[Cite as Bakies v. RSM Maintenance, Inc., 2019-Ohio-3323.]
IN THE COURT OF APPEALS OF OHIO
THIRD APPELLATE DISTRICT
ALLEN COUNTY
JOSEPH BAKIES,
PLAINTIFF-APPELLANT, CASE NO. 1-19-03
v.
RSM MAINTENANCE, INC., ET AL., OPINION
DEFENDANTS-APPELLEES.
Appeal from Allen County Common Pleas Court
Trial Court No. CV2017 0635
Judgment Affirmed
Date of Decision: August 19, 2019
APPEARANCES:
Mark S. Pantello for Appellant
Mark S. Maddox for Appellees, RSM Maintenance, Inc. & Meijer
Stores Limited Partnership
Matthew J. Timperman for Appellee, RBK Enterprises, LLC
Case No. 1-19-03
PRESTON, J.
{¶1} Plaintiff-appellant, Joseph Bakies (“Bakies”), appeals the December
21, 2018 judgment of the Allen County Court of Common Pleas granting the
motions for summary judgment of defendants-appellees, RSM Maintenance, Inc.
(“RSM”), Meijer Stores Limited Partnership (“Meijer”), and RBK Enterprises, LLC
(“RBK”). For the reasons that follow, we affirm.
{¶2} Meijer operates a retail location at 3298 Elida Road in Lima, Ohio.
Meijer contracted with RSM for snow removal and salting services at the Lima
location. (See Doc. No. 48, Plaintiff’s Ex. 8). RSM acted as a middle management
company between Meijer and RBK, and it subcontracted with RBK, a snow removal
company, to perform snow removal and salting services at Meijer’s Lima location.
(Doc. No. 41, Knowlton’s Oct. 23, 2018 Depo. at 8). (See Doc. No. 48, Plaintiff’s
Ex. 9). Brian Knowlton (“Knowlton”) is the owner of RBK and often performed or
assisted with the snow removal and salting services at Meijer’s Lima location. (Doc.
No. 41, Knowlton’s Oct. 23, 2018 Depo. at 8).
{¶3} On the morning of December 17, 2016, Bakies and his fiancée, Kristen
Shoemaker (“Shoemaker”), went for breakfast at the IHOP restaurant in Lima,
Ohio. (Doc. No. 38, Bakies’s Aug. 13, 2018 Depo. at 16-17). Bakies described the
weather that morning as cold, “wet,” and raining intermittently. (Id. at 16-17).
Bakies described the roads during his drive to IHOP as “wet” but “okay.” (Id. at
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17). Following breakfast, Bakies and Shoemaker drove across the street to Meijer’s
Lima location for some Christmas shopping. (Id. at 18). Bakies dropped off
Shoemaker at the front entrance of the store, and she entered the store without
incident. (Id. at 18-20). Bakies then drove to one of the parking spaces. (Id. at 18-
20). While driving to the parking spot, Bakies noted that the Meijer parking lot was
“wet” but he did not notice any ice. (Id. at 18-19). After parking, Bakies opened
the door to step out and “as soon as [he] hit the pavement, [he] went down” and was
unable to get up. (Id. at 20-25). Bakies speculated he slipped on “black ice” but
did not see any ice on the ground, only that the pavement looked “wet.” (Id. at 22-
23). Two Meijer employees assisted Bakies in getting up from the ground and into
his vehicle, and Shoemaker drove him to the hospital for medical care for injuries
to his right shoulder. (Id. at 25-27).
{¶4} On November 13, 2017, Bakies filed a complaint against RSM, RBK,
and Meijer Group, Inc. asserting claims of negligence. (Doc. No. 1). On January
2, 2018, RSM and Meijer Group, Inc. filed their answer to Bakies’s complaint and
a contingent cross-claim against RBK. (Doc. No. 9). On January 8, 2018, by
agreement of the parties, Bakies filed an amended complaint substituting Meijer for
Meijer Group, Inc. (Doc. No. 10). On January 18, 2018, RSM and Meijer filed
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their amended answer and contingent cross-claim.1 (Doc. No. 11). On January 25,
2018, RBK filed its answer to the amended complaint. (Doc. No. 14).
{¶5} On November 1, 2018, RSM and Meijer filed a motion for summary
judgment. (Doc. No. 39). In their motion for summary judgment, RSM and Meijer
argued that they did not owe a legal duty to Bakies with respect to the wet or icy
conditions of the parking lot. (Id.). RSM argued that as a “middle management
company,” it does not own or occupy the premises and, therefore, did not owe a
duty to Meijer’s customers under a premises liability theory. (Id.). Moreover, RSM
argued that it was not actively involved in salting and removing snow from Meijer’s
parking lot and was not contractually obligated to salt the Meijer parking lot. (Id.).
Meijer argued that it did not have a duty to remove a natural accumulation of ice or
rain from the parking lot. (Id.). Meijer also contended that it did not have superior
knowledge regarding the conditions of the parking lot and that no abnormal
conditions existed in the area in which Bakies fell. (Id.).
{¶6} RBK also filed a motion for summary judgment on November 1, 2018.
(Doc. No. 42). In its motion for summary judgment, RBK contended that the
slippery pavement Bakies fell on was open and obvious and the result of a natural
accumulation of ice. (Id.). Therefore, RBK asserted that it did not have a duty to
1
Because summary judgment was granted in favor of all of the defendants, RSM and Meijer’s cross-claim
is not relevant to this appeal and will not be discussed.
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warn Bakies of the danger associated with the condition of the Meijer parking lot.
(Id.).
{¶7} On December 11, 2018, Bakies filed his response to the defendants’
motions for summary judgment. (Doc. No. 48). RBK filed its reply brief in support
of its motion for summary judgment on December 14, 2018. (Doc. No. 52). On
December 21, 2018, Meijer and RSM filed their reply brief in support of their
motion for summary judgment. (Doc. No. 54). That same day, the trial court
granted the motions for summary judgment. (Doc. No. 53).
{¶8} On January 22, 2019, Bakies filed his notice of appeal. (Doc. No. 56).
Bakies raises three assignments of error for our review, which we will address
together. For ease of discussion, we will also address Bakies’s assignments of error
out of order. We will first address Bakies’s first assignment of error, followed by
his third and second assignments of error, respectively.
Assignment of Error No. I
The trial court erred when it determined that Defendants-
Appellees did not assume a contractual duty.
Assignment of Error No. II
The trial court erred when it determined that Defendants-
Appellees are afforded the same limitation of duty that owners
and occupiers are afforded as it relates to unnatural
accumulations of ice and snow.
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Assignment of Error No. III
The trial court erred when it determined that Defendants-
Appellees did not have superior knowledge of the danger
created by Defendants-Appellees.
{¶9} In his first assignment of error, Bakies argues that the trial court erred
by granting Meijer’s and RSM’s motions for summary judgment because he is an
intended beneficiary of the Master Services Agreement (“Agreement”) between
RSM and Meijer. Bakies argues that as an intended beneficiary of the Agreement,
Meijer and RSM owed him a duty to maintain the parking lot in accordance with
the terms of the contract. Bakies further alleges that Meijer and RSM breached this
duty by failing to adhere to the industry’s highest standards and practices. We
disagree.
{¶10} We review a decision to grant summary judgment de novo. Doe v.
Shaffer, 90 Ohio St.3d 388, 390 (2000). “De novo review is independent and
without deference to the trial court’s determination.” ISHA, Inc. v. Risser, 3d Dist.
Allen No. 1-12-47, 2013-Ohio-2149, ¶ 25, citing Costner Consulting Co. v. U.S.
Bancorp, 195 Ohio App.3d 477, 2011-Ohio-3822, ¶ 10 (10th Dist.). Summary
judgment is proper where there is no genuine issue of material fact, the moving party
is entitled to judgment as a matter of law, and reasonable minds can reach but one
conclusion when viewing the evidence in favor of the non-moving party, and the
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conclusion is adverse to the non-moving party. Civ.R. 56(C); State ex rel. Cassels
v. Dayton City School Dist. Bd. of Edn., 69 Ohio St.3d 217, 219 (1994).
{¶11} “The party moving for summary judgment has the initial burden of
producing some evidence which demonstrates the lack of a genuine issue of material
fact.” Carnes v. Siferd, 3d Dist. Allen No. 1-10-88, 2011-Ohio-4467, ¶ 13, citing
Dresher v. Burt, 75 Ohio St.3d 280, 292 (1996). “In doing so, the moving party is
not required to produce any affirmative evidence, but must identify those portions
of the record which affirmatively support his argument.” Id., citing Dresher at 292.
“The nonmoving party must then rebut with specific facts showing the existence of
a genuine triable issue; he may not rest on the mere allegations or denials of his
pleadings.” Id., citing Dresher at 292 and Civ.R. 56(E).
{¶12} Material facts are those facts “‘that might affect the outcome of the
suit under the governing law.’” Turner v. Turner, 67 Ohio St.3d 337, 340 (1993),
quoting Anderson v. Liberty Lobby, Inc., 477 U.S. 242, 248, 106 S.Ct. 2505 (1986).
“Whether a genuine issue exists is answered by the following inquiry: [d]oes the
evidence present ‘a sufficient disagreement to require submission to a jury’ or is it
‘so one-sided that one party must prevail as a matter of law[?]’” Id., quoting
Anderson at 251-252.
{¶13} “To establish a cause of action for negligence, a plaintiff must show
the existence of a duty, breach of that duty, and an injury proximately caused by the
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breach.” Daley v. Fryer, 3d Dist. Allen No. 1-14-48, 2015-Ohio-930, ¶ 16, citing
Texler v. D.O. Summers Cleaners & Shirt Laundry Co., 81 Ohio St.3d 677, 680
(1998). To defeat a defendant’s properly supported motion for summary judgment
in a negligence action, the plaintiff must first establish that the defendant owed him
a duty. Id., citing Kaeppner v. Leading Mgt., Inc., 10th Dist. Franklin No. 05AP-
1324, 2006-Ohio-3588, ¶ 9. “The plaintiff must then present evidence from which
reasonable minds could conclude that the defendant breached that duty and that the
breach was the proximate cause of the plaintiff’s injuries.” Id.
{¶14} Bakies asserts that Meijer and RSM contractually assumed a duty to
him, as a Meijer customer, to maintain the salted areas of the Meijer parking lot in
accordance with the highest industry standards. He contends that because Meijer
and RSM failed to maintain the salted areas of the parking lot in accordance with
these standards, they thus breached their duty to him. We disagree.
{¶15} Here, when viewing the evidence in a light most favorable to Bakies,
we find that no genuine issue of material fact exists regarding whether Meijer and
RSM failed to maintain the parking lot in accordance with their contract and with
the highest industry standards. First, we note that Bakies did not allege breach of
contract in his complaint. Thus, he is not entitled to relief under a claim for breach
of contract. Accordingly, we will limit our discussion to whether Bakies was owed
a duty in tort as a third-party contract beneficiary.
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{¶16} To support his contention that he is an intended contract beneficiary,
Bakies points to the language of the Agreement between Meijer and RSM. The
Agreement contains the following provision:
Contractors must provide all Services in a good, timely, professional,
and workmanlike manner in accordance with best industry standards
and practices and specifications contained in the [Statement of Work].
* * * These warranties will be in addition to all other warranties,
express, implied or statutory: will survive Meijer’s payment,
acceptance, inspection or failure to inspect: and will run to Meijer
and its customers.
(Doc. No. 48, Plaintiff’s Ex. 7).
{¶17} Bakies argues that because the language of the contract specifies that
the contract warranties “will run to Meijer and its customers,” he, as a Meijer
customer, is an intended beneficiary of the contract. (Appellant’s Brief at 9). Bakies
further contends that as an intended beneficiary of the contract, he was entitled to
benefit from ice and snow removal services in accordance with the “industry’s
highest standards and practices.” (Id. at 9-10). He argues that Meijer and RSM
failed to provide said services in accordance with the industry’s highest standards
and practices, resulting in his injury. (Id. at 9-12). Bakies also points to additional
language in the contract, arguing that the contract provisions create additional
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contractual obligations to Meijer’s customers beyond the duty to maintain the
parking lot in accordance with the “industry’s highest standards and practices.” (Id.
at 10-12). In response, Meijer and RSM allege that Bakies is, at best, an incidental
beneficiary of the contract and is therefore barred from recovering under the
contract. (Appellees Meijer and RSM’s Brief at 7-8); (Appellee RBK’s Brief at 7-
9). Meijer and RSM also contend that the record does not contain evidence of the
industry standards and, thus, Bakies failed to establish that they breached their duty
to him. (Appellees Meijer and RSM’s Brief at 9-10).
{¶18} However, even assuming (without deciding) that Bakies is an intended
beneficiary of the contract, Bakies failed to provide expert testimony to establish
the industry’s “highest standards and practices” or the proper standard of care for
snow and ice removal in a commercial parking lot. See Bittinger v. Klotzman, 113
Ohio App.3d 847, 852 (8th Dist.1996) (“[I]n order to establish negligence with
respect to snow removal in a commercial parking area, expert testimony is
required.”); Edvon v. Lyons, 8th Dist. Cuyahoga No. 83712, 2004-Ohio-5597, ¶ 20
(“[T]o prove that the plowing methods were inadequate, [Plaintiff] needed to
present expert testimony, which she failed to do.”); Mitchell v. Parkridge
Apartments, Ltd., 8th Dist. Cuyahoga No. 81046, 2002-Ohio-5357, ¶ 14;
Rampersaud v. Madison Development Co., 9th Dist. Lorain No. 97CA006768, 1998
WL 332956, *2 (June 24, 1998) (“Even assuming that [the witness] was an ‘expert,’
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and that he failed to perform as required under the contract between his company
and the other defendants, plaintiffs needed an expert to testify that the plowing had
been negligent.”). Therefore, without expert testimony, Bakies is unable to establish
what duty was owed to him. Thus, because Bakies failed to present any evidence
concerning the scope of the duty owed to him by Meijer and RSM, he necessarily
failed to demonstrate that a genuine issue of material fact existed about whether the
parties breached any such duty.
{¶19} In light of the foregoing, we conclude that the trial court did not err by
holding that Bakies failed to establish that a genuine issue of material fact existed
with respect to whether Meijer and RSM breached a duty to Bakies arising from the
Agreement.
{¶20} Accordingly, Bakies’s first assignment of error is overruled.
{¶21} In his third assignment of error, Bakies argues that the trial court erred
in granting summary judgment to Meijer because although an owner or occupier of
a premises typically owes no duty to a business invitee to warn or remove dangers
associated with the natural accumulation of ice and snow, three exceptions to this
general rule apply to the present case and create a genuine issue of material fact
regarding whether Meijer breached a duty to Bakies. We disagree.
{¶22} “A shopkeeper ordinarily owes its business invitees a duty of ordinary
care in maintaining the premises in a reasonably safe condition and has the duty to
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warn its invitees of latent or hidden dangers.” Armstrong v. Best Buy Co., Inc., 99
Ohio St.3d 79, 2003-Ohio-2573, ¶ 5, citing Paschal v. Rite Aid Pharmacy, Inc., 18
Ohio St.3d 203, 204 (1985) and Jackson v. Kings Island, 58 Ohio St.2d 357, 360
(1979). “However, this duty does not require landowners to insure the safety of
invitees on their property.” Lang v. Holly Hill Motel, Inc., 122 Ohio St.3d 120,
2009-Ohio-2495, ¶ 11. “[T]he open-and-obvious doctrine obviates the duty to warn
and acts as a complete bar to any negligence claims.” Armstrong at ¶ 5. “The ‘open
and obvious’ doctrine states that an owner or occupier of property owes no duty to
warn invitees entering the property of open and obvious dangers on the property.”
Simmers v. Bentley Constr. Co., 64 Ohio St.3d 642, 644 (1992).
{¶23} “[A]n owner or occupier of land ordinarily owes no duty to business
invitees to remove natural accumulations of ice and snow from the premises, or to
warn invitees of the dangers associated with such natural accumulations of ice and
snow.” Miller v. Tractor Supply Co., 6th Dist. Huron No. H-11-0001, 2011-Ohio-
5906, ¶ 8, citing Brinkman v. Ross, 68 Ohio St.3d 82, 83-84 (1993); Jeswald v. Hutt,
15 Ohio St.2d 224 (1968), paragraph one of the syllabus; Abercrombie v. Byrne-Hill
Co., Ltd., 6th Dist. Lucas No. L-05-1010, 2005-Ohio-5249, ¶ 12. “The underlying
rationale * * * is that everyone is assumed to appreciate the risks associated with
natural accumulations of ice and snow and, therefore, everyone is responsible to
protect himself or herself against the inherent risks presented by natural
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accumulations of ice and snow.” Brinkman at 84. Thus, the rationale for the so-
called “no-duty winter rule” is more expansive than the rationale for the open and
obvious doctrine. Miller at ¶ 9. “The no-duty winter rule assumes everyone will
appreciate and protect themselves against risks associated with natural
accumulations of ice and snow; the open and obvious doctrine assumes only those
who could observe and appreciate the danger will protect themselves against it.”
Sherlock v. Shelly Co., 10th Dist. Franklin No. 06AP-1303, 2007-Ohio-4522, ¶ 22.
{¶24} Here, it is undisputed that Bakies was a business invitee and Meijer
was the owner or occupier of the land. We note that Bakies refers to the “Appellees”
when making this argument and does not specify Meijer as the applicable party.
However, as Meijer is the only party to the litigation that owns or occupies the
premises on which Bakies fell, the argument does not apply to RSM and RBK.
Thus, under the no-duty winter rule, Meijer did not have a duty to remove natural
accumulations of snow and ice from the parking lot or to warn Bakies of the dangers
associated with natural accumulations of snow and ice. However, Bakies argues
that three exceptions to the no-duty winter rule apply to the facts of this case.
{¶25} First, Bakies argues that an exception to the no-duty rule applies
because Meijer was actively negligent in permitting or creating an unnatural
accumulation of ice or snow. Ohio courts have held that the no-duty winter rule is
inapplicable where the owner or occupier of the premises is actively negligent by
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creating or permitting an unnatural accumulation of ice and snow. See Lehman v.
Cracker Barrel Old Country, 5th Dist. Richland No. 2004-CV-0048, 2005-Ohio-
370, ¶ 22; Kaeppner, 2006-Ohio-3588, at ¶ 11. Here, we must first determine the
threshold issue of whether there is a genuine issue of material fact whether the ice
Bakies may have slipped on was a natural or unnatural accumulation.
{¶26} “‘[A] natural accumulation of ice and snow is one which accumulates
as a result of an act of nature, whereas an unnatural accumulation is one that results
from an act of a person.’” Daley, 2015-Ohio-930, at ¶ 19, quoting Coletta v. Univ.
of Akron, 49 Ohio App.3d 35, 37 (10th Dist.1988). “‘“Unnatural” accumulation
must refer to causes and factors other than the inclement weather conditions of low
temperatures, strong winds and drifting snow, i.e., to causes other than the
meteorological forces of nature. By definition, then, the “unnatural” is the man-
made, the man-caused * * *.’” Id., quoting Porter v. Miller, 13 Ohio App.3d 93, 95
(6th Dist.1983).
{¶27} Here, construing the evidence in Bakies’s favor, the evidence suggests
that he slipped on black ice. Courts have found that black ice is a natural
accumulation of ice and is not substantially more dangerous than is normally
associated with freezing rain. See Miller, 2011-Ohio-5906, at ¶ 14 (“Black ice * *
* is not a condition substantially more dangerous than is normally associated with
freezing rain. The formation of black ice on pavement * * * is an ordinary and
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expected consequence of winter precipitation * * *.”); Duncan v. Hallrich, Inc.,
11th Dist. Geauga No. 2006-G-2703, 2007-Ohio-3021, ¶ 22; Burton v. CFA Med.
Bldg. & Garage, 8th Dist. Cuyahoga No. 74335, 1999 WL 401403, *2 (June 17,
1999); Flint v. Cleveland Clinic Found., 8th Dist. Cuyahoga Nos. 80177 and 80478,
2002-Ohio-2747, ¶ 20 (stating that ice created from run-off from a melting snow
pile does not constitute an unnatural accumulation of black ice).
{¶28} Here, when viewing the evidence in a light most favorable to Bakies
and assuming that there was black ice, we find that no genuine issue of material fact
exists regarding whether the ice on the Meijer pavement was the result of a natural
accumulation. Bakies has failed to present any evidence that the black ice on which
he slipped and fell was created by any means other than meteorological forces.
Bakies described the weather on December 17, 2016 as cold and rainy. (Doc. No.
38, Bakies’s Aug. 13, 2018 Depo. at 15-16). Bakies testified that he did not observe
ice on the pavement where he fell, only wet pavement. (Id. at 22-23). However, he
opined that there may have been black ice on the pavement. (Id. at 30, 52).
Additionally, Bakies testified that there was nothing abnormal about the pavement
on which he fell, such as a pothole. (Id. at 66-67). Thus, we find that Bakies has
failed to present evidence that a genuine issue of material fact exists with respect to
whether the accumulation where he fell was a result of a natural or unnatural
accumulation. Accordingly, we find that the trial court did not err in determining
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that if there was black ice on the pavement where Bakies fell, it was the result of a
natural accumulation. Because the black ice on which Bakies fell was the result of
a natural accumulation, Bakies’s argument that the no-duty rule does not apply
because Meijer was actively negligent by creating or permitting an unnatural
accumulation of snow or ice fails.
{¶29} Second, Bakies argues that the no-duty winter rule does not apply
because Meijer expressly assumed a duty by contract to keep its parking lot in a
reasonably safe condition and in accordance with the highest industry standards and
practices.
{¶30} Courts have recognized that although owners and occupiers of land
ordinarily owe no duty to business invitees to warn business invitees of the dangers
associated with natural accumulations of ice and snow or to remove natural
accumulations of ice and snow from their premises, the duty to remove natural
accumulations of snow and ice can be created by express contract. Chatelain v.
Portage View Condominiums, 151 Ohio App.3d 98, 2002-Ohio-6764, ¶ 8 (9th
Dist.).
{¶31} Bakies argues that the Agreement between Meijer and RSM created a
duty for Meijer to maintain its parking lot in accordance with the highest industry
standards and practices and maintain the premises in an ice-free condition.
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{¶32} However, as discussed in response to Bakies’s contention that he is an
intended beneficiary of the contract, Bakies has failed to provide expert testimony
with regard to snow and ice removal practices on a commercial lot and to establish
what constitutes “the highest industry standards and practices” and reasonable
duties. As discussed above, expert testimony is required to establish the standard
of care in snow removal practices for a commercial parking area. See Bittinger, 113
Ohio App.3d at 852; Edvon, 2004-Ohio-5597, at ¶ 20; Mitchell, 2002-Ohio-5357,
at ¶ 14; Rampersaud, 1998 WL 332956, at *2. Therefore, absent expert testimony
establishing “the highest industry standards and practices” for proper snow and ice
removal techniques, Bakies is unable to establish what duty Meijer owed to him and
whether that duty was breached. Thus, even if Meijer did assume some kind of
contractual obligation to Bakies, he has failed to provide any evidence to
demonstrate what duty was created and whether that duty was breached.
Accordingly, we conclude that the trial court did not err by not applying the express
contract exception to the no-duty winter rule to the present case.
{¶33} Third, Bakies argues that the no-duty winter rule does not apply
because Meijer had “superior knowledge” that the natural accumulation of snow
and ice on the premises created a condition substantially more dangerous than
Bakies should have anticipated by knowledge of conditions prevailing in the area.
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{¶34} “[I]f an occupier is shown to have had notice, actual or implied, that a
natural accumulation of snow and ice on his or her premises has created a condition
substantially more dangerous than a business invitee should have anticipated by
reason of the knowledge of conditions prevailing generally in the area, negligence
may be proven.” Lehman, 2005-Ohio-370, at ¶ 21, citing Debie v. Cochran
Pharmacy-Berwick, Inc., 11 Ohio St.2d 38, 41 (1967) and Gober v. Thomas & King,
Inc., 2d Dist. Montgomery No. 16248, 1997 WL 451430, *3 (June 27, 1997). “To
become liable, the owner must have some ‘superior knowledge’ of the existing
danger or peril.” Id.
{¶35} Courts have limited this exception only to cases where “a natural
accumulation of ice or snow conceals another danger.” Miller, 2011-Ohio-5906, at
¶ 13. “‘[T]he cases referencing an “improper accumulation” are instances where a
natural accumulation of snow fall hid or covered a hazardous condition about which
the property owner knew or should have known.’” Id., quoting Crossman v. Smith
Clinic, 3d Dist. Marion No. 9-10-10, 2010-Ohio-3552, ¶ 15. See also Logenberger
v. Collins Food, 52 Ohio App.2d 105, 108 (9th Dist.1977) (finding an improper
accumulation where snow concealed an abrupt change in the slope of the underlying
concrete); Miller v. Biskind Dev. Corp., 8th Dist. Cuyahoga No. 53470, 1988 WL
18818, *5 (Feb. 18, 1988) (finding that a genuine issue of material fact of whether
the appellant was confronted with a condition substantially more dangerous than
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normally associated with snowfall existed where an accumulation obscured a
difference in height between the parking lot pavement and a concrete barrier).
{¶36} Bakies argues that the condition of the Meijer parking lot was
substantially more dangerous than a business invitee should have anticipated by
reason of knowledge of the conditions prevailing generally in the area. Bakies
argues that multiple people slipped on the ice while coming to his aid, although only
Bakies fell. Bakies opines that the reason for multiple people slipping is because
(1) other areas outside the store were salted and, therefore, people were not
exercising necessary caution, and (2) the pavement looked wet and not icy.
{¶37} Moreover, Bakies argues that Meijer was aware of the “dangerous
condition of the parking lot.” As evidence that Meijer had “superior knowledge” of
the existing conditions, Bakies states that Meijer has corrals for cart returns that are
in line with the parking spaces. Bakies opines that because employees regularly
return the carts from the corral and bring them back into the store, “[i]t is
inconceivable that one or more of the Meijer employees [returning carts] would not
have experience[d] the slippery nature of that area.” (Appellant’s Brief at 17).
Bakies further argues that Meijer was “well aware” that there were a large number
of vehicles in the parking lot the two times the parking lot had been salted in the
fifteen hours prior to Bakies’s fall, thus ensuring that the salt would not have had
adequate coverage in the places where the vehicles were parked. (Id.)
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{¶38} Bakies’s argument is not persuasive. First, the record contains no
evidence that the black ice concealed another danger. In fact, Bakies admitted that
the pavement in the area where he fell was “normal” and did not contain any unusual
features, such as a pothole. (Doc. No. 38, Bakies’s Aug. 13, 2018 Depo. at 66-67).
Furthermore, Bakies testified that nothing concealed his view of the pavement as he
stepped out of his vehicle. (Id. at 21). Therefore, there is not a genuine issue of fact
regarding whether the ice on the pavement concealed another danger.
{¶39} Moreover, the record is devoid of any indication that Meijer had any
kind of “superior knowledge” of the condition of the parking lot. Although Bakies
argues that Meijer employees would have experienced the slippery nature of the
area in which Bakies fell when returning carts from the cart corral, the record
contains no mention of any such employees and any knowledge that such employees
had of the condition of the parking lot. In fact, in his deposition testimony, Bakies
expressly denied seeing any employees retrieving shopping carts. (Id. at 21).
Moreover, Brenda Gerdeman (“Gerdeman”), a Meijer employee, testified in
deposition that she first encountered the slippery conditions when she reached the
area of the parking spots as she came to assist Bakies after his fall. (See Doc. No.
44, Gerdeman’s Oct. 23, 2018 Depo. at 5-6). Furthermore, Gerdeman’s testimony
that Meijer employees slipped while coming to Bakies’s aid undermines Bakies’s
contention that Meijer had some superior knowledge of the condition of the parking
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lot. Finally, in deposition testimony, Bakies himself admitted that he did not have
any reason to believe that a Meijer employee knew more about the condition of the
area of the parking lot where he fell than he did. (Doc. No. 38, Bakies’s Aug. 13,
2018 Depo. at 29-30). Therefore, there is not an issue of material fact regarding
whether Meijer had “superior knowledge” of the condition of the parking lot.
Because Bakies has failed to produce evidence demonstrating that the ice he fell on
concealed another danger and that Meijer had “superior knowledge” of the condition
of the parking lot, we cannot conclude that a genuine issue of material fact existed
regarding whether the area of the Meijer parking lot was substantially more
dangerous than Bakies should have anticipated based upon his knowledge of the
conditions prevailing. Thus, the trial court did not err by determining that Meijer
did not have superior knowledge of the condition of the parking lot.
{¶40} Because we have found that the exceptions to the no-duty winter rule
do not apply to the present case, we apply the no-duty winter rule. Applying the no-
duty winter rule, we find that Meijer did not have a duty to (1) remove the natural
accumulations of snow and ice in their parking lot or (2) warn Bakies of the dangers
associated with the natural accumulations of snow and ice. From the record before
this court, reasonable minds can come to but one conclusion and that conclusion is
adverse to Bakies. In light of the foregoing, we conclude that the trial court did not
err by holding that the natural accumulation rule applies to bar Bakies’s negligence
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claims against Meijer and thus it did not err by granting Meijer’s motion for
summary judgment.
{¶41} Accordingly, Bakies’s third assignment of error is overruled.
{¶42} In his second assignment of error, Bakies argues the trial court erred
in granting summary judgment in favor of RSM and RBK because they breached
their duty of care as independent contractors. Bakies argues that RSM and RBK are
liable for his injury because they created an unnatural accumulation of ice that
increased Bakies’s risk of injury. We disagree.
{¶43} “‘An independent contractor who creates a dangerous condition on
real property is not relieved of liability under the doctrine which exonerates an
owner or occupier of land from the duty to warn those entering the property
concerning open and obvious dangers on the property.’” Cosimi v. Koski Constr.
Co., 11th Dist. Ashtabula No. 2008-A-0075, 2009-Ohio-5892, ¶ 45 quoting
Simmers, 64 Ohio St.3d at 645. “An independent contractor owes a general duty of
care towards a business invitee; that is, he must exercise that degree of care which
an ordinarily careful and prudent person would exercise under the same or similar
circumstances.” Nageotte v. Cafaro Co., 160 Ohio App.3d 702, 2005-Ohio-2098,
¶ 35 (6th Dist.). “In the context of snow and ice removal, the defendant breaches
his duty of care if his actions create an unnatural accumulation that substantially
increases the risk of injury normally associated with winter accumulations of ice
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and snow.” (Emphasis sic.) Jackson v. J-F Ents., Inc., 6th Dist. Lucas No. L-10-
1285, 2011-Ohio-1543, ¶ 14, citing Zamano v. Hammerschmidt, Inc., 6th Dist.
Huron No. H-02-031, 2003-Ohio-1618, ¶ 21 and Dunbar v. Denny’s Restaurant,
8th Dist. Cuyahoga No. 86385, 2006-Ohio-1248, ¶ 13.
{¶44} We found in the discussion above that there was no genuine issue of
material fact that the ice located in the area of the Meijer parking lot where Bakies
fell was the result of natural accumulation. As there is no genuine issue of fact
whether RBK and RSM created an unnatural accumulation, we cannot find that
RSM and RBK breached a duty of care to Bakies. Therefore, we find that the trial
court did not err in granting summary judgment in favor of RSM and RBK.
{¶45} Accordingly, Bakies’s second assignment of error is overruled.
{¶46} Having found no error prejudicial to the appellant herein in the
particulars assigned and argued, we affirm the judgment of the trial court.
Judgment Affirmed
ZIMMERMAN, P.J. and SHAW, J., concur.
/jlr
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