NOT FOR PUBLICATION WITHOUT THE
APPROVAL OF THE APPELLATE DIVISION
This opinion shall not "constitute precedent or be binding upon any court." Although it is posted on the
internet, this opinion is binding only on the parties in the case and its use in other cases is limited. R. 1:36-3.
SUPERIOR COURT OF NEW JERSEY
APPELLATE DIVISION
DOCKET NO. A-3442-16T3
STATE OF NEW JERSEY,
Plaintiff-Respondent,
v.
DENNIS W. POZNIAK,
Defendant-Appellant.
_____________________________
Argued January 22, 2019 – Decided March 11, 2019
Before Judges Messano and Rose.
On appeal from Superior Court of New Jersey, Law
Division, Burlington County, Indictment No. 15-07-
0872.
Timothy S. Farrow argued the cause for appellant (Dash
Farrow, LLP, attorneys; Timothy S. Farrow, on the
briefs).
Alexis R. Agre, Assistant Prosecutor, argued the cause
for respondent (Scott A. Coffina, Burlington County
Prosecutor, attorney; Alexis R. Agre, of counsel and on
the brief).
PER CURIAM
At 9:06 a.m. on January 31, 2015, Burlington County Central
Communications received a 9-1-1 call from B.W. 1 B.W. shared a home with her
father, sister, and her sister's boyfriend, defendant Dennis W. Pozniak. B.W.
reported her sister was bleeding and in a lifeless condition on the living room
couch, and her father's lifeless and bloody body was on the bed in his room.
B.W. did not know if defendant was still in the house. Police arrived and, after
confirming B.W.'s sister and father were deceased, proceeded upstairs and found
defendant in a locked bedroom, lying in bed with covers drawn. Defendant had
lacerations on his arms, legs, feet, and neck, some of which were still bleeding,
and, when questioned by police, said he had cut himself. Police asked if
defendant had "hurt the others"; he admitted he had. 2 Police took defendant into
custody and transported him to the hospital.
After hours of processing the scene, investigators found the murder
weapon, a pipe wrench, hidden under a television stand in the living room. The
1
We use initials when possible to maintain the confidentiality of the victims
and their family.
2
At trial, one of the officers testified to these statements by defendant.
Defendant's responses in the transcript from the audible portion of the body
camera recording, however, were "indecipherable."
A-3442-16T3
2
medical examiner, Dr. Ian Hood, testified that both victims died of blunt force
trauma to the head caused by multiple, forceful blows with a heavy object.
A jury convicted defendant of two counts of first-degree murder, N.J.S.A.
2C:11-3(a)(1) and (2), as well as one count of third-degree possession a weapon
with unlawful intent, N.J.S.A. 2C:39-4(d), and one count of fourth-degree
unlawful possession of a weapon, N.J.S.A. 2C:39-5(d). After denying
defendant's motion for a new trial and ordering appropriate mergers, the judge
sentenced defendant to two consecutive thirty-year terms of imprisonment, each
with thirty years' parole ineligibility.
Before us, defendant raises the following points on appeal:
POINT ONE
THE TRIAL COURT ERRED IN DENYING
DEFENDANT'S REQUEST TO CHARGE THE JURY
WITH LESSER-INCLUDED OFFENSES.
POINT TWO
THE TRIAL [COURT] ERRED BY GRANTING THE
STATE'S MOTION TO REDACT DEFENDANT'S
STATEMENT, SINCE THE REDACTED
STATEMENT MISREPRESENTED THE FULL . . .
STATEMENT.
POINT THREE
THE TRIAL COURT ERRED BY DENYING
DEFENDANT'S MOTION TO INTRODUCE HIS
A-3442-16T3
3
PRIOR STATEMENTS CONCERNING HIS STATE
OF MIND AS PERMITTED UNDER [N.J.R.E.]
803(c)(3).
POINT FOUR
THE TRIAL COURT ERRED IN FAILING TO
FURTHER INQUIRE OR POLL THE JURY
REGARDING ITS NOTE ALLEGING JUROR
MISCONDUCT.
POINT FIVE
THE TRIAL COURT ERRED AS A MATTER OF
LAW IN ITS DECISION TO REJECT THE
DEFENSE'S MOTION TO DISMISS THE
INDICTMENT.
A. THE PROSECUTOR IMPROPERLY
COMMENTED ON THE WEIGHT AND
SUFFICIENCY OF THE EVIDENCE AT
THE GRAND JURY PROCEEDING.
B. [THE] PROSECUTOR FAILED TO
PRESENT CLEARLY EXCULPABLE
EVIDENCE TO THE GRAND JURY.
C. THE PROSECUTOR FAILED TO
INSTRUCT THE GRAND JURY AS [TO]
THE DEFENSES OF INTOXICATION
AND MENTAL DISEASE OR DEFECT.
A-3442-16T3
4
I.
A.
The sole issue in the case was defendant's mental state at the time of the
murders. The State contended that defendant grew increasingly upset at his
girlfriend for permitting her father, who suffered from alcoholism, to remain in
the home. The State also argued that defendant began to suspect that his
girlfriend no longer saw a long-term future in their relationship and was about
to ask defendant to leave the home.
The State's case was bolstered by the testimony of friends and family
members, as well as numerous text messages, beginning a week before the
murders, in which defendant expressed frustration and outright anger at his
girlfriend's father and the disruption his presence brought to the household. In
response to one of the messages, defendant's brother said it sounded as if
defendant planned to kill someone. In text messages sent late on the night of
the murders to his mother, brother, and cousin, defendant spoke ominously of
suicidal thoughts. Defendant sent his mother a text in which he identified a
small plastic case in which he had placed money, his digital camera, pictures of
his daughter and other valuables, and told his mother where it would be if
"something were to happen" to him.
A-3442-16T3
5
The State also recovered Google searches defendant ran that night seeking
information as to how much Xanax and other drugs he would need to ingest to
commit suicide.
Additionally, largely through forensic evidence, the State was able to
argue that defendant carefully planned the murders, silently going into his
girlfriend's father's room, closing the door behind him, and killing the man as he
slept. According to the State's theory, defendant then went downstairs and killed
his girlfriend as she lay sleeping on the sofa. The State submitted that defendant
carefully tried to hide the murder weapon and, only then, retreated to his room
to inflict numerous, albeit non-fatal, wounds to himself.
After conducting a pre-trial N.J.R.E. 104(c) hearing, the judge ruled that
defendant voluntarily gave a statement to police at the hospital after waiving his
Miranda3 rights. The jury heard a redacted version of the statement, in which
defendant told police he tried to commit suicide by cutting himself and taking
large amounts of prescription drugs that he had on hand, as well as drinking a
large amount of wine. Defendant expressed anger at his girlfriend's father and
the trouble he caused because of his inability to stay sober. Defendant was hurt
3
Miranda v. Arizona, 384 U.S. 436 (1966).
A-3442-16T3
6
that his girlfriend sided with her father and told defendant that she would have
to take care of her family for the rest of her life. Defendant never admitted to
the killings, nor, in the redacted version of the statement, was he asked.4
Through his own testimony, that of his mother, father, the mother of his
daughter and two experts, defendant sought to establish his long-standing
history of substance abuse and mental illness, including suicide attempts and
drug abuse beginning in adolescence. Defendant recalled trying to commit
suicide on the night in question, but he did not recall anything about the murders.
Defendant also testified to delusional behavior during the days leading up to the
homicides, as well as a hallucination in the past.
Dr. Leland Mosby, a clinical and forensic psychologist, testified that
defendant suffered from a "major depressive disorder with psychotic features"
and a "personality disorder with paranoia and schizotypal features." Dr. Mosby
explained these mental illnesses "impaired [defendant's] ability to form intent
and intentionally to harm people, to harm the victims." However, contrary to
the numerous text messages defendant sent on the night of the murders and
4
We address below the argument defendant raises in Point Two. It suffices at
this point to say that in redacted portions of the statement, defendant implied he
believed his girlfriend was still alive and outside his hospital room.
A-3442-16T3
7
defendant's own testimony, Dr. Mosby also opined that defendant lacked the
intent to commit suicide.
Dr. Gary Lage, an expert in toxicology and pharmacology, testified
primarily from his interview of defendant. He opined that defendant likely
suffered the effects of intoxication from the wine and drugs he ingested, such
that "his cognitive ability, his thought processes" "would not have been able to
form the intent to injure himself" or the victims. However, Dr. Lage's opinion
was compromised when the prosecutor asked him to assume the State's version
of the sequence of events. Dr. Lage acknowledged those facts would mean
defendant took the drugs "after the fact" and would change the doctor's opinion
about defendant's lack of intent.
It suffices to say for our purposes that the State's case on rebuttal attacked
the conclusions of both defense experts. The prosecutor recalled Dr. Hood, who
testified that the toxicological results from blood drawn from defendant at the
hospital showed no traces of alcohol. Although there were traces of prescription
drugs in defendant's system, Dr. Hood opined this was possible because of
defendant's admitted longstanding substance abuse. Dr. Hood also opined that
if defendant was as intoxicated as Dr. Lage said he most likely was, defendant
would have been unable to execute the murders in such a deliberate fashion. Dr.
A-3442-16T3
8
Steven Simring, a forensic psychiatrist, testified that defendant neither suffered
from any mental illnesses, nor did he possess a diminished capacity to
understand his actions.
During the charge conference, defendant asked the judge to instruct the
jury on aggravated manslaughter, manslaughter and passion/provocation
manslaughter. The State objected, arguing the evidence presented no set of facts
demonstrating that defendant acted recklessly or in the heat of passion after a
reasonable provocation. 5
The judge denied the request. In a comprehensive oral opinion, the judge
reviewed numerous decisions and detailed the State's evidence. In particular,
the judge noted the evidence showed that defendant found the wrench from
somewhere in the house; went into the bedroom, closed the door, and struck his
girlfriend's father in the "most vulnerable area" with "perfect aim"; then left and
went to another part of the house to strike his girlfriend multiple times on the
head, "where death is likely to occur." Comparing the model jury charges on
recklessness, which requires a showing of a "conscious disregard of a substantial
5
Defendant's brief does not argue it was error to deny a charge on
passion/provocation manslaughter. We do not consider the issue further. See
Sklodowsky v. Lushis, 417 N.J. Super. 648, 657 (App. Div. 2011) ("An issue
not briefed on appeal is deemed waived.").
A-3442-16T3
9
and justifiable risk," and "knowing serious bodily injury murder," the judge
concluded there was no rational basis for a jury to "acquit [defendant] of . . .
purposeful and knowing [murder] and find . . . reckless [conduct] under these
factual circumstances[.]"
However, without objection, the judge did instruct the jury on both
voluntary intoxication and diminished capacity using the model charges. See
Model Jury Charges (Criminal), "Intoxication negating element of the offense
(N.J.S.A. 2C:2-8(a))," (rev. Oct. 18, 2005); Model Jury Charges (Criminal),
"Evidence of mental disease or defect (N.J.S.A. 2C:4-2)," (rev. June 5, 2006). 6
Because the judge provided these charges without charging any lesser-included
offenses of murder, the jury had to either convict defendant of the murders or
otherwise acquit him.
6
Because she concluded the facts did not support any lesser-included offenses,
the judge did not provide the jury with Model Jury Charge (Criminal), "Effect
of intoxication on jury's consideration of lesser offenses involving recklessness
(N.J.S.A. 2C:2-8(b))," (Feb. 27, 1989). That model charge reflects a provision
of our Criminal Code, "N.J.S.A. 2C:2-8(b)[, which] precludes the admission of
evidence of self-induced intoxication to disprove recklessness." State v. Baum,
224 N.J. 147, 162 (2016). We note that the State did not argue at trial, and does
not contend before us, that the evidence did not support providing the voluntary
intoxication and diminished capacity instructions to the jury.
A-3442-16T3
10
B.
We can present no better summary of the law and our standard of review
than Justice Timpone recently did in State v. Carrero, 229 N.J. 118 (2017).
N.J.S.A. 2C:1-8(e) mandates that "[t]he court
shall not charge the jury with respect to an included
offense unless there is a rational basis for a verdict
convicting the defendant of the included offense."
Accordingly, when a defendant requests a jury
instruction on a lesser-included offense and is denied
the requested instruction, an appellate court reviews the
denial of that request, determining whether "the
evidence presents a rational basis on which the jury
could [1] acquit the defendant of the greater charge and
[2] convict the defendant of the lesser." If such a
rational basis exists, a trial court's failure to give the
requested instruction is reversible error.
The rational-basis test sets a low threshold. A
defendant is entitled to a lesser-included offense
instruction rationally supported by the evidence, even
if the instruction is inconsistent with the defense theory.
In deciding whether the rational-basis test has been
satisfied, the trial court must view the evidence in the
light most favorable to the defendant.
[Id. at 128 (alterations in original) (quoting State v.
Brent, 137 N.J. 107, 113, 117 (1994)).]
The issue is simple; did the evidence viewed in a light most favorable to
defendant provide a rational basis for the jury to conclude he acted recklessly?
We conclude it did, and therefore, we are compelled to reverse and remand the
matter for a new trial.
A-3442-16T3
11
C.
We preface our remarks by making clear that there was more than
sufficient evidence for the jury to conclude beyond a reasonable doubt that
defendant acted purposely or knowingly in killing the two victims. Furthermore,
we express no opinion whatsoever about the credibility or persuasiveness of
defendant's proofs. That is not our function.
With the exception of felony murder, N.J.S.A. 2C:11-3(a)(3), to be guilty
of murder, a defendant must purposely or knowingly cause death or serious
bodily injury resulting in death. N.J.S.A. 2C:11-3(a)(1) and (2). Homicide
constitutes aggravated manslaughter when the defendant "recklessly causes
death under circumstances manifesting extreme indifference to human life,"
N.J.S.A. 2C:11-4(a)(1), or manslaughter when the homicide is "committed
recklessly." N.J.S.A. 2C:11-4(b)(1) (emphasis added).
The distinction between the two [forms of
manslaughter] turns on the degree of probability that
the death will result from the defendant's conduct.
When it is probable that death will result from that
conduct, the standard for aggravated manslaughter is
met . . . . However, when it is only possible that death
will result, the homicide constitutes reckless
manslaughter.
[State v. Galicia, 210 N.J. 364, 378 (2012) (citations
omitted).]
A-3442-16T3
12
"A person acts recklessly with respect to a material element of an offense when
he consciously disregards a substantial and unjustifiable risk that the material
element exists or will result from his conduct." N.J.S.A. 2C:2-2(b)(3). "The
element of criminal recklessness differs from knowing culpability, N.J.S.A.
2C:2-2(b)(2), in that the latter requires a greater degree of certainty that a
particular result will occur." State v. Williams, 190 N.J. 114, 123 (2007)
(citations omitted).
"The Criminal Code authorizes a defendant to present evidence of a
mental disease or defect to 'negate the presence of an essential mental element
of the crime . . . .'" Baum, 224 N.J. at 160 (citing State v. Rivera, 205 N.J. 472,
487 (2011)); see also N.J.S.A. 2C:4-2. "This defense 'was designed by the
Legislature not as a justification or an excuse, nor as a matter of diminished or
partial responsibility, but as a factor bearing on the presence or absence of an
essential element of the crime as designated by the Code.'" Ibid. (quoting State
v. Breakiron, 108 N.J. 591, 608 (1987)).
A defendant may raise a diminished capacity
defense if (1) he or she "has presented evidence of a
mental disease or defect that interferes with cognitive
ability sufficient to prevent or interfere with the
formation of the requisite intent or mens rea[,]" and (2)
"the record contains evidence that the claimed
deficiency did affect the defendant's cognitive capacity
A-3442-16T3
13
to form the mental state necessary for the commission
of the crime."
[Id. at 160-61 (quoting State v. Galloway, 133 N.J. 631,
647 (1993)).]
"Evidence of intoxication may be introduced to disprove that a defendant
acted 'purposely' or 'knowingly,' but not to disprove that he acted 'recklessly.'"
State v. Juinta, 224 N.J. Super. 711, 722 (App. Div. 1988) (citing State v.
Warren, 104 N.J. 571, 575-576 (1986); citing State v. Cameron, 104 N.J. 42
(1986)); see also N.J.S.A. 2C:2-8(a). The evidence must provide "a rational
basis for the conclusion that defendant's 'faculties' were so 'prostrated' that he or
she was incapable of forming an intent to commit the crime." State v. R.T., 411
N.J. Super. 35, 46-47 (App. Div. 2009) (quoting State v. Mauricio, 117 N.J. 402,
418-19 (1990)). As Judge Stern explained in Juinta,
while diminished capacity is in many ways analogous
to intoxication, voluntary intoxication does not excuse
reckless conduct only because of the wording of
N.J.S.A. 2C:2-8[(b),] which provides that '[w]hen
recklessness establishes an element of the offense, if
the actor, due to self-induced intoxication, is unaware
of a risk of which he would have been aware had he
been sober, such unawareness is immaterial.'
[224 N.J. Super. at 722.]
Diminished capacity, however, can negate the mental state of recklessness. Id.
at 724.
A-3442-16T3
14
The trial judge correctly noted that evidence of intoxication or diminished
capacity does not compel submission of the lesser-included offenses of
aggravated manslaughter or manslaughter to the jury. See, e.g., State v.
Ramseur, 106 N.J. 123, 269 (1987) ("A charge on a lesser-included offense
cannot be automatically given to a jury when the defense of diminished capacity
is raised by a defendant."). "[I]f the proofs support only a conviction of murder
or acquittal, any lesser degree of homicide should not be charged as a possible
verdict." State v. Sanchez, 224 N.J. Super. 231, 239 (App. Div. 1988) (citing
State v. Selby, 183 N.J. Super. 273, 280 (App. Div. 1981)).
In denying defendant's request to submit the lesser-included manslaughter
charges, the judge reviewed a number of cases from this court and concluded
that the nature and circumstances of the killings in this case did not rationally
support a finding that defendant acted with a "conscious disregard of a
substantial and unjustifiable risk" that his actions would cause death. For
example, she cited State v. Micheliche, where we rejected a claim of error in
failing to provide the charge on aggravated manslaughter because there was no
evidence that the defendant's intoxication caused a prostration of the faculties
sufficient to defeat the mental state, and the murder was "appalling[ly] sever[e]."
220 N.J. Super. 532, 543 (1987). However, while the homicides in this case
A-3442-16T3
15
were gruesome and clearly supported the conclusion they were committed with
purpose or knowledge, unlike the defendant in Micheliche, defendant himself
testified and provided expert support for his claims.
The judge also cited our decisions in State v. Hammond, 338 N.J. Super.
330 (App. Div. 2001), and State v. Mance, 300 N.J. Super. 37 (App. Div. 1997),
for the proposition that the purposeful nature of the murders precluded
instructions as to crimes that require only a reckless mental state. However,
there was no mitigating evidence of diminished capacity or intoxication adduced
in those cases. See Hammond, 338 N.J. Super. at 333-37; Mance, 300 N.J.
Super. at 44-47.
Despite the apparent purposeful nature of the homicidal act or acts, several
cases have nevertheless accepted that the judge properly charged the jury with
lesser-included homicide offenses in light of evidence of diminished capacity or
intoxication. This reflects a basic premise: "evidence that the accused had a
diminished capacity at the time of the crime is relevant in determining whether
it is appropriate to charge aggravated manslaughter and manslaughter as
lesser[-]included offenses." State v. Washington, 223 N.J. Super. 367, 375
(App. Div. 1988).
A-3442-16T3
16
For example, in Warren, the defendant shot his former paramour "with
'military precision,'" by firing three shots, two of which hit her, after calling her
over to his parked car. 104 N.J. 571, 573-74. Although not testifying, defendant
asserted intoxication as a defense through family and expert testimony. Id. at
574. The trial judge charged the jury with murder, as well as aggravated
manslaughter, manslaughter and passion/provocation manslaughter, and
provided instructions on intoxication. Id. at 573-75. However, the judge
"neglected to relate the intoxication defense to the manslaughter" offenses. Id.
at 575.
While not directly addressing whether the facts supported instructions on
aggravated manslaughter or manslaughter, the Court nonetheless noted that the
effect of the trial court's oversight was to "permit[] the jury to believe that
defendant's intoxication prevented a conviction for manslaughter. In effect, the
court unintentionally prevented defendant's conviction on the lesser[-]included
offenses of aggravated manslaughter or manslaughter, and forced the jur y to
choose between a murder conviction and an acquittal." Id. at 578. We assume,
therefore, that in ordering a new trial, the Court concluded the evidence could
support a conviction premised on reckless conduct, despite the deliberate nature
of the defendant's fatal assault.
A-3442-16T3
17
In Juinta, the defendant was convicted of aggravated manslaughter as a
lesser-included offense of murder. 224 N.J. Super. at 713. The defendant
brutally stabbed his girlfriend and carefully cleaned and hid the knife afterwards.
Id. at 716-18. The defendant presented expert testimony in support of his
insanity defense; he told police he heard voices prior to the killing and dreamed
of stabbing the victim. Id. at 717. Once again, although we did not explicitly
consider whether the evidence could support a charge of reckless homicide, we
concluded it was plain error not to provide instructions on diminished capacity
and remanded for a new trial. Id. at 720-21.
We directly addressed the issue of whether the evidence could support a
verdict of aggravated manslaughter or manslaughter in Washington. There, the
defendant stabbed his wife thirty times all over her body, which, when found by
a neighbor in the couple's car, still had the knife protruding from her neck. 223
N.J. Super. at 370. Through the testimony of experts and family members, the
defendant posited the possibility that he stabbed his wife during an epileptic
seizure. Id. at 371. During a psychiatric hospitalization that immediately
followed his arrest, the defendant "expressed a lack of awareness that his wife
was dead and appeared to be utterly surprised when told that she was dead and
that he probably had killed her." Ibid. Although he subsequently provided more
A-3442-16T3
18
details of the events, the defendant had virtually no recollection of the actual
killing. Ibid.
The judge provided instructions on diminished capacity but denied the
defendant's request to charge manslaughter as a lesser-included offense. Id. at
372. In reversing the defendant's conviction, Judge Skillman wrote:
[T]he trial court was required to charge the jury
regarding the lesser[-]included offenses of aggravated
manslaughter and manslaughter. There was evidence
presented that defendant was suffering from an
epileptic seizure at the time of the crime and that he was
unaware of and unable to control his actions. If the jury
had accepted this testimony in its entirety, it could have
acquitted defendant by reason of insanity. However,
the jury also could have concluded that defendant
lacked the cognitive faculties to have acted "purposely"
or "knowingly" but that he retained a sufficient
awareness of what he was doing and control over his
actions to have acted with a "conscious disregard of a
substantial and unjustifiable risk."
[Id. at 375-76.]
These cases demonstrate that the nature and circumstances of a fatal
assault may not, in and of themselves, serve as the basis to deny a request for
lesser-included offenses if the evidence, viewed in a light most favorable to
defendant, supports the charge. When a defendant has established some
evidence to support a diminished capacity defense or intoxication defense, as he
did in this case, that evidence is critical in deciding whether to submit the lesser-
A-3442-16T3
19
included offense to the jury. Washington, 223 N.J. Super. at 375. "'[I]f on the
evidence it would not be idle to have the jury decide' whether defendant had
committed the lesser-included offense, it is error not to charge that offense."
State v. Tucker, 265 N.J. Super. 296, 229-30 (App. Div. 1993) (quoting State v.
Crisantos, 102 N.J. 265, 278 (1986)), aff'd, 137 N.J. 259 (1994).
Without passing on its credibility, which is, of course, solely the jury's
province, the testimony viewed in a light most favorable to defendant
demonstrated a life of failed suicide attempts and efforts to "kick" his substance
abuse habit. In the fall of 2014, while living with the victims, he relapsed into
heroin use and attempted suicide, after which he was hospitalized. Although
fully cognizant of the need to treat his mental illness, he did not. Defendant also
described a visual hallucination that occurred shortly after his hospitalization.
By early January 2015, defendant was taking Suboxone, Valium, Xanax
and Adderall, before work, at work, and in order to sleep. Defendant described
a delusion, in which he believed there was a large amount of money hidden in
the woods behind his house and went out to look for it. Another time, he took
"a large quantity of Xanax or something" and found himself "laying in the snow
in the woods."
A-3442-16T3
20
For at least one week before the homicides, defendant began sending text
messages that directly alluded to his suicidal thoughts. Defendant said he
thought he was "losing control" and began having delusions that certain people
were working against him. He described feeling rage at work directed toward a
woman who he believed made up false stories about him at the job site. Some
of the text messages could infer, as the prosecutor asserted, defendant's hostility
toward both victims. In one, defendant described B.W.'s father as "the devil"
and described his "offspring" as devils, ending the text with the question, "When
does the cycle stop?"
Defendant described hallucinations at work, and an auditory hallucination
at home in which he thought B.W. and her father were plotting to kidnap his
daughter. The testimony of Dr. Mosby described defendant's chronic delusional
thinking, his "[s]ubstance induced psychosis disorder," and the effect
defendant's drug ingestion on the night of the murders had on defendant's
"[]ability to understand what's going on with his delusions."
Defendant testified his intention was to take a mix of wine and drugs to
make it easier to commit suicide. However, it is clear from these prior incidents
and others that defendant was aware of the risk that the combination of drugs
and his mental illness posed to his ability to control his behavior. According to
A-3442-16T3
21
the expert testimony, during these psychotic episodes, defendant was unable to
understand what was happening.
We are compelled to conclude that a jury could reasonably find that in
deciding to ingest what he claimed were large amounts of a potent mixture of
drugs and alcohol, defendant "consciously disregard[ed] a substantial and
unjustifiable risk that [death would] result from his conduct." N.J.S.A. 2C:2-
2(b)(3). Certainly, the proofs "leave room for dispute" on that issue, Tucker,
265 N.J. Super. 330 (citing State v. Sinclair, 49 N.J. 525, 540 (1967)), and
therefore the lesser-included offenses of aggravated manslaughter and
manslaughter should have been submitted to the jury. We reluctantly reverse
and remand the matter for a new trial.
II.
We address the issues raised in Points Two and Three for guidance in the
event of a retrial.
As noted, the judge permitted the State to admit certain portions of the
audio-recorded statement defendant made to Detectives Pallante and Thompson
at the hospital after he was taken from the scene of the homicides. The State
moved in limine to admit only a small portion of the entire statement; these
portions were, without doubt, relevant to establish a motive for the killings.
A-3442-16T3
22
Defendant, however, objected and asked that the judge admit the entire
statement, arguing it was admissible under the doctrine of testimonial
completeness. See N.J.R.E. 106. The judge ordered the prosecutor to include a
short portion of the statement wherein defendant stated he tried to commit
suicide, and otherwise granted the State's motion.
In Point II, defendant argues he should have been permitted to introduce
portions of the statement in which he detailed his mental and substance abuse
history and previous suicide attempts and ideations. We disagree.
N.J.R.E. 106 provides: "When a writing . . . or part thereof is introduced
by a party, an adverse party may require the introduction at that time of any
other part or any other writing . . . which in fairness ought to be considered
contemporaneously." The requested portion "may be required to be read if it is
necessary to (1) explain the admitted portion, (2) place the admitted portion in
context, (3) avoid misleading the trier of fact, or (4) insure a fair and impartial
understanding." State v. Lozada, 257 N.J. Super. 260, 272 (App. Div. 1992)
(quoting United States v. Soures, 736 F.2d 87, 91 (3d Cir. 1984)). "The rule
exists 'to permit the trier of the facts to have laid before it all that was said at the
same time upon the same subject matter.'" State v. Underwood, 286 N.J. Super.
129, 140 (App. Div. 1995) (quoting State v. Gomez, 246 N.J. Super. 209, 217
A-3442-16T3
23
(1991)). We review the trial judge's decision in this regard for a mistaken
exercise of discretion. Lozada, 257 N.J. Super. at 272.
Here, the judge admitted a portion of the statement in which defendant
told the detectives about his suicide attempt, properly concluding that limited
portion placed into context why defendant was in the hospital. However, much
of the rest of the statement that detailed defendant's drug abuse and mental health
issues was not relevant to the portions the State sought to admit, nor was i t
necessary to place the admitted portions in context or to prevent the jury from
being misled. We agree the judge did not mistakenly exercise her discretion in
denying the admission of the majority of the remainder of defendant's statement.
However, in a portion of the statement the judge permitted to be redacted,
detectives asked defendant directly why he killed the victims; defendant denied
the accusation. At another point, defendant expressed belief that his girlfriend
was alive and waiting for him outside the room. It was a mistaken exercise of
discretion to exclude these from the redacted statement because, although self -
serving, they clearly placed the State's proffered reason for admission of
portions of the statement — proof of motive for the homicides — in context.
Excluding those portions of the statement provided the jury with an unfair and
only partial understanding of the admitted portion of defendant's statement. If
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the case is retried, and the State seeks to introduce the same parts of defendant's
statement, the judge shall also admit those portions in which defendant denies
committing the crimes or otherwise expresses a belief that the victims are still
alive.7
Defendant also argues the judge erred in excluding portions of the
statement demonstrating his confused state during the questioning. For
example, at one point, defendant told detectives he took a whole bottle of Valium
and was "seeing four of your eyes right now." At another point, when detectives
asked defendant to consent to collection of his DNA, he responded, "Do you
think I'm in the state right now to be making any official decisions or anything
like that right now? I certainly don't feel like it." Defendant then refused to
consent and said he was waiting for his parents.
Although the judge made a preliminary determination that defendant's
statement was inadmissible, it is ultimately for the jury to decide whether the
statement was actually made and if it was credible. State v. Hampton, 61 N.J.
250, 271 (1972); see also Model Jury Charges (Criminal), "Statements of
7
We note that the judge recognized the restrictive consequence of her pre-trial
ruling during the direct examination of defendant and permitted defense counsel
some leeway in questioning defendant about whether, when speaking with
detectives, he recalled harming the victims.
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Defendant," (rev. June 14, 2010). Defendant's statements that arguably
demonstrated some mental or physical distress were critical to the jury's
function, especially when defendant's mental state was the key issue in the case.
If there is a retrial, the jury should be permitted to hear those portions of the
statement that permit a full and fair consideration of the issue.
In Point Three, defendant challenges the exclusion of statements he made
to a medical technician at the hospital who was dressing his wounds. In a pre -
trial hearing, the technician testified that while in the emergency room at the
hospital, defendant volunteered that he had taken Xanax and alcohol. Defendant
also asked for B.W., his "girlfriend." None of the information provided by
defendant was in response to questioning by the technician, and the information
was not necessary to treat defendant properly.
The judge ruled the statements to the technician were not admissible under
N.J.R.E. 803(c)(4), which generally excepts from exclusion as hearsay out -of-
court statements made for the purpose of medical diagnosis or treatment. We
agree, and that argument requires no further discussion. R. 2:11-3(e)(2).
The judge also concluded the statements were not admissible under
N.J.R.E. 803(c)(3), which excepts from the general exclusion of hearsay good
faith statements made by the declarant of his "then existing state of mind . . . ."
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She reasoned that defendant made the statement between ten and twelve hours
after the incident. This delay permitted fabrication and was not evidence of
defendant's present state of mind. See, e.g., State v. McLaughlin, 205 N.J. 185,
203 (2011) (citing State v. Long, 173 N.J. 138, 154-55 (2002)). In essence, the
judge concluded the statement was not relevant to the events surrounding the
homicides. We again agree with this analysis, as far as it goes.
Because the issue is not before us, we do not consider whether statements
made by defendant to the medical technician are independently admissible to
support his defenses of diminished capacity or intoxication if asserted at any
retrial. Hearsay is, by definition, an out-of-court statement "offered . . . to prove
the truth of the matter asserted." N.J.R.E. 801(c). Defendant's reference to B.W.
as his girlfriend was not offered to prove that she was his girlfriend, but rather
to demonstrate defendant, in a confused state, thought she was.
III.
Defendant's two remaining arguments do not require much discussion, but
we address them for the sake of completeness.
In Point Four, defendant argues the judge mistakenly exercised her
discretion in handling a note sent by a juror during deliberations, claiming
another juror was "disrespectful and rude." He contends the judge erred by
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deciding to address the jurors as a group and provide the standard Allen8 charge
to continue deliberations. Since we are reversing for other reasons, the issue is
moot. However, our review of the record leads us to conclude there was no
mistaken exercise of discretion.
In Point Five, defendant contends the judge erred by denying his pre -trial
motion to dismiss the indictment. Defendant asserted that before the grand jury,
the prosecutor: (1) "improperly commented on the weight and sufficiency of the
evidence"; (2) "failed to present clearly exculpable evidence"; and (3) "failed to
instruct the grand jury" on all defenses. The argument lacks sufficient merit to
warrant extensive discussion. R. 2:11-3(e)(2). We add only the following.
The prosecutor's comment about the time of death was fleeting and
entirely ameliorated by instructions to the grand jurors that nothing he said
constituted evidence. In addition, the prosecutor's failure to introduce evidence
of defendant's mental illness, substance abuse, and failed suicide attempt did not
violate the tenets of State v. Hogan, 144 N.J. 216 (1996). That evidence did not
directly negate guilt, nor was it clearly exculpatory. Id. at 237.
Finally, we recognize that the State has a responsibility to instruct the
grand jury on relevant defenses as a "corollary to [the] responsibility to present
8
Allen v. United States, 164 U.S. 492 (1896).
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exculpatory evidence." State v. Hogan, 336 N.J. Super. 319, 341 (App. Div.
2001). It is only when there are facts, not expert opinion, that clearly establish
the appropriateness of such an instruction that one must be given. Id. at 343-44.
A defendant must give written notice of the intention to assert diminished
capacity, Rule 3:12-1, and the diagnosis of mental illness generally must be
supported by an expert's report. The State had no obligation to instruct the grand
jury on this issue.
Defendant argues his statement and blood screens from the hospital
provided the State with evidence of intoxication, and therefore, the prosecutor
was required to provide the grand jurors with instructions. However, Rule 3:12-
1 requires notice as to this issue, too, and, more importantly, the prosecutor was
not compelled to introduce this evidence under the Hogan standard. No
instruction on intoxication to the grand jury was necessary.
Reversed and remanded for a new trial.
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