NOT FOR PUBLICATION FILED
UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS JUL 31 2019
MOLLY C. DWYER, CLERK
U.S. COURT OF APPEALS
FOR THE NINTH CIRCUIT
MATEO NICOLAS CARRANZA- No. 17-70250
ALBARRAN, AKA Alejandro Carranza,
Agency No. A208-305-103
Petitioner,
v. MEMORANDUM*
WILLIAM P. BARR, Attorney General,
Respondent.
On Petition for Review of an Order of the
Board of Immigration Appeals
Argued and Submitted May 14, 2019
Portland, Oregon
Before: N.R. SMITH, WATFORD, and R. NELSON, Circuit Judges.
Mateo Carranza-Albarran is a citizen of Mexico applying for asylum,
withholding of removal, and relief under the Convention Against Torture (CAT).
He claims that he was persecuted in Mexico on account of his membership in a
particular social group, which in his case, was defined by sexual orientation. See 8
U.S.C. § 1101(a)(42); Boer-Sedano v. Gonzales, 418 F.3d 1082, 1087–88 (9th Cir.
*
This disposition is not appropriate for publication and is not precedent
except as provided by Ninth Circuit Rule 36-3.
Page 2 of 6
2005). The immigration judge (IJ) denied his application on the basis of an
adverse credibility determination. The Board of Immigration Appeals (BIA)
affirmed that determination and dismissed Carranza-Albarran’s appeal. In making
its decision, the BIA relied on three alleged omissions from Carranza-Albarran’s
asylum application and two alleged omissions from his testimony. Carranza-
Albarran petitions for review. We conclude that the BIA’s adverse credibility
determination is not supported by substantial evidence.
1. The BIA identified three omissions from Carranza-Albarran’s asylum
application: his rape by the police, sexual abuse by his brother, and harassment by
classmates during a seventh-grade field trip. We do not think that any of these
asserted omissions support the BIA’s adverse credibility determination.
Our court has stated that “[o]missions from asylum applications are often not
a sufficient basis for discrediting later testimony.” Alvarez-Santos v. INS, 332 F.3d
1245, 1254 (9th Cir. 2003). Although the REAL ID Act specifies that
“consistency between the applicant’s . . . written and oral statements” is a relevant
factor in weighing an asylum applicant’s credibility, some omissions do not create
any inconsistency. 8 U.S.C. § 1158(b)(1)(B)(iii). The facts of this case illustrate
why we frequently discount omissions from asylum applications. Carranza-
Albarran does not understand English and filled out his asylum application (in
Page 3 of 6
English) with the help of a preparer who is not a lawyer. See Alvarez-Santos, 332
F.3d at 1254. Carranza-Albarran testified that he had to communicate with the
preparer, who did not speak Spanish, through an interpreter. The preparer appears
to have not understood how to fill out the asylum application, as he failed to
discuss in any detail the instances of persecution that Carranza-Albarran had
described during his credible-fear interview. This is therefore not a case in which
an asylum applicant omitted significant incidents from an otherwise detailed
asylum application.
We further discount the significance of the alleged omissions from
Carranza-Albarran’s asylum application because he had already mentioned all
three of the incidents at issue during his credible-fear interview. This case is
therefore distinguishable from cases in which asylum applicants testify about
significant incidents or details for the first time during their removal hearings,
often at the prompting of their lawyers. See Silva-Pereira v. Lynch, 827 F.3d 1176,
1185–86 (9th Cir. 2016); Alvarez-Santos, 332 F.3d at 1248–49, 1254.
In any event, as to the alleged omission of the incident involving Carranza-
Albarran’s rape by the police, it is not at all clear that Carranza-Albarran in fact
omitted this incident from his asylum application. The application stated that the
police in Mexico “extort, rape, [and] assault” LGBT individuals and that Carranza-
Page 4 of 6
Albarran experienced that treatment when he lived in Mexico. Carranza-
Albarran’s pro se status warrants a charitable reading of this unambiguous
reference to police rape, despite its lack of specificity. See Smolniakova v.
Gonzales, 422 F.3d 1037, 1045 (9th Cir. 2005).
2. The BIA also upheld the adverse credibility determination on the basis of
Carranza-Albarran’s failure to mention the incidents of sexual abuse by his brother
and harassment by his classmates during his testimony at the removal hearing, until
he was prompted to do so by the IJ. It is certainly true that the omission of
significant events from an asylum applicant’s testimony can support an adverse
credibility determination. For example, in Jiang v. Holder, 754 F.3d 733 (9th Cir.
2014), we held that the asylum applicant’s failure to testify about being beaten by
the police, after describing that incident in her asylum application, provided
sufficient evidence for the BIA’s adverse credibility determination. See id. at 738–
40. However, the omission can’t serve as the basis for an adverse credibility
determination if the record compels acceptance of the asylum applicant’s
explanation for the omission. See id. at 739–40. In Jiang, the asylum applicant
explained that she failed to mention the police beating because she was confused
by her lawyer’s line of questioning. See id. at 739. We concluded that, although
the evidence in the record supported that explanation, it did not compel a
Page 5 of 6
reasonable adjudicator to credit the explanation. See id. at 739–40. We therefore
upheld the BIA’s adverse credibility determination. See id.
Here, in contrast, although Carranza-Albarran similarly omitted significant
incidents from his testimony, he provided a compelling explanation for one of the
two omissions and was not given a reasonable opportunity to explain the other.
As to the first omission, Carranza-Albarran explained that he did not
mention that he was sexually abused by his brother because he was “ashamed.”
The IJ did not accept this explanation. She did not believe that Carranza-Albarran
could be too ashamed to mention the sexual abuse by his brother, since he was
willing to testify about his rape by the police. The IJ’s reason for discrediting
Carranza-Albarran’s explanation is not supported by substantial evidence. Cf. id.
at 738–40. During his credible-fear interview, Carranza-Albarran stated that he
had never discussed the sexual abuse by his brother with anyone because he
believed that it was a “mortal sin.” He also asked the asylum officer whether his
responses during the interview would be kept confidential. The record thus
compels acceptance of Carranza-Albarran’s explanation.
As to the second omission, the IJ did not provide Carranza-Albarran with a
reasonable opportunity during the removal hearing to explain why he failed to
mention the field trip incident. See Bhattarai v. Lynch, 835 F.3d 1037, 1045 (9th
Page 6 of 6
Cir. 2016). When she asked Carranza-Albarran about the omission, the IJ
mischaracterized Carranza-Albarran’s account of the incident. The IJ said
Carranza-Albarran had stated that he was forced to perform oral sex during the
field trip. Carranza-Albarran corrected the IJ, clarifying that he had stated that he
was asked to perform oral sex but did not ultimately do so. The IJ mistook this
correction as an explanation for the omission and moved on to her next question.
Even assuming that Carranza-Albarran’s statement was an explanation, the
record compels a reasonable adjudicator to credit it. Cf. Jiang, 754 F.3d at 738–40.
During the removal hearing, the IJ and the government lawyer repeatedly asked
Carranza-Albarran to describe incidents in which he was “harmed” or
“threatened.” According to Carranza-Albarran’s account of the event, he was not
harmed or threatened during the field trip. He allegedly avoided performing oral
sex by denying that he was gay, and the boys did not threaten to harm him if he
refused to perform oral sex.
We therefore reverse the BIA’s adverse credibility determination and
remand to the BIA to reconsider Carranza-Albarran’s claims for asylum,
withholding of removal, and relief under the Convention Against Torture.
PETITION FOR REVIEW GRANTED.
FILED
Carranza-Albarran v. Barr, No. 17-70250
JUL 31 2019
Smith, N.R., Circuit Judge, dissenting. MOLLY C. DWYER, CLERK
U.S. COURT OF APPEALS
Petitioner here requested only the review of an adverse credibility
determination. The standard for reviewing an adverse credibility finding of the
Board of Immigration Appeals (BIA) is substantial evidence. Shrestha v. Holder,
590 F.3d 1034, 1039 (9th Cir. 2010). Although “[s]ubstantial evidence is more
than a mere scintilla,” it is also “such relevant evidence as a reasonable mind might
accept as adequate to support a conclusion.” Ibarra-Flores v. Gonzales, 439 F.3d
614, 618 (9th Cir. 2006) (quotation marks and citation omitted). To establish that
substantial evidence does not support the BIA’s decision, the petitioner must show
“that the evidence he presented was so compelling that no reasonable factfinder
could fail to find the requisite fear of persecution.” INS v. Elias-Zacarias, 502
U.S. 478, 483-84 (1992).
Rather than applying this required standard of review—whether substantial
evidence supported the BIA’s decision—the majority substitutes its findings of fact
(never mind that those findings are contrary to those of the immigration judge
(IJ)1); the majority then concludes that a different result is compelled (never mind
1
The majority exceeds its authority in making these findings. Even the BIA
cannot “make its own factual findings to resolve these issues”; rather “if the BIA
believes that it cannot decide the case without resolution of these facts, then it must
remand to the IJ for further factual findings.” See Rodriguez v. Holder, 683 F.3d
(continued...)
that to do so, the majority itself must find Carranza-Albarran credible2).
Obviously sympathetic to Carranza-Albarran, the majority concludes that
Carranza-Albarran’s story must be true, because he relayed a similar story to an
asylum officer during a credible fear interview and, eventually, to an IJ. However,
the BIA concluded Carranza-Albarran was not credible, because he failed to make
those same claims in his asylum application and failed to assert two of the claims
to the IJ until he was finally confronted with the assertions (following at least six
different questions about the harm he suffered in Mexico). Instead of determining
whether substantial evidence exists to support the BIA’s conclusions, the majority
makes its own factual findings in its opinion and makes excuses as to why
Carranza-Albarran failed to make the same allegations in his asylum application
and to the IJ as he voluntarily made to the asylum officer.
A brief summary of the record highlights the extent to which the IJ
attempted to help Carranza-Albarran present his claim and why the IJ’s adverse
credibility finding is supported by substantial evidence. Carranza-Albarran ended
1
(...continued)
1164, 1173 (9th Cir. 2012).
2
We do not use the “deemed credible” rule in the immigration context when
there is a “reasonable prospect from the administrative record that there may be
additional reasons [for an adverse credibility finding] upon which the IJ or BIA
could rely.” See Soto–Olarte v. Holder, 555 F.3d 1089, 1094-95 (9th Cir. 2009).
2
his evidentiary statement to the IJ by testifying to only two incidents of harm: (1)
the police took his money, cell phone, and watch, and then left him on a non-
homosexual street, and (2) the Zetas threatened him and required him to pay them
quotas. After testifying about these incidents, the IJ asked if anything else
happened. Carranza-Albarran stated, “That’s it.”
The IJ made a few more inquiries and then asked again, “Did you have any
other problems in Mexico?” Carranza-Albarran then testified that he was beat up
at a soccer field. The IJ thereafter asked, “Did you have any other problems?”
Carranza-Albarran again said, “That’s it.” The IJ next asked him what he feared in
Mexico when he came to the United States in 2001. In response, Carranza-
Albarran provided more details about the incident at the soccer field. Following
this testimony, the IJ again questioned, “Is there any other reason why you do not
want to return to Mexico?” Carranza-Albarran again raised the Zetas’ threats. The
IJ inquired again if there was any other reason he feared returning to Mexico. This
time, Carranza-Albarran asserted that he was raped by police officers.3 Carranza-
3
At that time, the IJ also confronted Carranza-Albarran with regard to why
he had not previously mentioned this incident, to which Carranza-Albarran
responded that he mentioned it in his credible fear interview. The IJ further asked
him why he did not mention it in his asylum application. Carranza-Albarran
asserted that the person, who helped him fill out the application, “perhaps
. . . didn’t put it down.” The IJ noted that the application did not indicate that it
(continued...)
3
Albarran was asked additional questions about the alleged rape and his return to
Mexico in 2013. Following these questions, the IJ again followed up, “Did you
have any other problems in Mexico?” Again, Carranza-Albarran said, “That’s it.”
The IJ questioned Carranza-Albarran more about the rape, after which the IJ
again asked if there was any other incident in Mexico. Carranza-Albarran again
told the IJ, “That’s it.” After additional questioning about the prior addressed
incidents, the IJ once again asked if there was anything else. Carranza-Albarran,
for the sixth time, told the IJ, “That’s it.”
The IJ then questioned Carranza-Albarran about his prior statements to the
asylum officer, wherein he claimed he was propositioned by ten boys on a field trip
and sexually abused by his brother. After confrontation, the IJ rejected Carranza-
Albarran’s explanation why he did not raise the claims earlier, because (1) the IJ
did not believe that the explanation that Carranza-Albarran felt shame was
reconcilable with his description of the other events, and (2) the IJ did not believe
that Carranza-Albarran failed to raise the issue, because he was not actually forced
3
(...continued)
was filled out by someone else. Carranza-Albarran denied filling out the
application himself, but could not explain why the preparer failed to fill out the
preparer section.
4
to perform oral sex on ten individuals, despite the threats.4
The BIA affirmed the IJ’s decision because Carranza-Albarran (1) failed to
mention in his asylum application the rape by the police, the abuse by his brother,
or the threats by the school boys and (2) failed to raise to the IJ the latter two
incidents until he was prompted (despite being repeatedly asked if he suffered any
other harm).
1. The majority excuses Carranza-Albarran’s failure to include the claims in his
application, because the majority finds that (a) he was assisted by a preparer (who
was not a lawyer) who improperly filled out his application, and (b) he had
previously addressed these claims before the asylum officer. However, in making
this finding of fact, the majority ignores the IJ’s rejection of Carranza-Albarran’s
claim that he received assistance in filling out his application, because the
application did not indicate that anyone else filed or completed it. The IJ
4
Although I am not sure that the IJ mischaracterized the incident where
Carranza-Albarran alleged that ten boys “surrounded [him] and said that if [he]
was a fag (marica) that [he] had to perform oral sex on all of them,” it is also not
clear whether Carranza-Albarran was providing an explanation to the IJ’s question
or explaining what occurred. Thus, I do not rely on this finding as a basis for the
adverse credibility finding.
Nevertheless, the majority’s conclusion—that Carranza-Albarran did not
describe this incident because he was not harmed—fails. Aside from not applying
the proper standard of review, it also ignores the fact that Carranza-Albarran
testified to at least one other incident (a car driving by with people inside yelling
obscenities), which did not include any threat or harm.
5
confronted Carranza-Albarran about filling out the asylum application. Carranza-
Albarran testified he did not fill out the application, because he didn’t understand
English. Instead, Carranza-Albarran claimed a person named Gonzales (who did
not speak Spanish) assisted him in filling out the application with the help of an
interpreter. However, Carranza-Albarran could not explain why the alleged
preparer did not include the preparer information on the application. Instead of
determining whether substantial evidence supported the IJ’s determination, the
majority undertakes its own fact finding, assuming as true Carranza-Albarran’s
claim that he used a preparer that did not speak Spanish. Then it concludes that,
because no preparer is indicated on the application, the preparer did not understand
how to fill it out. Come on, it is not our role “to substitute our own judgment
regarding an asylum applicant’s credibility for that of the IJ.” Kumar v. Gonzales,
444 F.3d 1043, 1056 (9th Cir. 2006) (Kozinski, J, dissenting in part). Although it
is possible that Carranza-Albarran was unable to fill out the asylum application
himself, it is equally possible that he was able to personally complete it. And we
should be “mindful that ‘IJs are in the best position to assess demeanor and other
credibility cues that we cannot readily access on review.’” Manes v. Sessions, 875
F.3d 1261, 1263 (9th Cir. 2017) (alteration omitted) (quoting Shrestha, 590 F.3d at
1041).
6
Next, the majority jumps to the factual conclusion that, because Carranza-
Albarran told the asylum officer these claims, he must have also provided these
claims to the alleged preparer; that the preparer again must not have known how to
fill out the application, because there was a lack of detail in the claims of
persecution. Yet, all Carranza-Albarran claimed about the failure to provide this
information in the asylum application was that the preparer “perhaps . . . didn’t put
it down.” Carranza-Albarran does not specifically claim that he told the preparer
all of these incidents occurred.
Never mind that a review of the application and declaration does not show
that the alleged preparer did not know how to fill out the application. Aside from
the possibility that the preparer failed to indicate that he filled out the application
on Carranza-Albarran’s behalf, nothing in the application was improperly
completed. The declaration is relatively detailed as to Carranza-Albarran’s
personal history with regard to his family, his journey to/from the United States,
and his problems while in the United States. One should also note that, when the
declaration switches to “Mexico Country Conditions,” the tone and clarity of the
declaration changes. Instead of explaining the harms that he personally
experienced, Carranza-Albarran provides general information about the difficulties
of the LGBT community in Mexico. The declaration makes only one vague
7
reference to the harm he personally suffered.5
The mere fact that Carranza-Albarran had previously mentioned these claims
to an asylum officer does not make the failure to allege any specific harm in his
asylum application less significant. To the contrary (as the BIA concluded),
Carranza-Albarran’s credibility is undermined, because he cannot tell a consistent
story at each stage of the process. Although omissions in asylum interviews, Singh
v. INS, 292 F.3d 1017, 1021 (9th Cir. 2002), or asylum applications, Lopez-Reyes
v. INS, 79 F.3d 908, 911 (9th Cir. 1996), generally do not support an adverse
credibility finding, Carranza-Albarran’s omissions came after a detailed asylum
interview. Thus, Carranza-Albarran’s situation is not similar to the typical case
where an applicant forgot to mention an event or provided less detail in an earlier
5
The majority also erred in concluding that Carranza-Albarran raised the
issue of rape. In context, Carranza-Albarran alleged:
We suffer Homophobic attack, discrimination turn to hate crime to
violence and killing with that we can not get any relief or help from the
police. Because they will extort, rape, assault most of the cases toward
LGBT is un-reported. That is the Current condition of my Country as of
today. As myself suffered during the time I was living in Mexico.
One might conclude from the above statement that Carranza-Albarran was raped
by the police, but only if that statement is read (very) charitably. A more accurate
(yet still charitable) reading is that Carranza-Albarran suffered homophobic
attacks, discrimination, hate crimes, and violence, which were never reported to the
police.
8
statement. Instead, Carranza-Albarran provided the most detailed statement in his
initial interview, provided virtually no detail in his asylum application, but then
provided some of the claims in his testimony before the IJ but only after repeated
prompting and confrontation. Even if Carranza-Albarran had assistance filling out
his application, the failure to recount any specific incident of harm in his asylum
application is sufficient evidence to support the BIA’s adverse credibility finding.
See Alvarez-Santos v. INS, 332 F.3d 1245, 1254 (9th Cir. 2003) (noting that there
were “compelling reasons for discrediting [petitioner’s] testimony concerning a
dramatic, pivotal event that had been omitted from his asylum application[]”).
2. Even assuming that we should give leniency to Carranza-Albarran because
he (or his alleged preparer) had difficulties filling out the application, there is
nothing in this record compelling us to conclude that the IJ’s adverse credibility
finding based on Carranza-Albarran’s failure to testify concerning two of his
claims of abuse (until “super coaxed” by the IJ) was not supported by substantial
evidence. See Linhua Jiang v. Holder, 754 F.3d 733, 738-39 (9th Cir. 2014).
Carranza-Albarran unequivocally and repeatedly stated, “That’s it,” in response to
repeated questions concerning whether he encountered additional incidents in
Mexico. He reversed himself only when the IJ confronted him with two additional
claims he made to the asylum officer. Under these circumstances, we cannot say
9
that Carranza-Albarran has demonstrated “that no reasonable factfinder could fail
to find [that he was credible].” Elias-Zacarias, 502 U.S. at 484.
This situation mirrors Linhua Jiang, where the IJ similarly prompted the
petitioner multiple times, and each time the petitioner failed to assert she was
physically abused. 754 F.3d at 737. The majority recognizes that the case is
similar factually, but rejects Linhua Jiang as controlling. Instead, the majority
finds Carranza-Albarran’s explanation (that he failed to assert the claim because he
was ashamed) credible. Again, substituting its judgment regarding Carranza-
Albarran’s credibility for that of the IJ, the majority decides that a different
conclusion is compelled, because Carranza-Albarran’s statements to the asylum
officer support his explanation. However, applying a substantial evidence standard
of review, it is unclear why Carranza-Albarran’s explanation that he was too
ashamed to testify about the incidents to the IJ necessarily compels a different
conclusion. He was not too ashamed to raise it for the first time to the asylum
officer, and (as the IJ noted) he was able to raise other incidents of harm, including
the rape by the police, that were similarly difficult subjects. Even if the record
could possibly support a “different conclusion,” see Donchev v. Mukasey, 553 F.3d
1206, 1215 n.23 (9th Cir. 2009), applying the proper “healthy measure of
deference” to the IJ (which we must), a different conclusion is not compelled, see
10
Shrestha, 590 F.3d at 1041.
11