IN THE COURT OF APPEALS OF NORTH CAROLINA
No. COA18-1200
Filed: 6 August 2019
Union County, No. 18 CVS 524
ROY EUGENE COUICK, Petitioner
v.
TORRE JESSUP, COMMISSIONER OF THE DIVISION OF MOTOR VEHICLES,
STATE OF NORTH CAROLINA, Respondent.
Appeal by respondent from order entered 25 May 2018 by Judge Jeffery K.
Carpenter in Superior Court, Union County. Heard in the Court of Appeals 24 April
2019.
James J. Harrington for petitioner-appellee.
Attorney General Joshua H. Stein, by Assistant Attorney General Kathryne E.
Hathcock, for respondent-appellant.
STROUD, Judge.
Respondent Commissioner of the Division of Motor Vehicles appeals an order
vacating a decision of the Division of Motor Vehicles, rescinding its previously
imposed revocation and reinstating petitioner’s driving privilege. Because the
affidavit and amended affidavit both showed the arresting officer designated a blood
test but petitioner refused a breath test, neither was a properly executed affidavit
showing petitioner willfully refused blood alcohol testing under North Carolina
COUICK V. JESSUP
Opinion of the Court
General Statute § 20-16.2. The trial court correctly concluded DMV did not have
jurisdiction to revoke petitioner’s license upon receipt of the affidavits, so we affirm.
I. Background
On 7 July 2017, petitioner was charged with driving while impaired and
allegedly refused to submit to a chemical analysis. Deputy Justin Griffin of the Union
County Sheriff’s Office, the law enforcement officer, filed an “Affidavit and Revocation
Report of Law Enforcement Officer” form (DHHS 3907) (“Affidavit”). The Affidavit
noted Deputy Griffin requested petitioner submit to a blood analysis and had
specifically marked out the word “breath” for the type of chemical analysis
designated. Attached and incorporated into the affidavit was the “Rights of Person
Requested to Submit to a Chemical Analysis to Determine Alcohol Concentration or
Presence of an Impairing Substance Under N.C.G.S. §20-16.2(a)” form (DHHS 4081)
(“Rights Form”), which noted “Breath” as the type of analysis refused by petitioner.
On 14 November 2017, Deputy Griffin amended both the Affidavit and Rights
Form. The amended Affidavit now noted that Deputy Griffin was both the law
enforcement officer and chemical analyst but again he marked out the word “breath”
and circled blood as the type of analysis designated. The amended Rights Form still
reflected “Breath” as the type of analysis refused.
Petitioner was notified that his driving privilege would be suspended in
December of 2017 for his refusal to submit to a chemical test. Petitioner requested a
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hearing on the matter, and in February of 2018 the Division of Motor Vehicles
(“DMV”) decided “petitioner’s refusal to submit to a chemical analysis is sustained.”
Petitioner’s driving privilege was suspended effective 18 February 2018.
On 2 March 2018, petitioner filed a petition for a hearing in the trial court
regarding his suspended driving privilege. The trial court found “the Division seeks
to revoke the Petitioner’s driving privilege for willfully refusing a chemical analysis
(specifically a breath analysis) that the Petitioner was not requested to submit to”
because the Affidavits indicate “Petitioner was requested to submit to a blood
analysis and only a blood analysis[.]” Relying on Lee v. Gore, 365 N.C. 227, 717 S.E.2d
356 (2011), the trial court determined the DMV did not have the authority to revoke
defendant’s privilege because “the affidavits signed on July 7, 2017 and on November
9, 2017 are not ‘properly executed affidavits’ to give rise to a revocation of the
Petitioner’s driving privilege for failing to submit to a chemical analysis of his
breath.” The trial court vacated the prior decision of the DMV, revoked the DMV’s
previously imposed revocation, and reinstated petitioner’s driving privilege.
Respondent appeals.
II. Properly Executed Affidavit
Respondent contends that its “receipt of a properly executed affidavit under
N.C. Gen. Stat. § 20-16.2(d) provided the requisite jurisdiction for respondent to
revoke petitioner’s license under N.C. Gen. Stat. § 20-16.2.” (Original in all caps.)
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[O]n appeal from a DMV hearing, the superior court sits as
an appellate court, and no longer sits as the trier of fact.
Accordingly, our review of the decision of the superior court
is to be conducted as in other cases where the superior
court sits as an appellate court. Under this standard we
conduct the following inquiry: (1) determining whether the
trial court exercised the appropriate scope of review and, if
appropriate, (2) deciding whether the court did so properly.
. . . . We hold that these cases provide the appropriate
standard of review for this Court under the amended
provisions of N.C. Gen. Stat. § 20–16.2.
Johnson v. Robertson, 227 N.C. App. 281, 286–87, 742 S.E.2d 603, 607 (2013)
(citations and quotation marks omitted). Furthermore, “[q]uestions of statutory
interpretation of a provision of the Motor Vehicle Laws of North Carolina are
questions of law and are reviewed de novo by this Court.” Id. at 283, 742 S.E.2d at
605 (citation and quotation marks omitted).
Respondent contends that it had authority to revoke petitioner’s license upon
receipt of the Affidavit because the Affidavit “contained all requisite jurisdictional
elements – boxes 1, 4, 7 and 14.” As Lee emphasizes, respondent must receive “a
properly executed affidavit meeting all of the requirements set forth in N.C.
Gen. Stat. § 20-16.2(c1) before the DMV is authorized to revoked a person’s driving
privileges.” 365 N.C. at 233, 717 S.E.2d at 360-61 (quotation marks omitted).
Specifically, Respondent argues the affidavit must allege that:
(1) The person was charged with an implied-consent
offense or had an alcohol concentration restriction
on the driver’s license[, Box 4 of the Affidavit];
(2) A law enforcement officer had reasonable grounds
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Opinion of the Court
to believe that the person had committed an
implied-consent offense or violated the alcohol
concentration restriction on the driver’s license[,
Box 1 of the Affidavit];
....
(5) The results of any tests given or that the person
willfully refused to submit to a chemical analysis[,
Box 14 of the Affidavit].
N.C. Gen. Stat. § 20-16.2(c1) (2017) (emphasis added). In other words, respondent
contends box 9 of the form is “immaterial” to its jurisdiction to revoke but
acknowledges that box 14 is essential. The problem here is that box 14 conflicts with
box 9 on this Affidavit and the Affidavit on its face did not establish jurisdiction. See
generally Lee, 365 N.C. at 233, 717 S.E.2d at 360-61. Respondent relies upon Lee
for its argument that the Affidavit was sufficient to confer jurisdiction for revocation,
but Respondent overlooks the factual differences between Lee and this case as well
as the additional statutory requirement relevant to this case. See generally N.C. Gen.
Stat. § 16.2; Lee, 365 N.C. 227, 717 S.E.2d 356.
In Lee, the Supreme Court considered a case where a police officer stopped a
driver for speeding and the officer believed the driver was driving while impaired. Id.
at 228, 717 S.E.2d at 357. The officer took the driver to an intake center to “undergo
chemical analysis by way of an Intoxilyzer test.” Id. The officer told the driver
“several times that his failure to take the Intoxilyzer test would be regarded as a
refusal to take the test” and would “result in revocation of petitioner’s North Carolina
driving privileges.” Id. The driver still refused to take the test, and the officer noted
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“on form DHHS 3908” that the driver had “‘refused’ the test at 12:47 a.m. on 23
August 2007.” Id.
Later that day the officer appeared before a
magistrate and executed an affidavit regarding petitioner’s
refusal to submit to chemical analysis. Form DHHS 3907,
entitled “Affidavit and Revocation Report,” was created by
the Administrative Office of the Courts for this purpose.
The form includes fourteen sections, each preceded by an
empty box. The person swearing to the accuracy of the
affidavit checks the boxes relevant to the circumstances
and then signs the affidavit in the presence of an official
authorized to administer oaths and execute affidavits.
Section fourteen of form DHHS 3907 states: “The
driver willfully refused to submit to a chemical analysis as
indicated on the attached form DHHS 3908. DHHS 4003.”
The officer did not check the box for section fourteen. The
officer then mailed both the DHHS 3907 and DHHS 3908
forms to the DMV. Neither form indicated a willful refusal
to submit to chemical analysis.
Nevertheless, upon receiving the forms, the DMV
suspended petitioner’s North Carolina driving privileges
for one year, effective 30 September 2007, for refusing to
submit to chemical analysis.
Id. at 228, 717 S.E.2d at 357-58.
The driver requested a hearing to contest the license revocation, and at the
November 2007 hearing
it came to light that the copy of form DHHS 3907 on file
with the DMV had an ‘x’ in the section fourteen box. All
the other boxes marked on the form DHHS 3907 contained
check marks, not xs. Petitioner’s copy of form DHHS 3907
did not contain an x in the box preceding section fourteen.
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Id. at 228-29, 717 S.E.2d at 358. The hearing officer upheld the license revocation,
and the driver appealed to Superior Court, which affirmed. Id. at 229, 717 S.E.2d at
358. The driver then appealed to the Court of Appeals, which reversed the Superior
Court because “DMV never received the statutorily required affidavit indicating that
petitioner had willfully refused to submit to a chemical analysis of his blood alcohol
level.” Id. Based upon a dissent which considered the error in the DHHS 3907
Affidavit as “an inconsequential violation of administrative procedure, rather than a
violation of petitioner’s right to due process[,]” DMV appealed. Id.
Our Supreme Court agreed with the majority opinion that DMV had no
jurisdiction to revoke the license because the Affidavit did not show the driver had
willfully refused the Intoxilyzer test. Id. at 365 N.C. at 229-34, 717 S.E.2d at 358-61.
The Court then explained that its “disposition of this case turns on the limited
authority of the DMV.” Id. at 230, 717 S.E.2d at 359.
The DMV is a division of the North Carolina Department
of Transportation (“DOT”), which has been described by
this Court as an inanimate, artificial creature of statute
whose form, shape and authority are defined by the Act by
which it was created and which is as powerless to exceed
its authority as is a robot to act beyond the limitations
imposed by its own mechanism. Chapter 20 of our statutes
creates the DMV, sets out its powers and duties, and
delineates the DMV’s authority to discharge these duties.
As such, the DMV possesses only those powers expressly
granted to it by our legislature or those which exist by
necessary implication in a statutory grant of authority.
N.C.G.S. § 20–16.2, the statutory grant of authority
at issue here, enables the DMV to act when a driver is
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charged with an implied-consent offense, such as driving
while impaired, and the driver refuses to submit to
chemical analysis. Under subsection (a) of the statute,
drivers on our highways consent to a chemical analysis test
if charged with an implied-consent offense. Before the test
is administered, however, a chemical analyst who is
authorized to administer a breath test must give the person
charged both oral and written notice of his rights as
enumerated in that subsection, including his right to refuse
to be tested.
Subsections (c) and (c1) then address the refusal to
submit to chemical analysis, providing as follows:
(c) Request to Submit to Chemical
Analysis.—A law enforcement officer or
chemical analyst shall designate the type of
test or tests to be given and may request the
person charged to submit to the type of
chemical analysis designated. If the person
charged willfully refuses to submit to that
chemical analysis, none may be given under
the provisions of this section, but the refusal
does not preclude testing under other
applicable procedures of law.
(c1) Procedure for Reporting Results
and Refusal to Division.—Whenever a person
refuses to submit to a chemical analysis the
law enforcement officer and the chemical
analyst shall without unnecessary delay go
before an official authorized to administer
oaths and execute an affidavit(s) stating that:
(5) The results of any tests
given or that the person willfully refused to
submit to a chemical analysis.
The officer shall immediately
mail the affidavit(s) to the Division. If the
officer is also the chemical analyst who has
notified the person of the rights under
subsection (a), the officer may perform alone
the duties of this subsection.
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Opinion of the Court
N.C.G.S. § 20–16.2(c), (c1) (2006).1
Next, subsection (d) addresses the consequences
stemming from a driver’s refusal to submit to chemical
analysis and provides for administrative review:
(d) Consequences of Refusal; Right to
Hearing before Division; Issues.—Upon
receipt of a properly executed affidavit
required by subsection (c1), the Division shall
expeditiously notify the person charged that
the person’s license to drive is revoked for 12
months, effective on the tenth calendar day
after the mailing of the revocation order
unless, before the effective date of the order,
the person requests in writing a hearing
before the Division.
Id. § 20–16.2(d) (2006).
Last, subsection (e) authorizes superior court
review.
(e) Right to Hearing in Superior
Court.—If the revocation for a willful refusal
is sustained after the hearing, the person
whose license has been revoked has the right
to file a petition in the superior court for a
hearing on the record. The superior court
review shall be limited to whether there is
sufficient evidence in the record to support
the Commissioner’s findings of fact and
whether the conclusions of law are supported
by the findings of fact and whether the
Commissioner committed an error of law in
revoking the license.
Id. § 20–16.2(e) (2006).
Our appellate courts have had a number of
opportunities to consider N.C.G.S. § 20–16.2. These
decisions confirm that a person’s refusal to submit to
chemical analysis must be willful to suspend that person’s
driving privileges.
Here the Court of Appeals concluded that the DMV
1
North Carolina General Statute § 20-16.2 has been amended since 2006, but none of the
amendments effect the substance of this case. See N.C. Gen. Stat. § 20-16.2 (2017) (History).
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Opinion of the Court
did not receive a properly executed affidavit required by
subsection (c1) indicating petitioner’s willful refusal to
submit to chemical analysis. Consequently, the Court of
Appeals held that the DMV lacked authority to revoke
petitioner’s driving privileges under N.C.G.S. § 20–16.2(d).
The Court of Appeals further held that, absent this
authority, there was also no authority in N.C.G.S. § 20–
16.2 for a review hearing or superior court review.
Echoing the dissent, however, the DMV contends
that the Court of Appeals erred in reaching these
conclusions. The DMV argues that it has the authority to
revoke petitioner’s driving privileges because petitioner
was charged upon reasonable grounds with the implied-
consent offense of driving while impaired, was notified of
his rights under N.C.G.S. § 20–16.2(a) and willfully refused
to submit to chemical analysis, and thus was subject to the
consequences outlined in N.C.G.S. § 20–16.2(d). We
disagree that the DMV had the authority to revoke
petitioner’s license under these circumstances, absent an
affidavit indicating that petitioner willfully refused to
submit to chemical analysis.
N.C.G.S. § 20–16.2(c1) is clear and unambiguous.
When a person refuses to submit to chemical analysis the
law enforcement officer and the chemical analyst shall
without unnecessary delay go before an official authorized
to administer oaths and execute an affidavit(s) stating the
results of any tests given or that the person willfully
refused to submit to a chemical analysis. In the instant
case the officer swore out the DHHS 3907 affidavit and
attached to that affidavit the DHHS 3908 chemical
analysis result form indicating the test was “refused.” Yet,
neither document indicated that petitioner’s refusal to
participate in chemical analysis was willful. As such, the
requirements of section 20–16.2(c1) have not been met.
Additionally, the requirements of N.C.G.S. § 20–
16.2(d) have not been satisfied. The plain language of
subsection (d) requires that the DMV receive “a properly
executed affidavit” meeting all the requirements set forth
in N.C.G.S. § 20–16.2(c1) before the DMV is authorized to
revoke a person’s driving privileges under N.C.G.S. § 20–
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16.2. Here neither the DHHS 3907 affidavit submitted to
the DMV, nor the attached DHHS 3908 form indicating a
refusal, states that the refusal was willful. Consequently,
the DMV lacked authorization to revoke petitioner’s license.
....
[W]hile we are cognizant of the strong public policy
favoring the removal of unsafe drivers from our roads, the
DMV’s burden here was light. The DMV could have cured
the deficiency in the affidavit by simply inquiring of the
officer whether the affidavit contained an omission. If so,
the DMV could have requested that the officer swear out a
new, properly executed affidavit. Instead, the DMV took the
position that the error described here was cured through a
hearing the DMV lacked the authority to conduct. To
countenance this interpretation would render meaningless
the statutory requirement that the DMV receive an
affidavit attesting to willful refusal before suspending
driving privileges for that reason. The DMV's
interpretation would also permit suspension of driving
privileges for willful refusal without an evidentiary
predicate. The suspended driver would then have to
request a hearing to contest the State’s actions. Yet, if the
driver failed to request a hearing, his driving privileges
likely would be suspended even though the DMV never
received evidence of willful refusal. This result is not
contemplated in N.C.G.S. § 20–16.2. Simply put, the DMV
lacks the authority to suspend driving privileges, or revoke
a driver’s license, without some indication that a basis for
suspension or revocation as required by N.C.G.S. § 20–
16.2(c1) has occurred.
Finally, to hold otherwise essentially adopts a “no
harm, no foul” analysis. Absent prejudice, so the argument
goes, a statutory violation such as we have here may be
overlooked. As we explain above, however, this case involves
the DMV’s authority to act. This is not a case that turns
upon prejudice to the petitioner.
Id. at 229-234, 717 S.E.2d at 358-61 (emphasis added) (citations, quotation marks,
ellipses, brackets, and footnotes omitted). The Supreme Court affirmed the Court of
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Appeals opinion and held “that the DMV lacked the authority to revoke the driving
privileges of petitioner[.]” Id. at 227, 717 S.E.2d at 357. Based on Lee, respondent
contends, “Information contained in Box #9 of the Affidavit regarding the type
of chemical test requested is immaterial to a determination of whether the
Petitioner’s license should be revoked pursuant to N.C. Gen. Stat. § 20-16.2.”
Respondent initially contends that marking “blood” instead of “breath” was
merely a clerical error. To be clear, this is not simply a matter of checking boxes
where a box was missed and later filled in, as in Lee, id. at 228, 717 S.E.2d at 358, or
a misplaced mark could be misunderstood as a strikeout when it was intended as a
checkmark to indicate just the opposite of what a strikeout would accomplish. Box 9
leaves blanks for the date and time to be filled in by hand and then the preprinted
text on the form states, “I requested the driver to submit to chemical analysis of
his/her breath/ or blood/ or urine.” On both Affidavits “breath” and “urine” are both
marked out and the word “blood” is circled. This is not merely a clerical error
indicating a “minor mistake” but rather a purposeful choice to mark out “breath” and
“urine[,]” and to designate “blood[.]” See State v. Allen, ___ N.C. App. ___, ___, 790
S.E.2d 588, 591 (2016) (“A clerical error is defined as, an error resulting from a minor
mistake or inadvertence, especially in writing or copying something on the record[.]”
(citation, quotation marks, and brackets omitted)). Further, the same “error” as to
the type of test designated occurs on both the original and amended Affidavits. And
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Opinion of the Court
without the correct designation of the test requested in box 9, box 14 cannot support
the claim of a willful refusal.
Respondent also argues that the correct type of test, breath, was noted on the
attached DHHS Form 4081, “Rights of Person Requested to Submit to Chemical
Analysis to Determine Alcohol Concentration or Presence of an Impairing Substance
under N.C.G.S. 20-16.2(a)[.]” But Form 4081 was actually part of the Affidavit. Box
14 of the Affidavit states: “The driver willfully refused to submit to a chemical
analysis as indicated on the attached: [] DHHS 4082 [] DHHS 4081.”2 Both the
originally filed and amended DHHS 4081 forms were the same. At the top of the
attached form, three options are printed:
“[ ] Breath [ ] Blood [ ] Subsequent Test[.]”
“Breath” is checked as the test refused on both the original and amended forms. Thus,
on its face, the Affidavit showed that Deputy Griffin requested a blood test and
petitioner refused a breath test.
But as noted, respondent also contends that the error was immaterial and does
not affect whether the Affidavit was properly executed to invoke the DMV’s authority.
We turn to the applicable version of North Carolina General Statute § 20-16.2 which
addresses the requirements for request for a chemical analysis. See generally N.C.
Gen. Stat. § 20-16.2. One requirement is that the officer or analyst “designate the
2On both the original and amended affidavit both boxes are checked, but only one form, DHHS
4081 was attached.
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type of test or tests to be given”:
(c) Request to Submit to Chemical Analysis.
-- A law enforcement officer or chemical analyst shall
designate the type of test or tests to be given and may
request the person charged to submit to the type of chemical
analysis designated. If the person charged willfully refuses
to submit to that chemical analysis, none may be given
under the provisions of this section, but the refusal does not
preclude testing under other applicable procedures of law.
N.C. Gen. Stat. § 20-16.2 (emphasis added). Box 9 of the Affidavit form is the portion
of the Affidavit where the officer designates the “type of test or tests to be given[.]”
Id. The statute requires the officer or analyst to “designate the type of test or tests
to be given” and the person charged must submit “to the type of chemical analysis
designated.” Id. (emphasis added). If the person refuses “to submit to that chemical
analysis” the officer could then designate another type of testing, but the type of test
designated and the type of test refused must be the same for the driver’s refusal to be
willful. See id. Thus, the type of chemical analysis requested and refused is an
essential element showing that the driver willfully refused testing and is a necessary
part of a properly executed affidavit. Id.
Respondent’s reading of Lee as holding only four specific sections of the
Affidavit are relevant to invoke for jurisdiction is not entirely incorrect but focuses
only on the facts in the Lee case. See generally Lee, 365 N.C. 227, 717 S.E.2d 356. In
Lee, the officer requested and the driver refused a breath test, but the box regarding
willful refusal was not checked at all. See id. at 228, 717 S.E.2d at 357-58. Here, the
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issue is whether petitioner willfully refused to take the type of test designated by
Deputy Griffin, and based upon both the original Affidavit and the amended
Affidavit, the officer “designated” one type of test – blood -- and petitioner refused
another type of test -- breath. Under North Carolina General Statute § 20-16.2, this
is not a willful refusal of a chemical analysis. See N.C. Gen. Stat. § 20-16.2.
In Lee, the Supreme Court noted the “particularly disturbing” fact that the
affidavit as originally completed did not have the block for box 14 checked, but the
version of the affidavit presented at the hearing had an x mark in that block. Lee,
365 N.C. at 229-233, 717 S.E.2d at 358-61. The Court noted that DMV could have
corrected the problem but this correction would have to be done before revocation of
the license, not at the hearing, because DMV would have no jurisidiction either to
revoke the license or to hold a hearing without a properly executed affidavit:
The DMV could have cured the deficiency in the affidavit
by simply inquiring of the officer whether the affidavit
contained an omission. If so, the DMV could have requested
that the officer swear out a new, properly executed affidavit.
Instead, the DMV took the position that the error described
here was cured through a hearing the DMV lacked the
authority to conduct. To countenance this interpretation
would render meaningless the statutory requirement that
the DMV receive an affidavit attesting to willful refusal
before suspending driving privileges for that reason. The
DMV’s interpretation would also permit suspension of
driving privileges for willful refusal without an evidentiary
predicate.
Id. at 234, 717 S.E.2d at 361 (emphasis added) (citations omitted).
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Here, on 14 November 2017, Deputy Griffin prepared the amended Affidavit
form, including the amended attached DHHS 4081 form, but the amended forms still
included the exact same information in Section 9 as the original forms. We assume
the only reason for the Amended Affidavit was to show that Deputy Griffin was the
law enforcement officer and the chemical analyst. Since the Affidavit still states that
Deputy Griffin designated one type of test and petitioner refused another type of test,
the refusal was not willful under North Carolina General Statute § 20-16.2. See
generally N.C. Gen. Stat. § 20-16.2.
Respondent also argues that any deficiency in the Affidavit was corrected by
Deputy Griffin’s testimony at the hearing because Deputy Griffin testified that he
requested that respondent submit to a breath test and he refused. Deputy Griffin
also testified that respondent asked for a blood test but he did not offer a blood test
because “I have to go with my discretion” and “most of the time when I do a blood
draw it’s for . . . substances, illegal drugs and/or alcohol.” But as our Supreme Court
stressed in Lee, the error in the Affidavit cannot be “cured through a hearing the
DMV lacked the authority to conduct. To countenance this interpretation would
render meaningless the statutory requirement that the DMV receive an affidavit
attesting to willful refusal before suspending driving privileges for that reason.” Lee,
365 N.C. at 234, 717 S.E.2d at 361. The respondent’s argument ignores DMV’s
“limited authority” to suspend a driver’s license. Id. at 230, 717 S.E.2d at 359. As
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the Supreme Court noted, “Absent prejudice, so the argument goes, a statutory
violation such as we have here may be overlooked. As we explain above, however,
this case involves the DMV’s authority to act. This is not a case that turns upon
prejudice to the petitioner.” Id. at 234, 717 S.E.2d at 361.
III. Conclusion
Because the Affidavit submitted to DMV did not show that petitioner had
willfully refused chemical analysis under North Carolina General Statute § 20-16.2,
it was not a “properly executed affidavit” which conferred jurisdiction upon DMV to
revoke petitioner’s license. We therefore affirm the trial court’s order.
AFFIRMED.
Judges BRYANT and COLLINS concur.
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