Terry Tilton v. H.J. Heinz Company and Liberty Mutual Ins. Co.

IN THE COURT OF APPEALS OF IOWA

No. 18-1629
Filed July 24, 2019

TERRY TILTON,
Petitioner-Appellee,

vs.

H.J. HEINZ COMPANY and LIBERTY MUTUAL INS. CO.,
Respondents-Appellants.
________________________________________________________________

Appeal from the Iowa District Court for Polk County, Jeanie Vaudt, Judge.

An employer and its workers’ compensation insurance carrier appeal a

district court ruling on Terry Tilton’s petition for judicial review of a determination

of the workers’ compensation commissioner. AFFIRMED IN PART, REVERSED

IN PART, AND REMANDED.

Nathan R. McConkey of Huber, Book, Lanz & McConkey, P.L.L.C., West

Des Moines, for appellants.

Matthew D. Dake and Thomas M. Wertz of Wertz, Dake & Anderson, Cedar

Rapids, for appellee.

Heard by Potterfield, P.J., and Doyle and Mullins, JJ.
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MULLINS, Judge.

H.J. Heinz Company (Heinz) and its workers’ compensation insurance

carrier appeal a district court ruling on Terry Tilton’s petition for judicial review of a

determination of the workers’ compensation commissioner remanding the matter

to the agency for further proceedings. Heinz argues the district court erred in

concluding the agency determination is unsupported by substantial evidence and

was based upon an irrational, illogical, or wholly unjustifiable application of law to

fact.

I. Background Facts and Proceedings

Tilton began working at Heinz, a soup business, in 1999; she has worked

in various positions since that time. Tilton began experiencing back problems early

on in her time at Heinz. In 2001, after working in other positions, she began

working in the “prep room.” Around this time, Tilton realized her back pain was job

related. In or about 2010, Tilton began working in the “clean as you go” position,

a physically demanding position, until she went on disability in April 2013.

Although Tilton’s back-pain symptoms increased when she began working in the

clean as you go position, she has consistently and extensively sought treatment

for her back pain since 2000. Over the years, Tilton has been given various work

restrictions relative to her back issues. For example, in January 2006, Tilton’s

chiropractor placed her under weight and time restrictions for work. Then, from

mid-February to late March 2006, Tilton went on disability and was excused from

work as a result of her back issues. The record suggests she was also off of work

for a period of at least seven weeks in the late summer and early fall of 2007. The

record also discloses Tilton was on disability for a period of time in the summer of
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2008, although the record does not affirmatively state the length of time this period

of disability lasted. In February 2010, Tilton’s chiropractor noted Tilton’s back

issues were “permanent” and she would be subject to “flare ups,” some of which

“will cause her to miss work,” “as they have in the past.”

A medical note from Dr. Dennis Bradley on March 11, 2010, states that

Tilton had seen Dr. Gray, who took her off work. Shortly thereafter, Tilton began

seeing Dr. Stan Mathew relative to her chronic back pain. Dr. Mathew’s notes

state Tilton was “still out of work due to low back pain” in April 2010. Tilton

engaged in physical therapy over the next few months and, in June, underwent a

joint injection. According to the notes from a follow-up appointment in July, the

injection only provided relief “for a few days.” Dr. Mathew cleared Tilton to return

to work “without any restriction,” effective July 12. However, Tilton was unable to

return to work on that date due to the severity of her back pain. She returned to

Mathew the following day and was ultimately scheduled to undergo an epidural

steroid injection. That procedure took place in late July. By August 10, Tilton had

been “pain free” for roughly two weeks. Her relief continued until early September,

and Dr. Mathew cleared Tilton to return to work “without any restriction,” effective

September 8. Tilton returned to work, but her relief was short-lived. By early

February 2011, Tilton’s symptoms returned and she again discontinued working.

The record indicates she did not return to work until early April. Tilton’s back pain

“has progressively gotten worse” since she began treatment with Dr. Mathew.

Ultimately, on April 15, 2013, being unable to tolerate her back pain anymore,

Tilton decided to go on disability. She has not worked since. On May 5, Tilton

gave Heinz notice of a work injury that occurred on or about April 15.
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In March 2015, Tilton filed a petition for arbitration and medical benefits with

the commissioner alleging a cumulative-trauma injury manifesting on or about April

15, 2013. Following a hearing, the deputy commissioner entered its arbitration

decision. The deputy concluded Tilton was aware “by 2011 that her condition was

work related, serious, and potentially compensable” and, because “she did not

provide notice to her employer until May of 2013 . . . and did not file a petition for

benefits until 2015” her claim for benefits was barred by Iowa Code sections 85.23

and 85.26(1) (2015). Tilton appealed the decision to the commissioner. In his

appeal decision, the commissioner’s designee concluded Tilton’s work injury

manifested on or before September 8, 2010 and, because she did not give Heinz

notice of the same within ninety days, her claim for benefits was barred by Iowa

Code section 85.23.

In 2018, Tilton filed a petition for judicial review of the agency decision in

the district court. Tilton argued the agency decision was irrational, illogical or

wholly unjustifiable and unsupported by substantial evidence in the record.

Following an unreported hearing, the district court concluded the agency applied

an incorrect legal standard; substantial evidence does not support the agency

decision; and, therefore, the decision was irrational, illogical, and wholly

unjustifiable. The court remanded the matter to the agency for further proceedings.

As noted, Heinz appeals.
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II. Standard of Review

“Judicial review of agency decisions is governed by Iowa Code section

17A.19” (2018).1 Brakke v. Iowa Dep’t of Nat. Res., 897 N.W.2d 522, 530 (Iowa

2017) (quoting Kay-Decker v. Iowa State Bd. of Tax Review, 857 N.W.2d 216, 222

(Iowa 2014)); accord Warren Props. v. Stewart, 864 N.W.2d 307, 311 (Iowa 2015).

The district court acts in an appellate capacity in judicial-review proceedings. Iowa

Med. Soc’y v. Iowa Bd. of Nursing, 831 N.W.2d 826, 838 (Iowa 2013) (quoting City

of Sioux City v. GME, Ltd., 584 N.W.2d 322, 324 (Iowa 1998)). On appeal, this

court “appl[ies] the standards of section 17A.19(10) to determine if we reach the

same results as the district court.” Brakke, 897 N.W.2d at 530 (quoting Renda v.

Iowa Civil Rights Comm’n, 784 N.W.2d 8, 10 (Iowa 2010)); accord Des Moines

Area Transit Auth. v. Young, 867 N.W.2d 839, 842 (Iowa 2015). Relief in a judicial-

review proceeding is appropriate only “if the agency action prejudiced the

substantial rights of the petitioner and if the agency action falls within one of the

criteria listed in section 17A.19(10)(a) though (n).” Brakke, 897 N.W.2d at 530.

“Our review of a decision of the workers’ compensation commissioner

varies depending on the type of error allegedly committed by the commissioner.”

Jacobson Transp. Co. v. Harris, 778 N.W.2d 192, 196 (Iowa 2010). Where the

alleged “error is one of fact, we must determine if the commissioner’s findings are

supported by substantial evidence.” Id.; see Iowa Code § 17A.19(10)(f). “If . . .

the claimed error lies in the commissioner’s application of the law to the facts, we

1
References in this opinion to Iowa Code chapter 17A are to the version of the code in
force when the petition for judicial review was filed, 2018. References to chapter 85 are
to the version of the code in force when the claim for benefits was filed with the
commissioner, 2015.
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will disturb the commissioner’s if it is ‘[b]ased upon an irrational, illogical, or wholly

unjustifiable application of law to fact.’” Harris, 778 N.W.2d at 196 (quoting Iowa

Code § 17A.19(10)(m)).

III. Analysis

Iowa Code section 85.232 provides:

Unless the employer or the employer’s representative shall
have actual knowledge of the occurrence of an injury received within
ninety days from the date of the occurrence of the injury, or unless
the employee or someone on the employee’s behalf or a dependent
or someone on the dependent’s behalf shall give notice thereof to
the employer within ninety days from the date of the occurrence of
the injury, no compensation shall be allowed.

Our supreme court has adopted a “manifestation test,” which fixes “the date of

injury as of the time at which the disability manifests itself.” Herrera v. IBP, Inc.,

633 N.W.2d 284, 287 (Iowa 2001) (internal quotation marks omitted) (quoting

Oscar Mayer Foods Corp. v. Tasler, 483 N.W.2d 824, 829 (Iowa 1992)). “[A]n

injury manifests itself when both the fact of the injury and the causal relationship

of the injury to the claimant’s employment would have become plainly apparent to

a reasonable person.” Id. (internal quotation marks omitted) (quoting Tasler, 633

N.W.2d at 287). Likewise, “[t]he discovery rule delays the commencement of [the]

limitation period . . . for giving notice, until the injured person has in fact discovered

his injury or by exercise of reasonable diligence should have discovered it.”

Dillinger v. City of Sioux City, 368 N.W.2d 176, 179 (Iowa 1985).

[A] cumulative injury is manifested when the claimant, as a
reasonable person, would be plainly aware (1) that he or she suffers

2
The legislature has since amended this statute to include the following language: “For
the purposes of this section, ‘date of the occurrence of the injury’ means the date that the
employee knew or should have known that the injury was work-related.” 2017 Iowa Acts
Ch. 23, § 3.
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from a condition or injury, and (2) that this condition or injury was
caused by the claimant’s employment. Upon the occurrence of these
two circumstances, the injury is deemed to have occurred.
Nonetheless, by virtue of the discovery rule, the [limitations period
for giving notice] will not begin to run until the employee also knows
that the physical condition is serious enough to have a permanent
adverse impact on the claimant’s employment or employability, i.e.,
the claimant knows or should know the “nature, seriousness, and
probable compensable character” of his injury or condition.

Herrera, 633 N.W.2d at 288 (quoting Orr v. Lewis Cent. Sch. Dist., 298 N.W.2d

256, 257 (Iowa 1880)); see Dillinger, 368 N.W.2d at 179 (indicating discovery rule

also applies to toll limitations period for notice requirement contained in section

85.23).

While we agree with the district court that the appeal deputy “blurred the

concept of when the injury is said to occur, or manifests, with the separate analysis

under the discovery rule,” we do not believe such blurring, by itself, mandates

reversal. Reversal is only required where the “substantial rights of the person

seeking judicial relief have been prejudiced.” See Iowa Code § 17A.19(10). We

disagree with the district court that the appeal deputy “failed to apply the

appropriate legal standard regarding cumulative trauma injuries set forth in

Herrera.” The deputy separately concluded (1) Tilton realized she suffered from a

work-related injury by 2001 and (2) by September 8, 2010 at the latest, Tilton “knew

or should have known her physical condition was serious enough to have a

permanent adverse impact on her employment”—the former obviously concerning

the manifestation date and the latter the discovery rule. Although the appeal

decision shows 2010, as opposed to 2001, as the manifestation date, instead of

stating the injury manifested in 2001 and the discovery rule was satisfied to

discontinue tolling of the limitations period no later than September 8, 2010, the
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deputy otherwise applied the correct framework as laid out in Herrera, see 633

N.W.2d at 288, and we are able to deduce the deputy’s ultimate legal conclusion.

See IBP, Inc. v. Al-Gharib, 604 N.W.2d 621, 634 (Iowa 2000) (“[A]n agency’s

decision is sufficient if it is possible to work backward from the agency’s written

decision and to deduce what must have been the agency’s legal conclusions and

its findings.” (altered for readability) (quoting Norland v. Iowa Dep’t of Job Serv.,

412 N.W.2d 904, 909 (Iowa 1987))). We are therefore unable to conclude the

agency decision was “[b]ased upon an irrational, illogical, or wholly unjustifiable

application of law to fact,” prejudicing Tilton’s substantial rights. See Iowa Code

§ 17A.19(10)(m).

We turn to whether the agency’s conclusion that by September 8, 2010, at

the latest, Tilton “knew or should have known her physical condition was serious

enough to have a permanent adverse impact on her employment.” The district

court answered that question in the negative, largely focusing on Tilton’s improved

condition and return to work around that time. Courts are not entitled to reweigh

the evidence in a substantial-evidence review—we only determine whether

substantial evidence supports the agency finding. Arndt v. City of Le Claire, 728

N.W.2d 389, 394–95 (Iowa 2007). “Evidence is substantial when a reasonable

person could accept it as adequate to reach the same findings.” Bearinger v. Iowa

Dep’t of Transp., 844 N.W.2d 104, 106 (2014) (quoting Ludtke v. Iowa Dep’t of

Transp., 646 N.W.2d 62, 65 (Iowa 2002)). “If the agency’s findings are supported

by substantial evidence, those findings are binding upon us.” Fed. Express Corp.

v. Mason City Human Rights Comm’n, 852 N.W.2d 509, 510–11 (Iowa Ct. App.

2014). “Just because the interpretation of the evidence is open to a fair difference
 9

of opinion does not mean the commissioner’s decision is not supported by

substantial evidence,” and we will “not consider evidence insubstantial merely

because [we] may draw different conclusions from the record.” Schadendorf v.

Snap-On Tools Corp., 757 N.W.2d 330, 337 (Iowa 2008).

The appeal deputy concluded that by September 8, 2010, Tilton “knew or

should have known her physical condition was serious enough to have a

permanent impact on her employment.” The appeal deputy relied on Tilton’s long

history of back issues and relative treatment, the opinion that her condition was

permanent and will cause her to miss work in the future as it had in the past, and

the fact that she missed several months of work in 2010 due to back issues. The

district court ruled the appeal deputy’s conclusion was not supported by substantial

evidence, focusing on Tilton’s improved condition and return to work with no

restrictions. The record discloses Tilton has a long history of back issues, her

condition waxed and waned for roughly ten years leading up to September 2010,

and she had multiple disability-related absences from work which were followed

by returns to work without any restrictions. Our duty is to “broadly and liberally

apply” the agency’s finding to uphold rather than defeat the agency decision; the

controlling question here is “whether the evidence supports the finding actually

made.” Taylor v. Iowa Dep’t of Human Servs., 870 N.W.2d 262, 266 (Iowa Ct.

App. 2015) (quoting Al-Gharib, 604 N.W.2d at 632). On September 1, 2010, Dr.

Mathew’s medical records provided, in part: “The patient will return to work on full

duty on Wednesday, 09/08/2010.” Also on September 1, he wrote a “return to

work” release stating, “Terry Tilton may return to work on 9/8/10 without any

restriction.” And Tilton did go back to work on that date as directed, on full duty
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and without restriction. As of that date, no doctor had ever given her permanent

work restrictions. Under these circumstances, we must disagree that on that date

Tilton knew that her back condition was serious enough to have a permanent

adverse impact on her employment or employability, i.e., that she knew or should

have known the nature, seriousness, and probable compensable character of her

injury or condition. See Herrera, 633 N.W.2d at 288. Substantial evidence does

not support the appeal decision conclusion that “[i]n this case, it is found claimant’s

manifestation date of injury is September 8, 2010.”

On this appeal, we are limited to the determination made above, and neither

we nor the district court may make independent findings. Accordingly, we reverse

the district court’s findings that identified a different manifestation date.

We affirm in part and reverse in part the order of the district court, and we

remand to the district court for an order to reverse the ruling of the agency and

remand for further proceedings consistent with this opinion.

IV. Conclusion

We find the agency determination that Tilton’s claim for benefits is barred

by the application of Iowa Code section 85.23 was not the product of an irrational,

illogical, or wholly unjustifiable application of law to fact. We further find the agency

determination of September 8, 2010 as the manifestation date is not supported by

substantial evidence in the record. We affirm in part and reverse in part the district

court, and we remand the matter to the district court for the entry of an order to

reverse the agency and remand for further proceedings consistent with this

opinion.

AFFIRMED IN PART, REVERSED IN PART, AND REMANDED.