construe a two-
inch drop-off to be within the same kind or class as an excavation or obstruction would ‘grossly
strain[ ] the definitions of those conditions.’” Id. (quoting Roberts, 946 S.W.2d at 843)).
In the Bernal case, a pedestrian sustained injuries when she tripped on an abraded area of
a city sidewalk that was approximately 3 feet by 6 feet in size with a depth of 3 inches, at its lowest
point. Bernal, 986 S.W.2d at 611. In that case, the supreme court concluded “the sidewalk’s
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condition was not a special defect.” Id.
In the Roberts case, a pedestrian lost her balance while walking down steps from an
elevated sidewalk toward the curb and stepped into a hole in the sidewalk step where the concrete
had cracked and crumbled away. Roberts, 946 S.W.2d at 842. In that case, the supreme court
concluded “[a]s a matter of law, a partially cracked and crumbled sidewalk step is not a defect of
the same kind or class as the excavations or obstructions the statute contemplates.” Id. at 843.
In the Phelps case, a bicyclist was injured while traveling in a designated bicycle lane when
he encountered a lip or heave in the lane, which ran in the direction in which he was traveling.
Phelps, 2019 WL 2912238, at *1. The evidence showed that at the time of Phelps’s accident, the
left side of the bike lane was approximately two inches higher than the right. Id. at *3. In that
case, this Court concluded, as a matter of law, the approximate two-inch elevation change was not
a special defect. Id.
From these cases it is evident that variations in public roadways and sidewalks of a few
inches are not the same as the excavations or obstructions mentioned in the Act. Moreover, the
elevation difference in this case only exists where the sidewalk meets the curb and does not extend
to any of the traversable part of the sidewalk, and thus, does not physically impair a pedestrian or
bicyclist from traveling on the sidewalk itself.3 See id. (essential structure of the steps leading
from the sidewalk to street was not impaired). In addition, where, as here, there is ample room for
a cyclist to avoid the claimed defect, the defect does not impair ordinary use. See Paper, 376
S.W.3d at 766, see also City of Austin v. Vykoukal, No. 03-16-00261-CV, 2017 WL 2062259, at
*4 (Tex. App.—Austin May 10, 2017, pet. denied) (mem. op.) (overgrown vegetation in bike lane
was not special defect where vegetation could be avoided by cyclists without leaving the lane).
3
The physical evidence shows the sidewalk has settled in the section where Freeman fell and that the sidewalk is nevertheless smooth and
unobstructed and the three inch elevation change between the sidewalk and the curb will only be encounter if you attempt to leave the sidewalk and
enter the street.
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Finally, Freeman concedes that the elevation change was likely caused by deterioration over time,
although he contends when the sidewalk was constructed the foundation was inadequate and
claims the inadequate foundation put the City on notice that, at some later point in time, the
sidewalk would sink. Deterioration over time should be expected and does not transform the
condition into a special defect. See Reed, 258 S.W.3d at 622; Hindman v. State Dep’t of Highways
& Pub. Transp., 906 S.W.2d 43, 46 (Tex. App.—Tyler 1994, writ denied) (special defects do not
include every pothole or bump encountered on a public highway in Texas capable of upsetting a
cyclist).
Having considered the Hayes factors and supreme court precedent, we conclude the three
inch elevation difference between the sidewalk and the curb at issue in this case is not a special
defect. Consequently, the trial court erred in denying the City’s plea to the jurisdiction as to
Freeman’s special-defect claim. We sustain the City’s first issue.
II. Premises Defect
In its second issue, the City contends the trial court erred by denying its plea to the
jurisdiction as to Freeman’s premises-defect claim. The City maintains it retains immunity from
this claim because it lacked actual knowledge of the alleged defect at the time Freeman was
injured.
If a claim arises from a premise defect, “the governmental unit owes to the claimant only
the duty that a private person owes to a licensee on private property.” CIV. PRAC. & REM.
§ 101.022(a). That duty requires the City to not injure a licensee by willful, wanton or grossly
negligent conduct; the City must use ordinary care to warn a licensee, or to make reasonably safe
a dangerous condition of which the City is aware and the licensee is not. See Sampson v. Univ. of
Tex. at Austin, 500 S.W.3d 380, 391 (Tex. 2016). Actual knowledge of the dangerous condition
is required. Id. at 392 (citing State v. Tennison, 509 S.W.2d 560, 562 (Tex. 1974)). Constructive
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knowledge of the defect is insufficient. See id.
“Actual knowledge requires knowledge that the dangerous condition existed at the time of
the accident, as opposed to constructive knowledge, which can be established by facts or inferences
that a dangerous condition could develop over time.” City of Corsicana v. Stewart, 249 S.W.3d
412, 414–15 (Tex. 2008); City of Dallas v. Thompson, 210 S.W.3d 601, 603 (Tex. 2006).
Awareness of a potential problem is not actual knowledge of an existing danger. Reyes v. City of
Laredo, 335 S.W.3d 605, 609 (Tex. 2010). In determining whether a landowner, such as the City,
has actual knowledge of a dangerous condition, “courts generally consider whether the premises
owner has received reports of prior injuries or reports of the potential danger presented by the
condition.” Univ. of Tex.-Pan Am. v. Aguilar, 251 S.W.3d 511, 513 (Tex. 2008); see also Reed,
258 S.W.3d at 622–23 (no prior accidents or complaints about road condition contributed to
conclusion of no actual knowledge at the time of the motorcycle accident).
To show it lacked actual knowledge of the complained of condition at the time Freeman
was injured, the City relied on the deposition testimony and affidavits of City employees. City
employees, Miranda and Gray, established that in the two years prior to Freeman’s accident, the
City received no reports of any sunken sidewalk, elevated curb, or any other defective or dangerous
conditions at the location of the accident. Moreover, Freeman admitted that he first gave the City
notice of the elevation change approximately three months after his accident, he was not aware of
anyone else reporting the elevation change to the City, there were no previous accidents resulting
from the same condition, and he has no evidence that the City had actual knowledge of the
condition prior to his accident.
Freeman concedes that he has no direct evidence of actual knowledge. Accordingly, he
attempts to create a genuine issue of material fact as to whether the City had actual knowledge
through what he characterizes is circumstantial evidence. Actual knowledge of a dangerous
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condition can sometimes be proven through circumstantial evidence. Prado, 373 S.W.3d at 854
(citing City of Austin v. Leggett, 257 S.W.3d 456, 476 (Tex. App.—Austin 2008, pet. denied)).
However, circumstantial evidence establishes actual knowledge only when it either directly or by
reasonable inference supports that conclusion. City of Corsicana v. Stewart, 249 S.W.3d 412, 415
(Tex. 2008) (per curiam).
Freeman claims the City had actual knowledge of the defective condition of the sidewalk
because: the intersection near the sidewalk at issue is very busy; the City has a sidewalk
replacement program and promotes bicycle riding; the City has an inventory group, consisting of
three to four people who inspect roads every other year, and the City’s Director of the Mobility
and Street Services Department has police powers regarding roads and sidewalks, including the
power to conduct inspections and request that the owner of the abutting property reconstruct or
repair the sidewalk; and the City built the sidewalk, which Freeman contends was inadequately
constructed. As discussed infra, none of this evidence raises a fact issue concerning knowledge.
Freeman’s contention that actual knowledge can reasonably be inferred from the proximity
of his accident to a busy intersection is unavailing. Actual knowledge of the alleged defect is
required, not general notice. State v. Gonzalez, 82 S.W.3d 322, 330 (Tex. 2002). In addition, the
supreme court’s decision in Thompson refutes Freeman’s contention. In that case, the court held
an area of Dallas Love Field Airport that was well traveled with passengers and City employees
was not evidence of the City’s actual knowledge of a protruding metal expansion-joint coverplate.
City of Dallas v. Thompson, 210 S.W.3d 601, 603–04 (Tex. 2006). Consequently, the proximity
of Freeman’s accident to the intersection of Preston Road and Arapaho Road is no evidence of
actual knowledge on the part of the City.
The fact that the City offers a sidewalk replacement program and promotes bicycle riding
does not create a reasonable inference the City had actual knowledge of the complained of
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condition at the time of Freeman’s accident. The implication of Freeman’s argument is that the
City knows sidewalks fall into disrepair and require repair. But the mere fact that materials may
deteriorate over time and may become dangerous does not itself create a dangerous condition. Id.
at 603.
In addition, the fact that the City has the authority to inspect sidewalks does not, in and of
itself, convey actual knowledge to the City of an alleged defect. Actual knowledge is what a
person actually knows as distinguished from constructive or imputed knowledge. Duncan v. First
Tex. Homes, 464 S.W.3d 8, 16 (Tex. App.—Fort Worth 2015, pet. denied). Constructive or
imputed knowledge only applies where the plaintiff is an invitee when he is injured. Corbin v.
Safeway Stores, Inc., 648 S.W.2d 292, 296 (Tex. 2000). The licensee standard applies to
Freeman’s premises-defect claim, not the invitee standard. CIV. PRAC. & REM. § 101.022(a).
Freeman contends that because the City built the sidewalk with an inadequate foundation
actual knowledge, that at some future point in time, the sidewalk would sink, can be inferred. The
Paper case proves Freeman’s contention wrong. The Paper case involved the City of Denton’s
excavation of a portion of a street that it repacked just one week prior to the plaintiff’s bicycle
accident caused by the same area sinking. Paper, 376 S.W.3d at 764. In that case, the supreme
court concluded there was no evidence the City knew the dangerous condition existed after it
completed its work in the area. Id. at 767. Actual knowledge is not established by knowledge of
the mere possibility that a dangerous condition can develop over time. Id.
Viewing the evidence in the light most favorable to Freeman, he has not raised a fact
question as to the City’s actual knowledge of the complained of condition. The City established
it is immune from Freeman’s premises-defect claim and the trial court erred in ruling otherwise.
We sustain the City’s second issue.
Freeman urges that this Court should affirm the trial court’s denial of the City’s plea to the
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jurisdiction because reversing the holding is against public policy. It is the province of the
Legislature, not the courts, to prescribe the parameters of premise and special-defect claims.
Denton Cty. v. Beynon, 283 S.W.3d 329, 333 (Tex. 2009). The trade-offs inherent in governmental
immunity are a uniquely legislative matter. Accordingly, we decline Freeman’s request that we
inject ourselves into a legislative role.
CONCLUSION
We reverse the trial court’s order denying the City’s plea to the jurisdiction and render
judgment dismissing Freeman’s claims against the City for lack of subject matter jurisdiction.
/David L. Bridges/
DAVID L. BRIDGES
JUSTICE
180961F.P05
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S
Court of Appeals
Fifth District of Texas at Dallas
JUDGMENT
THE CITY OF DALLAS, Appellant On Appeal from the County Court at Law
No. 3, Dallas County, Texas
No. 05-18-00961-CV V. Trial Court Cause No. CC-16-00805-C.
Opinion delivered by Justice Bridges.
WILLIAM CLINTON FREEMAN, Justices Osborne and Reichek participating.
Appellee
In accordance with this Court’s opinion of this date, the trial court’s order denying the City
of Dallas’ plead to the jurisdiction is REVERSED.
It is ORDERED that William Clinton Freeman’s claim against the City of Dallas is
DISMISSED for want of subject matter jurisdiction.
It is ORDERED that appellant THE CITY OF DALLAS recover its costs of this appeal
from appellee WILLIAM CLINTON FREEMAN.
Judgment entered this 17th day of July 2019.
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