MEMORANDUM DECISION
Pursuant to Ind. Appellate Rule 65(D),
this Memorandum Decision shall not be FILED
regarded as precedent or cited before any Aug 02 2019, 6:16 am
court except for the purpose of establishing CLERK
Indiana Supreme Court
the defense of res judicata, collateral Court of Appeals
and Tax Court
estoppel, or the law of the case.
ATTORNEY FOR APPELLANT ATTORNEYS FOR APPELLEE
Yvette M. LaPlante Curtis T. Hill, Jr.
LaPlante LLP Attorney General of Indiana
Evansville, Indiana
J.T. Whitehead
Deputy Attorney General
Indianapolis, Indiana
IN THE
COURT OF APPEALS OF INDIANA
Jacob Maden, August 2, 2019
Appellant-Defendant, Court of Appeals Case No.
19A-CR-505
v. Appeal from the Vanderburgh
Circuit Court
State of Indiana, The Honorable Michael J. Cox,
Appellee-Plaintiff Magistrate
Trial Court Cause Nos.
82C01-1704-F3-2150
82C01-1808-F6-5611
Baker, Judge.
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[1] Jacob Maden appeals the revocation of his probation, arguing that the trial
court violated his due process rights; simultaneously, Maden appeals the
sentence imposed by the trial court after he pleaded guilty to Level 6 Felony
Escape, arguing that the sentence is inappropriate in light of the nature of the
offense and his character. Finding no violation and the sentence not
inappropriate, we affirm.
Facts
[2] The facts and circumstances surrounding this case are difficult to discern. The
following comes from what little information exists in the record.
[3] One evening, A.M. and H.D. met up with seventeen-year-old Maden and J.M.
to purchase a cell phone. Maden and J.M. got into the back seat of H.D.’s car
to complete the transaction. Before the exchange was finalized, Maden lifted
his shirt to reveal what A.M. and H.D. believed to be a gun and pointed it at
H.D. Then, J.M. “wrapped a lanyard around the neck of A.M.” Appellant’s
App. Vol. II p. 8. Maden and J.M. promptly fled the scene with both the money
and the cell phone. With A.M. and H.D.’s assistance, officers from the
Evansville Police Department located and arrested Maden and J.M.
[4] Under Cause Number 82C01-1704-F3-2150 (Cause 2150), on April 11, 2017,
the State charged Maden with two counts of Level 3 felony armed robbery.
Maden was then released on bond, but on August 1, 2017, the State filed a
petition to revoke bond and issued a warrant for Maden’s arrest. Finally, on
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August 11, 2017, Maden pleaded guilty as charged in exchange for a three-year
sentencing cap. Then, on September 12, 2017, the trial court sentenced Maden
to three years for each armed robbery count to be served concurrently in the
Division of Youth Services at the Department of Correction (DOC).
[5] On January 23, 2018, Maden filed a petition to modify his sentence so that he
would not be immediately transferred to an adult facility once he turned
eighteen. The trial court granted this petition, and on May 25, 2018, modified
Maden’s sentence to three years of home detention through electronic tracking
with specific conditions: placement with a guardian, submission to health
evaluations, recommended follow-up mental health treatment, required study to
obtain a high school diploma, and no contact with the robbery victims.
[6] On June 14, 2018, the State filed a petition to revoke probation under Cause
2150, alleging that Maden had illegally consumed vodka. Maden admitted to
violating probation and was sentenced to eight days in the Vanderburgh County
Jail. After those eight days, the trial court then placed Maden back under home
detention through electronic monitoring and ordered him to complete 100
hours of community service. On August 8, 2018, the State filed another petition
to revoke probation under Cause 2150, alleging that Maden had removed his
electronic monitoring device. Additionally, under Cause Number 82C01-1808-
F6-5611 (Cause 5611), the State charged Maden with one count of Level 6
felony escape.
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[7] On December 12, 2018, the trial court held a hearing on both the petition to
revoke (Cause 2150) and the escape charge (Cause 5611). At that hearing, the
trial court said the following:
The Court: Were you present when I read everyone their rights?
[Maden]: Yes, ma’am. Can I speak?
The Court: You should wait a minute. Did you understand all
those rights?
[Maden]: Yeah, I understand them.
Tr. Vol. II p. 4-5. The trial court then asked Maden if he wanted an attorney for
the hearing and the ensuing proceedings. Maden asked if he could represent
himself, but the trial court advised against this and warned that he would be
held to the same standard as an attorney if he did so. Still, Maden insisted that
he wanted to represent himself. The trial court granted his request and
continued the hearing until January 9, 2019.
[8] At that hearing, Maden appeared pro se along with stand-by counsel as
appointed by the trial court. The State offered a standard one-year executed
agreement for the Level 6 felony escape charge under Cause 5611, which the
trial court denied. As the trial court was about to set the matter for trial, Maden
attempted to plead guilty without an agreement. The trial court swiftly
reminded Maden that he could proceed to a probation revocation hearing and a
trial for Causes 2150 and 5611, respectively, but Maden insisted that “there’s no
way around me beating what I did.” Id. at 12. After confirming multiple times
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that Maden wanted to plead guilty, the trial court informed Maden that he
would be admitting that he violated his probation and pleading guilty to the
crime of Level 6 felony escape. Maden agreed to do so.
[9] The trial court then said the following:
The Court: Do you understand that by your plea of guilty, you are
admitting the truth of all the facts alleged in the information, and
upon entry of such plea the Court will proceed with judgment and
sentence?
***
Do you understand the following rights? You’re entitled to a
speedy and public trial by court or jury. The State must prove
beyond a reasonable doubt you committed the offense charged
before you could be convicted of it. You have the right to
introduce evidence, and testify if you so desire, however; you
cannot be compelled to testify against yourself. The Court will
subpoena any witnesses needed for your defense. You have the
right to object to the introduction of the evidence and confront and
cross examine any witnesses used by the state. If the verdict is
against you and you are found guilty, you would have the right to
an appeal. If you could not afford an attorney, the Court would
appoint one to represent you on that appeal. Do you understand
these rights?
Id. at 13-14. Once more, Maden said that he understood his rights and that he
would be forfeiting them by admitting to the violation and pleading guilty. The
trial court then confirmed that Maden was admitting that he took off his
electronic tracking device, though he knew wearing it was a condition of
probation, and that he fled from home detention.
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[10] At Maden’s February 13, 2019, sentencing hearing, the trial court considered
Maden’s delinquency and criminal history, which included detainer, juvenile
detention for multiple delinquency adjudications involving violent felony
battery offenses, resident placement, and the pending charge for escape. The
trial court ultimately revoked Maden’s probation under Cause 2150 and
ordered that he serve the remainder of his previously-suspended sentence in the
DOC. Additionally, Maden was sentenced to 850 days under Cause 5611, with
credit given for 662 days of time served. Maden now appeals.
Discussion and Decision
I. Due Process
[11] First, Maden argues that the trial court violated his due process rights by not
advising him of certain rights he would be forfeiting by waiving the probation
violation hearing. Specifically, Maden contends that while the trial court
properly advised him of the rights he was forfeiting by pleading guilty to Level 6
felony escape under Cause 5611, the trial court failed to separately advise him
of the rights he would be forfeiting by admitting that he violated his probation
under Cause 2150.
[12] Whether a defendant was denied due process is a question of law that we
review de novo. NOW Courier, Inc. v. Review Bd. of Ind. Dep’t of Workforce Dev.,
871 N.E.2d 384, 387 (Ind. Ct. App. 2007). Though Maden did not object to the
trial court’s alleged failure to advise him of his rights, this Court has held that
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“a trial court’s failure to ensure that a probationer who admits to a probation
violation has received the advisements as required . . . constitutes a
fundamental violation of the probationer’s due process rights.” Hilligoss v. State,
45 N.E.3d 1228, 1232 (Ind. Ct. App. 2015). Accordingly, Maden was not
required to object at the trial court level in order to preserve this issue for appeal
since a failure to advise automatically constitutes fundamental error.
[13] Indiana Code section 35-38-2-3(e) states the following:
A person may admit to a violation of probation and waive the
right to a probation violation hearing after being offered the
opportunity to consult with an attorney. If the person admits to a
violation and requests to waive the probation violation hearing,
the probation officer shall advise the person that by waiving the
right to a probation violation hearing the person forfeits the rights
provided in subsection (f).
Those rights include the right to have the State prove the probation violation by
a preponderance of the evidence, the right to have evidence presented in open
court, the right to confront and cross-examine witnesses, and the right to be
represented by counsel. Id. at -3(f).
[14] Maden argues that before he admitted to violating his probation, the trial court
failed to separately advise him of the rights that he would forfeit by not
conducting a probation revocation hearing. However, the record plainly shows
that the trial court took every possible step to inform him about the rights that
he would forfeit by admitting to the violation under Cause 2150 and pleading
guilty under Cause 5611.
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[15] First, at the initial December 12, 2018, hearing, the trial court asked Maden if
he was present when, presumably, other probationers were being read their
rights. Maden responded that he was both present for the advisement of rights
and that “I understand them.” Tr. Vol. II p. 5. Then, the trial court attempted to
determine whether Maden was eligible for a public defender, to which Maden
asked if he could represent himself. The trial court advised Maden to seek
counsel because he would be held to the same standard as an attorney.
Repeatedly, Maden said that he understood and that he still wished to proceed
pro se. See generally id. at 5-8. Still, the trial court asked Maden questions about
his competency, his level of education, and whether it was proper for Maden to
proceed pro se. After advising Maden of “the perils of representing [himself][,]”
id. at 8, the trial court nevertheless appointed stand-by counsel to ensure that
Maden had some representation going forward.
[16] Then, at the January 9, 2019, hearing, before the trial court could set a trial
date, Maden asked if he could plead guilty. The trial court informed Maden of
the initial consequences of pleading guilty without a trial or a probation
revocation hearing and said that “your [Maden’s] choices are, set it for trial or
you can plead guilty without an agreement. You tell me what you want to do
now.” Id. at 12. Once again, Maden maintained that he wished to plead guilty
and admit to the violation without an agreement. Then, the trial court advised
Maden that:
You’re entitled to a speedy and public trial by court or jury. The
State must prove beyond a reasonable doubt you committed the
offense before charged before you can be convicted of it. You have
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the right to introduce evidence, and testify if you so desire,
however; you cannot be compelled to testify against yourself. The
Court will subpoena any witnesses needed for your defense. You
have the right to object to the introduction of the evidence and
confront and cross examine any witnesses used by the state. If the
verdict is against you and you are found guilty, you would have
the right to an appeal. If you could not afford an attorney, the
Court would appoint one to represent you on that appeal. Do you
understand these rights?
Id. at 13-14.
[17] The trial court ordered a combined hearing for Causes 2150 and 5611 because
the charges were intertwined—Maden’s alleged violation of probation also
constituted a separate criminal offense. There was no due process requirement
that Maden receive a wholly separate advisement of rights associated with his
waiver of a probation revocation hearing when he had already been advised of
the rights he was forfeiting by not having a criminal trial. And, as a general
matter, “because probation revocation does not deprive a defendant of his
absolute liberty, but only his conditional liberty, he is not entitled to the full due
process rights afforded a defendant in a criminal proceeding.” Parker v. State,
676 N.E.2d 1083, 1085 (Ind. Ct. App. 1997). It was enough that Maden was
apprised of the rights that he would ultimately forfeit by pleading guilty to Level
6 felony escape and by admitting that he violated a condition of his probation—
namely, taking off his electronic tracking device. And, Maden agreed to try
both matters at the same time and admits that he understood his rights at every
point in in the proceedings, whether it was in a group setting or conducted
individually.
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[18] The trial court clearly advised Maden of all the rights he was waiving pursuant
to section 35-38-2-3(f). It also repeatedly advised Maden of the consequences of
representing himself without an attorney. The trial court was cognizant of the
fact that Maden was eager to both proceed pro se and to plead guilty, so it
safeguarded Maden’s due process rights by appointing stand-by counsel,
confirming that Maden understood the consequences of pleading guilty, and
executing a written acknowledgment of those rights for Maden to sign. Butler v.
State, 951 N.E.2d 255, 260 (Ind. Ct. App. 2011) (holding that a trial court’s
constant reaffirming that defendant understood rights and would be forfeiting
them comported with due process requirements for probation revocation).
Under these circumstances, Maden’s due process rights were not violated, and
the trial court did not commit fundamental error.
II. Appropriateness
[19] Next, Maden argues that the sentence imposed by the trial court for Level 6
felony escape is inappropriate in light of the nature of the offense and his
character. Indiana Appellate Rule 7(B) states that a “Court may revise a
sentence . . . if, after due consideration of the trial court’s decision, the Court
finds that the sentence is inappropriate in light of the nature of the offense and
the character of the offender.” The defendant bears the burden of persuading us
that his sentence is inappropriate. Childress v. State, 848 N.E.2d 1073, 1080 (Ind.
2006). In determining whether the sentence is inappropriate, we will consider
numerous factors such as culpability of the defendant, the severity of the crime,
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the damage done to others, and a “myriad [of] other factors that come to light
in a given case.” Cardwell v. State, 895 N.E.2d 1219, 1224 (Ind. 2008).
[20] The maximum sentence for a Level 6 felony escape conviction is two and one-
half years, and the minimum sentence is six months. Ind. Code § 35-50-2-7(b).
The advisory sentence is one year. Id. Here, the trial court sentenced Maden to
850 days.
[21] It is difficult to conduct a complete 7(B) analysis given the lack of information
about the nature of the offense and the character of the offender. From what we
can assess, the trial court sentenced Maden to probation through home
detention, recognizing Maden’s concerns about not wanting to be immediately
placed in an adult facility. Then, the trial court exercised leniency and allowed
Maden to remain on probation after the first violation. Soon thereafter, Maden
deliberately removed his electronic tracking device and fled from home
detention, a clear violation of his probation. Furthermore, Maden has a long
delinquency and criminal history, which includes detainer and juvenile
delinquency adjudications for felony offenses involving battery and violence.
Moreover, while under home detention, Maden twice admitted to violating the
conditions of probation—once by illegally consuming alcohol and again by
removing his electronic monitoring device, leading to a separate criminal
charge. Nothing in the record leads us to conclude that the sentence imposed
was inappropriate.
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[22] In sum, we will not revise Maden’s sentence pursuant to Indiana Appellate
Rule 7(B).
[23] The judgment of the trial court is affirmed.
Kirsch, J., and Crone, J., concur.
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