NOT FOR PUBLICATION WITHOUT THE
APPROVAL OF THE APPELLATE DIVISION
This opinion shall not "constitute precedent or be binding upon any court ." Although it is posted on the
internet, this opinion is binding only on the parties in the case and its use in other cases is limited . R. 1:36-3.
SUPERIOR COURT OF NEW JERSEY
APPELLATE DIVISION
DOCKET NO. A-4233-17T4
STATE OF NEW JERSEY,
Plaintiff-Respondent,
v.
DARREN P. DONNELLY,
Defendant-Appellant.
Argued March 18, 2019 – Decided April 8, 2019
Before Judges Gooden Brown and Rose.
On appeal from Superior Court of New Jersey, Law
Division, Hudson County, Indictment No. 17-09-0607.
Rochelle M. Watson, Assistant Deputy Public
Defender, argued the cause for appellant (Joseph E.
Krakora, Public Defender, attorney; Rochelle M.
Watson, of counsel and on the brief).
Alanna M. Jereb, Assistant Prosecutor, argued the
cause for respondent (Esther Suarez, Hudson County
Prosecutor, attorney; Erin M. Campbell, Assistant
Prosecutor, on the brief).
PER CURIAM
Following denial of his motion to suppress evidence seized without a
search warrant, defendant Darren Donnelly pled guilty to second-degree
possession of a handgun, N.J.S.A. 2C:39-5(b), pursuant to a negotiated plea
agreement. Defendant was sentenced to a five-year prison term with one year
of parole ineligibility. According to the terms of the plea agreement, the
remaining fifteen counts charged in the Hudson County indictment were
dismissed. The judge also imposed all mandatory assessments and penalties.
The sole issue before us in this appeal is whether the trial judge erred in
denying defendant's motion to suppress evidence seized as a result of a
warrantless search incident to a Terry1 stop. More particularly, defendant
argues:
THE 9-1-1 CALL, VAGUE IN ITS DESCRIPTION OF
THE MAN WITH THE GUN, DID NOT PROVIDE
REASONABLE SUSPICION TO STOP
DEFENDANT, WHO WAS NOT AT THE
LOCATION REPORTED AND WHOSE CLOTHING
DID NOT FIT THE DESCRIPTION PROVIDED.
We reject these contentions and affirm.
At the suppression hearing, the State presented the testimony of one
witness: Harrison Police Officer Joseph Sloan, who was assigned to the Crimes
1
Terry v. Ohio, 392 U.S. 1 (1968).
A-4233-17T4
2
Suppression Unit at the time of the incident. The State moved into evidence
four photographs depicting: defendant's appearance at the time of his arrest; the
scene of the incident; and the weapons seized from defendant's person.
Defendant did not testify or present any witnesses, but moved into evidence the
9-1-1 recording.2
Sloan testified that on July 4, 2017, at approximately 2:21 a.m., he was
patrolling Harrison Avenue in a marked police vehicle when he was dispatched
to the Manor Bar, which "was about two blocks away" from his location.
According to Sloan, "The initial call from dispatch stated that an individual
pointed a firearm at another individual and they [sic] gave a description [of] an
older white male." Sloan also was told the suspect "was possibly under the
influence of alcohol" and was wearing a "brown [T-]shirt."
Traffic in the area was minimal; Sloan arrived at the bar "[n]o more than
ten seconds" after he was dispatched. As Sloan approached the scene, he
observed two Kearny police officers park their patrol cars "less than five
seconds" before he parked. Sloan saw two people in the vicinity of the bar: one
2
Defendant did not include any of the exhibits in his appendix. At oral
argument before us, defense counsel indicated the photographs were not
pertinent to any disputed issues on appeal, and the 9-1-1 call was played at the
hearing for cross-examination purposes only.
A-4233-17T4
3
person was standing at the bar's entrance, and defendant, who had just been
stopped by the Kearny officers, was standing across the street.
When he approached defendant, Sloan observed defendant's eyes were
bloodshot and his speech was "slurred." Sloan "[i]mmediately" recognized
defendant, having seen him "sit[ting] out front [of the bar] on a daily basis."
Further, "[one] month or two months prior to the incident[,]" Sloan's "supervisor
pointed . . . defendant out and said be careful, he's known to carry weapons on
him."
Sloan "ordered [defendant] to put his hands against the fence[,]" intending
"to pat him down for weapons[,]" when Sloan "saw in plain view . . . a large
knife sticking out of the . . . small of his back." Incident to defendant's resulting
arrest, Sloan seized a .25 caliber handgun and "the rest of the knives" 3 from
defendant's shorts.
Referencing his arrest photograph, Sloan described defendant's
appearance on the date of the incident. In particular, the photograph depicted a
"Caucasian . . . older gentlemen, possibly in his [sixtie]s," wearing a "gray-
greenish shirt." Defendant's eyes were "half shut" in the photograph.
3
Sloan initially testified that he seized a .22 caliber handgun but later corrected
his testimony; the quantity of knives seized was not adduced at the hearing.
A-4233-17T4
4
On cross-examination, Sloan acknowledged defendant's "gray-greenish
shirt" could be described further as a "camouflage shirt" with "a collar" and
"buttons," but it was not a brown T-shirt as described by the 9-1-1 caller.
Further, Sloan clarified that he was dispatched to "434 Harrison Avenue,
[which] is about five blocks away from the Manor Bar." After the 9-1-1 call
was played at the hearing, Sloan also agreed that the person who was intoxicated
was the caller and not "the person who was firing the shots." 4
After the hearing concluded, the attorneys submitted briefs, and the judge
rendered an oral decision on January 19, 2018. Based on the testimony he heard
and his observation of the witness, the judge made credibility and factual
findings, which were mostly consistent with the recitation of facts set forth
above.5 Overall, the judge found Sloan's testimony credible, acknowledging
4
It is unclear from the record whether Sloan knew at the time he was dispatched
to the scene that the caller said the suspect had fired shots. Sloan later explained
he was not privy to "the entire conversation [captured on the 9-1-1 recording]
because most of the conversation was between the dispatcher and the caller" and
he "only received the dispatcher's transmission."
5
At the conclusion of the judge's decision, defendant challenged his finding
that the 9-1-1 caller indicated the suspect was intoxicated. The judge
immediately reviewed the 9-1-1 call on CourtSmart, without the benefit of a
transcript, and determined there "was no mention by the 9-1-1 caller that the
suspect was intoxicated and . . . Sloan said it." As noted by defendant in his
merits brief, that "mistake" did not affect the judge's decision. Unlike the trial
A-4233-17T4
5
inconsistencies that did not impact his decision, and determined the stop was
justified. The judge ultimately found the pat down of defendant was permissible
because the events and circumstances leading up to it provided a sufficient basis
for a protective search. Accordingly, the judge denied the suppression motion.
This appeal followed.
Our review of a trial court's decision on a suppression motion is
circumscribed. We defer to the trial court's factual and credibility findings, as
long as they are supported by sufficient credible evidence in the record. State
v. Handy, 206 N.J. 39, 44 (2011); State v. Elders, 192 N.J. 224, 243 (2007).
Deference is afforded because the "findings of the trial judge . . . are
substantially influenced by his opportunity to hear and see the witnesses and to
have the 'feel' of the case, which a reviewing court cannot enjoy." State v.
Reece, 222 N.J. 154, 166 (2015) (alteration in original) (quoting State v.
Locurto, 157 N.J. 463, 471 (1999)). We disregard a trial court's factual and
credibility findings only if clearly mistaken. State v. Hubbard, 222 N.J. 249,
judge, however, we were provided with a copy of the transcript of the hearing,
which included the 9-1-1 call played at the hearing. The transcript reveals, in
pertinent part, that the caller stated, "he's shooting in the sky, he's drunk."
(Emphasis added). As noted above, it is unclear from the record whether Sloan
was privy to that communication. However, Sloan testified that his "initial
perception from what the dispatcher stated was that the suspect was under the
influence."
A-4233-17T4
6
262 (2015). The legal conclusions of the trial court, however, are reviewed de
novo. Id. at 263.
In this case, defendant primarily contends "[t]he quality and quantity of
information . . . do not amount to reasonable suspicion." To support his
argument, defendant claims his clothing and the location of his arrest did not
match the 9-1-1 caller's description; Sloan failed to corroborate the allegation
that defendant had pointed a gun at the caller; and Sloan's knowledge that
defendant was "known to carry weapons" was unreliable. Like the trial judge,
we reject defendant's contentions.
Fundamentally, a police officer has a right "to conduct a brief,
investigatory stop." State v. Morrison, 322 N.J. Super. 147, 151-52 (App. Div.
1999); see also Terry, 392 U.S. at 20-21. An investigative or so-called Terry
stop does not require probable cause to believe a person has committed or is
about to commit an offense. State v. Nishina, 175 N.J. 502, 510-11 (2003).
Rather, "[a] police officer may conduct an investigatory stop if, based on the
totality of the circumstances, the officer ha[s] a reasonable and particularized
suspicion to believe that an individual has just engaged in, or was about to
engage in, criminal activity." State v. Stovall, 170 N.J. 346, 356 (2002) (citing
Terry, 392 U.S. at 21). In determining whether an investigative detention is
A-4233-17T4
7
justified under the reasonable suspicion standard, "a court must consider the
'totality of the circumstances—the whole picture.'" Id. at 361 (quoting United
States v. Cortez, 449 U.S. 411, 417 (1981)).
Where, as here, an "anonymous tip is conveyed through a 9-1-1 call and
contains sufficient information to trigger public safety concerns and to provide
an ability to identify the person, a police officer may undertake an investigatory
stop of that individual." State v. Gamble, 218 N.J. 412, 429 (2014). That is
because courts treat anonymous 9-1-1 calls as more reliable than other
anonymous tips, owing to "technological and regulatory features of the 9-1-1
system which safeguard against false reports." Id. at 430.
The stop in this case was based on Sloan's belief that an "older white male"
had "pointed a firearm at another individual" who might "be intoxicated."
Although, as the trial judge aptly observed, the 9-1-1 caller did not describe
defendant with "pinpoint" accuracy, the caller's description "somewhat
described . . . defendant." That description, contrary to defendant's argument,
was corroborated by the events that quickly transpired after Sloan was
dispatched to the scene.
Specifically, in the seconds it took Sloan to arrive there, he did not
encounter anyone other than defendant and the individual standing in front of
A-4233-17T4
8
the bar. Sloan "[i]mmediately" recognized defendant, a white male who
appeared to be in his sixties, wearing a "gray-greenish" shirt. Given the darkness
of the hour, it was reasonable for Sloan to conclude "at the time [the shirt
defendant was wearing] fit the description" given by the caller. Moreover, based
on information recently received from his sergeant, Sloan had a height ened
sense of awareness that defendant was known to carry weapons. Defendant's
bloodshot eyes and slurred speech also corroborated the caller's tip that the
suspect was drunk.
From our review of the record, we conclude the totality of the
circumstances supports the judge's conclusion that a reasonable articulable
suspicion existed to stop defendant. Indeed, the "whole picture" underscores
Sloan's belief that defendant had "just engaged in, or was about to engage in,
criminal activity." Stovall, 170 N.J. at 356, 361 (citation omitted). We are thus
satisfied the judge's factual findings are substantially supported by sufficient
credible evidence in the record. Those findings were based on the judge's
assessment of the demeanor of the witness as he testified, and the judge's feel of
the case. Accordingly, we defer to his findings. Reece, 222 N.J. at 166.
Further, we agree with the trial judge that "[g]iven the information
available to . . . Sloan, an objectively reasonable person would believe that he
A-4233-17T4
9
[was] dealing with an armed and dangerous individual. Therefore, [Sloan] was
well within his powers under Terry to conduct the pat[-]down search of . . .
defendant." See State v. Richards, 351 N.J. Super. 289, 299 (App. Div. 2002)
(quoting Terry, 392 U.S. at 24) (once stopped, an officer is permitted to "conduct
a reasonable search for weapons if he is 'justified in believing that the individual
whose suspicious behavior he is investigating at close range is armed and
presently dangerous to the officer or to others'").
Predicated upon the officer's understanding of the 9-1-1 call made to the
Harrison Police Department, as relayed by the dispatch officer, and corroborated
by his observations of defendant upon their encounter, it was objectively
reasonable for Sloan to suspect defendant was armed with a handgun. Given the
totality of the circumstances presented, we therefore conclude the pat-down
search was lawful. State v. Roach, 172 N.J. 19, 27 (2002). 6
Affirmed.
6
Arguably, Sloan's pat down of defendant also was supported by his
observations of the knife protruding from defendant's shorts even before the
officer began his search for weapons. See State v. Basil, 202 N.J. 570, 585
(2010); State v. O'Neal, 190 N.J. 601, 612 (2007) (probable cause is a fluid
concept, requiring a common sense approach).
A-4233-17T4
10