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[DO NOT PUBLISH]
IN THE UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS
FOR THE ELEVENTH CIRCUIT
________________________
No. 18-14367
Non-Argument Calendar
________________________
D.C. Docket No. 1:18-cv-20031-KMW,
Bkcy No. 1:16-bkc-22495-RAM
In Re: RONNY GAMBOA,
Debtor.
____________________________________________________________
ADVANCE CREDIT, INC.,
GAIL PEREZ,
Plaintiffs-Appellants,
versus
RONNY GAMBOA,
Defendant-Appellee.
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________________________
Appeal from the United States District Court
for the Southern District of Florida
________________________
(August 19, 2019)
Before JORDAN, FAY and HULL, Circuit Judges.
PER CURIAM:
This appeal involves debtor Ronny Gamboa’s filing for Chapter 13
bankruptcy, in which he claimed a homestead exemption under Florida law for his
trailer and surrounding parcel of land. Appellants Advance Credit, Inc. and Gail
Perez (“the creditors”) filed an objection to Gamboa’s homestead exemption.
After an evidentiary hearing, the bankruptcy court concluded that Gamboa’s
property was entitled to the homestead exemption and overruled the creditors’
objection. Appellant creditors now appeal the district court’s judgment affirming
the bankruptcy court’s final order overruling their objection to Gamboa’s
homestead exemption. After review, we affirm.
I. BACKGROUND
Here are the relevant facts, some of which were jointly stipulated to by the
parties and some of which were established at the evidentiary hearing and not
disputed.
A. Debtor Gamboa’s Purchase and Use of the Property
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In 1995, debtor Gamboa, while living in Chicago, Illinois, purchased a 14-
acre parcel of vacant land in unincorporated Miami-Dade County, Florida. The
parcel, located at 22600 S.W. 207 Avenue, Miami, Florida, is comprised of a
single lot and is classified as agricultural land for purposes of Florida’s ad valorem
taxes.
In 2008, Gamboa bought a 40-foot long trailer from an adjacent landowner
and moved the trailer onto his 14-acre parcel. Gamboa also poured a 1500 square
foot patio in front of the trailer, but he continued to live in Chicago.
In 2011 and 2012, the creditors obtained two default judgments against
Gamboa in Illinois state court, one for $141,562.30 and the other for $71,632.77.
After the creditors foreclosed on Gamboa’s property in Illinois, the only real estate
Gamboa owned was the 14-acre parcel in Florida. Although the creditors recorded
their Illinois judgments in Miami-Dade County in 2012, their liens were not
perfected until they were re-recorded on January 8, 2015.1
Meanwhile, in mid-November 2013, Gamboa moved to Florida, moved his
personal belongings into the trailer, and has lived in the trailer ever since. The
trailer has a living room, two bedrooms, a bathroom, and a kitchen, has electrical
1
The bankruptcy court found, and the creditors agreed, that the judgments recorded in
2012 did not create liens on Gamboa’s property because they did not include the creditors’
addresses as required by Florida law.
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power, satellite television service, and water from an onsite well, and is attached to
a septic tank. Gamboa has received mail at the property since January 2014.
When Gamboa moved into the trailer, he believed he could reside there
lawfully and did not intend to build another residence on the property. In April
2016, however, Miami-Dade County issued a warning notice to Gamboa advising
him that his use of a mobile home as a living quarters on agricultural land violated
Miami-Dade County’s ordinances. As a result, on August 12, 2016, Gamboa
applied for a building permit to build a small house on the property.
B. Creditors’ Objection to the Homestead Exemption in the Chapter 13
Bankruptcy Proceedings
On September 9, 2016, Gamboa filed a Chapter 13 voluntary petition for
bankruptcy. At the time, Gamboa was retired and in his early 70s, collecting social
security payments of $717 per month, and living alone in the trailer. Gamboa
listed the 14-acre parcel of land in his Schedule C as exempt under Article X,
Section 4 of the Florida Constitution, which protects homestead property from
forced sale.
Specifically, the homestead exemption in Article X of Florida’s Constitution
provides:
(a) There shall be exempt from forced sale under process of any court,
and no judgment, decree or execution shall be a lien thereon, except for
the payment of taxes and assessments thereon, obligations contracted
for the purchase, improvement or repair thereof, or obligations
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contracted for house, field or other labor performed on the realty, the
following property owned by a natural person:
(1) a homestead, if located outside a municipality, to the extent
of one hundred sixty acres of contiguous land and improvements
thereon, . . . or if located within a municipality, to the extent of one-half
acre of contiguous land upon which the exemption shall be limited to
the residence of the owner or the owner’s family.
Fla. Const. art. X, § 4(a). Florida’s constitutional provision exempting a debtor’s
homestead from forced sale is separate from Florida’s homestead tax exemption,
which is found in Article VII, Section 6(a) of Florida’s Constitution.
The creditors filed an objection to Gamboa’s claimed homestead exemption.
The creditors argued, inter alia, that Gamboa’s property was not eligible for the
homestead exemption because, when their liens attached on January 8, 2015,
Gamboa’s property was zoned for land use purposes and classified for tax purposes
as agricultural, and Gamboa was living on the property in a trailer in violation of
applicable Miami-Dade County ordinances.
C. Bankruptcy Court’s Partial Ruling
After a prehearing conference, the bankruptcy court overruled in part the
creditors’ objection to Gamboa’s claimed homestead exemption. Relevant to this
appeal, the bankruptcy court overruled the objection to the extent the creditors
argued that Gamboa did not qualify for the exemption because his “home on the
filing date was a trailer that was apparently prohibited from being used as a
residence under applicable Miami-Dade County ordinances.” The bankruptcy
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court concluded that “[r]esiding in a property in violation of city or county
ordinances or zoning laws does not defeat an otherwise valid homestead claim.”
The bankruptcy court also overruled the objection to the extent the creditors
argued “that the constitutional homestead protection cannot be claimed” as a
matter of law because the debtor had not filed for the homestead tax exemption and
the property was classified as agricultural land for tax purposes. The bankruptcy
court determined that the debtor’s failure to claim the homestead tax exemption
was not dispositive, especially where, as here, the objectors had not shown that the
debtor had another residence.
The bankruptcy court identified the remaining issue to be resolved after an
evidentiary hearing as: “Did the Debtor establish his intent to permanently reside in
the Property prior to January 8, 2015, the date in which the Creditor’s judgment lien
was perfected.”2 The bankruptcy court clarified that, although it had overruled the
creditors’ arguments about the legal effect of Gamboa’s failure to claim the property
as his homestead for tax purposes, the property’s agricultural zoning, and Gamboa’s
residing in the trailer in violation of applicable zoning ordinances, the creditors could
“still use these facts to argue that the Debtor lacked the intent to permanently reside
on the Property on the filing date of his chapter 13 case.”
2
The bankruptcy court identified two other outstanding issues, but those issues were
rendered moot prior to the evidentiary hearing and have no bearing on this appeal.
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D. Bankruptcy Court’s Final Ruling on the Homestead Exemption
The bankruptcy court held a two-day evidentiary hearing on the sole
outstanding issue. The creditors presented evidence of the property’s agricultural
use classification and the citations Miami-Dade County had issued to Gamboa for
living in the trailer in violation of the county’s ordinances. The parties also
presented evidence of Gamboa’s ongoing efforts to obtain a building permit from
the county. At the time of the hearing, Gamboa had received some, but not all, of
the necessary approvals from the various county departments for the building
permit to issue. Gamboa also testified that it would cost about $150,000 to build
his planned house and that he hoped to pay for construction with gifts from friends
and relatives and by getting a job.
After the hearing, the bankruptcy court issued a memorandum opinion and
order overruling the creditors’ objection to the homestead exemption. The
bankruptcy court stated that, to qualify for homestead protection from forced sale
under Article X, Section 4 of the Florida Constitution, a debtor must: (1) show
intent to make the property his permanent residence; and (2) live on the property.
See Hillsborough Inv. Co. v. Wilcox, 13 So. 2d 448, 452 (Fla. 1943) (“The
character of property as a homestead depends upon an actual intention to reside
thereon as a permanent place of residence, coupled with the fact of residence.”).
The bankruptcy court found that “the evidence overwhelmingly established that
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when he filed this case, the Debtor was living on the property and had the intent to
permanently reside there.”
The bankruptcy court noted that the creditors had conceded that Gamboa
lived on the property before the bankruptcy filing and intended to make it his
permanent residence. Instead, the creditors had reasserted their argument (already
rejected in the bankruptcy court’s prior ruling) that Gamboa was ineligible for the
homestead exemption because of the property’s agricultural classification for tax
purposes and the trailer’s violation of Miami-Dade County’s zoning ordinances.
The bankruptcy court again rejected the creditors’ arguments. As to the property’s
agricultural classification for tax purposes, the bankruptcy court acknowledged that
Gamboa “may need to request reclassification of that portion of the Property
containing his residence,” and that the reclassification would increase Gamboa’s
property taxes. The bankruptcy court concluded, however, that “the present
classification does not affect the Debtor’s constitutional right to the homestead
exemption.”
As to the creditors’ other argument—that Gamboa’s trailer was not a
permanent legal dwelling and that he could not establish a homestead “unless he
was living in a permitted and completed house”—the bankruptcy court found “no
support for this narrow interpretation of the constitutional homestead protection.”
Noting that the homestead exemption is to be liberally construed in favor of the
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homestead claimant, the bankruptcy court concluded that “[a] debtor’s residence
does not have to be a house.” See In re McClain, 281 B.R. 769, 773 (Bankr. M.D.
Fla. 2002) (stating that “so long as a debtor actually lived on real property being
claimed as exempt, a non-exempt tree-house or tent would establish the requisite
degree of permanency”). The bankruptcy court stressed that Gamboa owned no
other real property and intended the trailer to be his permanent residence.
The bankruptcy court reviewed numerous decisions in which bankruptcy
courts, both in Florida and in other states, had allowed a homestead exemption
even though the debtor resided on the property in violation of some state or
municipal law. The bankruptcy court highlighted that these courts had found no
authority for invalidating a homestead claim in such circumstances. Finding these
decisions persuasive, the bankruptcy court concluded “that the fact that the Trailer
was not a lawful abode under County ordinance does not defeat the constitutional
homestead exemption.”
The bankruptcy court rejected the creditors’ attempts to distinguish these
cases by drawing a distinction between “living in a ‘legal’ structure where the use
for residential purposes is illegal” and Gamboa’s living in a structure that is not
“legally” on the property. The bankruptcy court found the distinction not
meaningful and not “supported by any case law.” The bankruptcy court
acknowledged that Gamboa “may ultimately be removed from the Trailer if he
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does not get a building permit and construct a house,” but that possibility “d[id] not
defeat the exemption” because Gamboa had met the requirements for the
exemption by living in the trailer and intending to remain on the property as his
permanent residence.
The bankruptcy court distinguished Drucker v. Rosenstein, 19 Fla. 191 (Fla.
1882), relied upon by the creditors. In Drucker, the debtor had purchased a vacant
and unoccupied lot, filed a statement in the county declaring the lot to be his
homestead, drawn up plans and hired a contractor to build a house upon the lot for
his family, and had lumber delivered to the property for that purpose, but neither
he nor his family had occupied the lot. Drucker, 19 Fla. at 192-94, 198. The
Florida Supreme Court held that the debtor’s activities were not “sufficient
occupation of the premises as a homestead to render them exempt from forced
sale,” and that “actual occupation of property as a home of the family is necessary
to impress upon it the character of a homestead.” Id. at 195, 198-99. In
concluding that “there must be actual occupancy,” the Florida Supreme Court
stated that “[i]t is not necessary that a dwelling-house should be upon the premises;
he might with his family reside in a tent set upon poles or a cabin erected upon it
while building his house, and such occupation would give to it the character of a
homestead and protect it under the statute from forced sale.” Id. at 198.
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The bankruptcy court explained that “[t]he only common fact between
Drucker and this case is that both the Debtor here and the defendant in Drucker
testified that they intended to build houses on the properties at issue.” However,
“[u]nlike the defendant in Drucker, Mr. Gamboa was living on the Property in his
Trailer,” and “[t]he actual occupancy requirement was unquestionably satisfied.”
The bankruptcy court stated that here, “whether or not the Debtor will be able to
build the house he is planning, the Debtor has lived on the Property since 2013 and
his actions have been wholly consistent with his intent to make the Property his
permanent residence.”
The bankruptcy court noted that Gamboa did not yet have the building
permit required by applicable county ordinances so that Gamboa could continue
residing in the trailer during construction. The bankruptcy court also
acknowledged that the creditors had “presented evidence casting doubt on the
Debtor’s financial ability to build a house even if he gets his building permit.” The
bankruptcy court stressed, however, that Gamboa’s “post[-]petition efforts to
obtain a building permit corroborate[d] [his] unrebutted testimony that he intended
to make the Property his permanent residence.” In sum, the bankruptcy court
stated that even if Gamboa ultimately is unable to afford to build his house and the
county forces him to move from the trailer, “one thing is certain: This Debtor has
made the Property his permanent residence since he moved into the Trailer in
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2013, and he intends to stay on the Property as his permanent residence. Those are
the only facts that ultimately matter.”
E. Creditors’ Appeal to the District Court
The creditors filed a notice of appeal to the district court from the
bankruptcy court’s final order overruling their objection. After briefing from the
parties, the district court reviewed the bankruptcy court’s order de novo and
affirmed.
The district court summarized the key, undisputed facts as: (1) when
Gamboa filed his bankruptcy petition, he was living in the trailer on a 14-acre
parcel of land located outside of a municipality; (2) the parcel was classified as
agricultural for property tax purposes, and Gamboa did not claim the homestead
exemption for property tax purposes; (3) Gamboa was living in the trailer in
violation of a Miami-Dade County ordinance; and (4) at all relevant times,
Gamboa intended to reside permanently in the trailer.
The district court explained that the creditors’ appeal raised a purely legal
issue and asked the court “to be the first to hold that Florida’s homestead
exemption cannot apply to a structure that is not legally permitted to be on the
property where it’s located.” Describing the bankruptcy court’s order as
“comprehensive and well-reasoned,” the district court agreed with the bankruptcy
court “that since the homestead exemption was created more than 135 years ago,
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establishing the exemption has required a debtor to demonstrate two—and only
two—facts: (1) occupation of the property; and (2) an intent to reside there
permanently.” In Gamboa’s case, both required facts were undisputed. The
district court further agreed with the bankruptcy court that the creditors’ “argument
in favor of a third requirement—that the property must comply with all applicable
codes, regulations, and other laws—fails as a matter of law.”
The district court adopted the bankruptcy court’s analysis and its
conclusions that Gamboa’s property qualified for the homestead exemption and
that the exemption was “not lost just because the trailer was on the property in
violation of a County ordinance.” Accordingly, the district court affirmed the
bankruptcy court’s order, directed a copy of its order to the bankruptcy court, and
closed the case.3
3
The district court’s affirmance of the bankruptcy court’s order overruling the creditors’
objection finally disposed of a discrete dispute—the homestead exemption claim—within the
larger bankruptcy case. See Bullard v. Blue Hills Bank, 575 U.S. ___, ___ 135 S. Ct. 1686, 1692
(2015); Howard Delivery Serv., Inc. v. Zurich Am. Ins. Co., 547 U.S. 651, 657 n.3, 126 S. Ct.
2105, 2110 n.3 (2006); In re Martin Bros. Toolmakers, Inc., 796 F.2d 1435, 1437-38 (11th Cir.
1986); In re Charter Co., 778 F.2d 617, 621 (11th Cir. 1985) (“In bankruptcy proceedings, it is
generally the particular adversary proceeding or controversy that must have been finally
resolved, rather than the entire bankruptcy proceeding.”). Given that the district court’s
affirmance here “leave[s] nothing more for the bankruptcy court to do” with respect to the
homestead exemption claim, the district court’s ruling qualifies as a final decision under 28
U.S.C. § 158(d)(1). See In re Charter Co., 778 F.2d at 621.
In addition, Gamboa’s homestead exemption claim is independent from the substance of
the other claims in the bankruptcy court proceedings, and prompt review is necessary to protect
Gamboa’s interests. See Wisz v. Moister (In re Wisz), 778 F.2d 762, 764 (11th Cir. 1985)
(explaining that the collateral order doctrine allows immediate appeal from orders that are
“independent from the substance of the other claims in the action” where “prompt review is
necessary to protect important interests of any party”).
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II. DISCUSSION
On appeal, the creditors argue that the bankruptcy court misread the Florida
Supreme Court’s Drucker decision and that, under a proper reading of Drucker,
Gamboa’s trailer is only a “temporary structure,” and not a “permanent home,” and
thus Gamboa’s 14-acre property cannot qualify for homestead protection. After
review, we find no merit to the creditors’ arguments. 4
Properly read, Drucker requires a person claiming a homestead exemption
from forced sale under the Florida Constitution to show he actually occupied the
property as a residence because a “bare lot unoccupied cannot be a homestead.” 19
Fla. at 198. Drucker does not require the homestead claimant’s actual occupation
to be in a “permanent home.” Indeed, the Drucker court explicitly stated otherwise
when it said, “[i]t is not necessary that a dwelling-house should be upon the
premises; he might with his family reside in a tent set upon poles or a cabin erected
upon it while building his house, and such occupation would give to it the
character of a homestead and protect it under the statute from forced sale.” Id.
The problem for the homestead claimant in Drucker was not that he resided in a
temporary structure on the lot, but that he had not resided on the lot at all. See id.
4
As “the second appellate court to review” the bankruptcy court, we “assess the
bankruptcy court’s judgment anew, employing the same standard of review the district court
itself used.” In re Failla, 838 F.3d 1170, 1174 (11th Cir. 2016) (quotation marks omitted).
Accordingly, we review the bankruptcy court’s conclusions of law de novo and its fact findings
for clear error. In re Hood, 727 F.3d 1360, 1363 (11th Cir. 2013).
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(“In the case at bar there was and had been no actual occupation of the lot as a
homestead since the title passed to the appellee.”).
Here, it is undisputed that Gamboa has resided on his 14-acre parcel in his
trailer since November 2013, which is sufficient to satisfy Drucker’s actual
occupancy requirement. Nothing in Drucker or any other decision cited by the
creditors requires Gamboa’s trailer to be “permitted” or “built and permanently
placed on the premises in accordance with applicable law and building code
requirements” for Gamboa’s residence inside it to qualify as actual occupancy. 5
For this and the other reasons given in the bankruptcy court’s well-reasoned
memorandum opinion and order overruling the creditors’ objection to the
homestead exemption, we affirm.
AFFIRMED.
5
We stress that this is not a case involving a motor home or other recreational vehicle that
can be used for transportation and is not affixed to real property.
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