NOT FOR PUBLICATION WITHOUT THE
APPROVAL OF THE APPELLATE DIVISION
This opinion shall not "constitute precedent or be binding upon any court ." Although it is posted on the
internet, this opinion is binding only on the parties in the case and its use in other cases is limited . R. 1:36-3.
SUPERIOR COURT OF NEW JERSEY
APPELLATE DIVISION
DOCKET NO. A-2405-16T1
ALLEN S. GLUSHAKOW,
M.D., P.A.,
Plaintiff-Respondent,
v.
ANDREA KUNAK, a/k/a
ANDREA KUNAK-SHARKEY,
and CECILIA W. BLAU, ESQUIRE,
Defendants-Appellants.
______________________________
Argued October 10, 2018 – Decided March 5, 2019
Before Judges Hoffman, Suter and Firko.
On appeal from Superior Court of New Jersey, Law
Division, Essex County, Docket No. L-7032-14.
Cecilia W. Blau and Andrea Kunak, appellants, argued
the cause pro se.
James C. Mescall argued the cause for respondent
(Mescall & Acosta, PC, attorneys; James C. Mescall,
on the brief).
PER CURIAM
Defendants Andrea Kunak-Sharkey (Kunak) and Cecilia W. Blau (Blau)
appeal four orders entered in connection with a complaint filed by plaintiff Allen
S. Glushakow, M.D., P.A. arising from his medical treatment of Kunak
following a motor vehicle accident. The case was tried to a jury, which returned
a verdict in plaintiff's favor. Following entry of a judgment that included
attorney's fees and pre-judgment interest, we stayed execution pending appeal
conditioned on defendants depositing $150,000 with the Clerk. Defendants
contend the trial court erred by not allowing them to present evidence to the jury
that an underlying personal injury protection (PIP) arbitration was mishandled
and that plaintiff should be held accountable for his attorney's negligence in that
matter. They assert that a release and assignment of benefits signed by Kunak
was unenforceable. They claim plaintiff was not entitled to an award of
attorney's fees or pre-judgment interest. We affirm the judgment except for the
award of attorney's fees, which we reverse and remand for further proceedings.
I
We relate relevant facts from the underlying trial. At Kunak's first
appointment with plaintiff in July 2009, she told him "she sustained a severe
head injury" from a motor vehicle accident in 2006, had seen a number of other
doctors, "had extensive physical therapy" and "had a number of falls due to a
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balance problem." He commenced conservative treatment. An EMG study
indicated carpel tunnel syndrome.1 He performed surgery to correct this. She
had physical therapy for several months thereafter. Kunak returned to plaintiff's
office in October 2009 complaining about her back, neck and left knee. She
complained of "falling a lot as a result of a balance problem" and left knee pain.
An MRI "[s]uggested a torn meniscus" and there was "pre-existing arthritic
changes in the knee." He performed surgery to repair the torn ligament and
meniscus. In April 2011, she complained of her right knee "locking" and "back
discomfort." Plaintiff performed cartilage surgery on that knee to correct torn
cartilages. Later, he aspirated fluid from her right knee.
Kunak signed a "Release and Assignment of Benefits" when she initially
sought treatment from plaintiff in July 2009. In relevant part, it provided:
I understand that regardless of any insurance payment
or the outcome of any legal proceeding or settlement, I
am ultimately financially responsible for all charges not
otherwise paid by insurance or legal settlement or
covered by this authorization.
....
Patient is responsible to pay any debts, including
attorney fees, incurred to collect past due bills. Past
1
Plaintiff described carpel tunnel syndrome as a "nerve disorder, where the
median nerve in the wrist is injured, and you have numbness in the . . . hands as
a result."
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3
due bills are subject to interest charges at the rate of
[one and one-half percent] per month.
A month later, she signed an "Agreement For Payment Of Outstanding
Bill." The Agreement stated, in pertinent part, as follows:
In consideration of withholding immediate legal action
against me for collection of my outstanding bill for
medical services rendered, I hereby agree to make a
minimum payment of $50.00 at the end of treatment and
direct my attorney, Cecilia Blau, Esq., to pay any such
outstanding medical bill . . . from the proceeds of any
settlement or judgment in any case or claim pending on
my behalf . . . . I understand, however, that my
obligation to pay this outstanding bill is in no way
contingent upon the outcome of any pending litigation
and that I remain primarily responsible for payment of
this outstanding bill irrespective of the outcome of any
such litigation.
Shortly after this, Blau executed a conditional letter of protection, which
stated, "[y]ou may consider this a letter of protection whereby if there is a
recovery for unpaid services rendered in this case, your bill will be protected."
The agreement was "conditioned [on] your submitting timely statements and
proper billing forms to the appropriate insurance companies."
Kunak's insurer questioned whether some or all of the medical treatment
she received from plaintiff and other medical providers was related to the 2006
automobile accident and submitted the matter to a dispute resolution arbitration.
The PIP arbitration was conducted telephonically by a dispute resolution
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professional. Plaintiff was represented by counsel, but not by Blau, who
represented Kunak for her personal injury claim.
Plaintiff took the position in the arbitration that Kunak's carpel tunnel was
"an aggravation of a previous condition" that was related to the 2006 car
accident. He also claimed her knee problems were causally related to the same
accident because of her frequent falls and balance disorder. Plaintiff submitted
a report from Dr. Park who claimed Kunak's knee problems were attributable to
the 2006 accident, although Dr. Park did not testify at the arbitration. Kunak
testified about her injuries.
The arbitrator found the 2006 car accident aggravated Kunak's pre-
existing carpal tunnel syndrome and awarded plaintiff his medical fees for that
treatment. However, he found Kunak's knee injuries were not related to the
accident because she had additional falls after her balance problems were
resolved. He denied plaintiff an award for those fees. Plaintiff's application to
modify or clarify the arbitrator's decision was denied because it "simply
reargu[ed] the evidence submitted in th[e] matter."
In July 2014, plaintiff filed a breach of contract complaint against Kunak
and Blau seeking a monetary judgment of $26,635.32 plus counsel fees, interest
and costs for the knee surgeries that were denied payment in the arbitration. By
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this time, Kunak had settled the personal injury claim that Blau was handling
for her for $160,000, and the monies were being held by Blau in a trust account.
Plaintiff's complaint alleged Kunak agreed to pay a "fair and reasonable amount"
for his services, had not done so and, as such, breached their contract. The
complaint alleged that Blau breached the letter of protection by not paying
plaintiff.
Defendants' answer denied they owed plaintiff any compensation for
treatment. In their separate defenses, defendants claimed the PIP arbitration was
mishandled and that negligence caused the loss to plaintiff. There were no
counterclaims, cross-claims or third-party complaints.
Plaintiff's motion for summary judgment was granted in part and denied
in part. Although Blau's 2009 letter of protection was found to be a "legally
binding contract between plaintiff and defendants," material fact issues existed
about plaintiff's invoice that detailed the "medical services [he] performed on
[Kunak] and payments made by the PIP carrier," which precluded summary
judgment. The case proceeded to trial.2
2
Blau was disqualified from representing Kunak at the trial. Both defendants
were self-represented.
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The jury found that plaintiff and Kunak had a contract, Kunak breached
it, plaintiff was not negligent in connection with the arbitration, and Blau
breached her contract with plaintiff. The jury also found that the "usual,
customary and reasonable fee for the medical services provided by plaintiff" was
$24,359.47. On November 28, 2016, the court entered an order that plaintiff's
counsel fees and interest were to be determined by motion. The order stated that
upon determination of that motion, a final judgment "shall" provide that
judgment would be entered for $24,359.47 in favor of plaintiff against Kunak
and that Blau was to release to plaintiff and his attorney $24,359.47 of the funds
she was holding for Kunak.
Plaintiff's attorney fee certification requested $31,669.90 for fees and
costs, reflecting 124.40 hours billed at $250 per hour and $569.90 in costs.
Defendants opposed this and filed a motion for a new trial. The court denied
the new trial motion and a subsequent motion for reconsideration. The court
entered a judgment on January 6, 2017, for $24,359.47 in favor of plaintiff
against both defendants, plus attorney's fees of $31,669.90 and interest in the
amount of $17,538.81. We granted an emergent application for a stay pending
appeal conditioned on a $150,000 deposit with the Superior Court Trust Fund.
On appeal, defendants raise the following issues:
A-2405-16T1
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POINT I
WHERE A DOCTOR TAKES, THROUGH AN
ASSIGNMENT OF BENEFITS, THE PATIENT'S
ENTITLEMENT TO PIP INSURANCE COVERAGE
FOR HIS BILL, HE HIRES A LAWYER, THEY
TAKE THE BILL TO PIP ARBITRATION, THEY
NEGLIGENTLY AND GROSSLY MISHANDLE THE
ARBITRATION AND LOSE THE INSURANCE
COVERAGE OF THE BILL, IT WAS ERROR FOR
THE TRIAL JUDGE TO BAR AND PRECLUDE ALL
EVIDENCE OF THE ATTORNEY'S NEGLIGENCE.
POINT II
THE RELEASE AND ASSIGNMENT OF BENEFITS
KUNAK WAS REQUIRED TO SIGN BY DR.
GLUSHAKOW IN ORDER TO RECEIVE
TREATMENT WAS UNENFORCEABLE AS AN
IMPERMISSIBLE EXCULPATORY CLAUSE AND
UNCONSCIONABLE.
POINT III
THE NEGLIGENT ACTS OF PLAINTIFF'S
ATTORNEY IS ATTRIBUTABLE TO PLAINTIFF
AND LIABILITY THEREFORE MUST REMAIN
WITH PLAINTIFF AS PRINCIPAL AND AGENT.
POINT IV
PLAINTIFF IS NOT ENTITLED TO INTEREST AND
ATTORNEY'S FEES AS THE AMOUNT HE
CLAIMED WAS UNASCERTAINABLE EXCEPT BY
A JURY.
A-2405-16T1
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With one exception, we do not agree these issues are meritorious. The
attorney fee award was not adequately explained and we are constrained to
reverse only that issue and remand it for further proceedings.
II
Defendants contend they are entitled to a new trial because of errors made
by the trial court. "The standard for appellate review of a trial court's decision
on a motion for a new trial is substantially the same as that controlling the trial
court except that due deference should be made to its 'feel of the case,' including
credibility." Caldwell v. Haynes, 136 N.J. 422, 432 (1994) (quoting Feldman v.
Lederle Lab., 97 N.J. 429, 463 (1984)). The appellate court defers to the trial
court with respect to "intangibl[es]" not transmitted by the record to decide if
there was a miscarriage, but otherwise makes its own independent determination
of whether a miscarriage of justice occurred. Carrino v. Novotny, 78 N.J. 355,
360-61 n.2 (1979). "Jury verdicts should be set aside in favor of a new trial
sparingly and only in cases of clear injustice." Pressler & Verniero, Current N.J.
Court Rules, cmt. 1.1 on R. 4:49-1 (2019) (citing Caicedo v. Caicedo, 439 N.J.
Super. 615, 628-29 (App. Div. 2015)). "A new trial will be required if the trial
judge concludes that erroneous trial rulings resulted in prejudice to a party. "
Ibid. (citing Crown v. Campo, 136 N.J. 494 (1994)).
A-2405-16T1
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Defendants contend they are entitled to a new trial because the court erred
by not allowing evidence before the jury that the attorney who handled the PIP
arbitration was negligent in presenting plaintiff's claim for Kunak's treatments.
"[T]he decision to admit or exclude evidence is one firmly entrusted to the trial
court's discretion." State v. Scott, 229 N.J. 469, 479 (2017) (alteration in
original) (quoting Estate of Hanges v. Metro. Prop. & Cas. Ins. Co., 202 N.J.
369, 383-84 (2010)). We apply a deferential standard in reviewing a trial court's
evidentiary rulings and uphold its determinations "absent a showing of an abuse
of discretion." State v. Perry, 225 N.J. 222, 233 (2016) (quoting State v. Brown,
170 N.J. 138, 147 (2001)). A reviewing court must not "substitute its own
judgment for that of the trial court" unless there was a "clear error in judgment,"
a ruling "so wide of the mark that a manifest denial of justice resulted." Ibid.
(quoting State v. Marrero, 148 N.J. 469, 484 (1997)).
The PIP arbitrator found that the medical treatment Kunak received for
her knees was unrelated to the 2006 automobile accident and denied payment
for these portions of the PIP claim. Defendants argue this was wrong because
the medical treatment received for her knees was related to her imbalance
problems, which was related to the accident. They contend the PIP arbitration
was "lost" because the attorney representing plaintiff was not prepared, did not
A-2405-16T1
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call Dr. Park as a live witness, did not prepare Kunak for the arbitration, and
provided an incomplete factual summary to the arbitrator. At the jury trial, Blau
was not permitted to provide the report she prepared about the PIP attorney's
alleged mishandling of the arbitration.
We do not agree that the trial court abused its discretion in precluding
testimony regarding the alleged malpractice of plaintiff's attorney at the PIP
arbitration. That attorney was not a party in plaintiff's case. 3 Whether he could
have been added to the case as a defendant or third-party defendant begs the
question, because defendants never made a motion to add the attorney even
though in a separate defense they raised that an indispensable party was missing
from the litigation. Without the attorney as a party, the court did not abuse its
discretion in precluding defendants from trying to prove his negligence at the
PIP arbitration.
Much of what defendants wanted to prove about the absent attorney's
conduct was put before the jury in any event. Blau testified "[t]he arbitration
was not done properly" and that Kunak was not prepared by the lawyer before
the arbitration. When asked if this was the fault of the PIP attorney, Blau
answered "[a]bsolutely." Kunak testified that the lawyer did not prepare her
3
The record also did not include an affidavit of merit against the attorney.
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ahead of the PIP arbitration. She said she kept calling the lawyer to see if she
should come into the office "but they kept saying no." She participated in the
arbitration by phone at "home alone."
The PIP award was admitted into evidence in the jury trial by consent and
undercut the claim about attorney negligence. It evidenced that the question of
whether Kunak's knee conditions related to the 2006 accident was squarely
before the arbitrator and vetted. There was evidence of a falling episode in 2006,
and she reported to that doctor she was "having falling spells" but "she did not
have any complaints of knee pain and there were no objective findings as they
related to either knee." Dr. Park's report opined the 2006 accident caused an
imbalance injury and that Kunak then suffered falling attacks, injuring her
knees. The PIP attorney's arbitration summary, criticized as inadequate,
asserted that all of the medical treatment for Kunak's knees was causally related
to the 2006 accident. It stated "[h]er series of falls was attributable to her
balance problems which originated with the accident [of 2006]." Although the
PIP arbitrator did not find a connection between the accident and the knee
surgeries, it was not because the evidence was not presented. The arbitrator
wrote:
While there was some fall downs, there was no reported
injury to the knees for a significant period of time
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despite the testimony of [Kunak]. Moreover, despite
Dr. Park's theory, [Kunak] testified that the imbalance
was resolved and that she still had fall downs. There
was no instability of the knees when examined by Dr.
Wolkstein, despite pain.
On this record, the trial court did not abuse its discretion in precluding
testimony about the PIP attorney's alleged negligence and certainly there was no
manifest injustice warranting a new trial because much of the information was
already before the jury.
On appeal, defendants argue that plaintiff may not avoid responsibility for
his attorney's negligent handling of the PIP claim based on a principal agent
relationship. They cite to State v. Mauti, 448 N.J. Super. 275 (App. Div. 2017)
in their brief for the proposition that "a letter written by a lawyer . . . containing
admissions from the defendant, can be used at trial as the statement of the
defendant, because the lawyer was simply acting on behalf of the client
defendant." However, Mauti had nothing to do with holding a client civilly
liable for the negligence of his attorney. In Mauti, the issue was whether an
attorney's letter that described "the medications and dosages" defendant
administered was an adopted admission by defendant under N.J.R.E. 803(b)(3),
or whether the prosecutor was "barred from using any statements of fact
contained in defense counsel's letter because they were made as part of 'plea
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negotiations' under N.J.R.E. 410." Id. at 323. The court's holding clarified what
constituted plea negotiations for purposes of N.J.R.E. 410. That issue is not
relevant.
In this case, the jury expressly found plaintiff was not negligent "in
connection with the arbitration" because it answered "no" to this question on the
verdict sheet. This foreclosed defendants' argument that plaintiff's conduct "in
connection" with the arbitration could be the subject of any further liability
under the novel theory they advance.
Defendants argue the assignment of benefits and release form that Kunak
signed was "unenforceable as an impermissible exculpatory clause and
unconscionable." Any chose in action arising from a contract is assignable.
Lech v. State Farm Ins. Co., 335 N.J. Super. 254, 258 (App. Div. 2000). PIP
claims are contractual and assignable. Ibid. Their assignment furthers the goal
that injured individuals obtain prompt medical treatment by facilitating "direct
payment on behalf of patients." Id. at 261.
Defendants characterize the assignment as "exculpatory" because they
contend it afforded plaintiff indemnification for his own negligence. This
argument fails because the jury found plaintiff was not negligent in connection
with the arbitration. Therefore, factually, the contention that the assignment
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indemnified plaintiff for his negligence was not supported. Defendants cite no
other legal authority that an assignment of benefits is unconscionable or against
public policy.
Defendants argue plaintiff is not entitled to interest and attorney fees
because the amount plaintiff sued on was "unascertainable." Citing to a quote
from General Electric Corp. v. E. Fred Sulzer & Co., 86 N.J. Super. 520, 549-
550 (Law Div. 1965), they contend that where the damages sought are
unliquidated, pre-judgment interest should not be allowed.
Plaintiff's claim against defendants was plainly capable of calculation.
Defendants even submitted expert testimony to the jury about the proper billing
for all of the codes to reach a dollar amount that was reasonable, customary and
usual. This simply was not a case involving unliquidated damages or a non-
ascertainable amount.
A court may enter an award of pre-judgment interest when the contract
permits this. See Van Note-Harvey Assocs., PC v. Twp. of E. Hanover, 175 N.J.
535, 542 (2003). "The award of prejudgment interest on contract and equitable
claims is based on equitable principles." Cty. of Essex v. First Union Nat'l Bank,
186 N.J. 46, 61 (2006). An award for pre-judgment interest is addressed to the
sound discretion of the trial judge. Litton Indus. v. IMO Indus., 200 N.J. 372,
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390 (2009). "Unless the allowance of prejudgment interest 'represents a manifest
denial of justice, an appellate court should not interfere.'" Ibid. (quoting Cty. of
Essex, 186 N.J. at 61).
The release and assignment signed by Kunak authorized the assessment
of pre-judgment interest. Defendants did not challenge the pre-judgment
interest calculation or show how its assessment constituted an abuse of
discretion.
"We will disturb a trial court's determination on counsel fees only on the
'rarest occasion,' and then only because of a clear abuse of discretion." Barr v.
Barr, 418 N.J. Super. 18, 46 (App. Div. 2011) (quoting Strahan v. Strahan, 402
N.J. Super. 298, 317 (App. Div. 2008)). A court has abused its discretion "if the
discretionary act was not premised upon consideration of all relevant factors,
was based upon consideration of irrelevant or inappropriate factors, or amounts
to a clear error in judgment." Masone v. Levine, 382 N.J. Super. 181, 193 (App.
Div. 2005). In calculating the amount of reasonable attorney's fees, "an affidavit
of services addressing the factors enumerated by R.P.C. 1.5(a)" is required. R.
4:42-9(b); Twp. of W. Orange v. 769 Assocs., LLC, 198 N.J. 529, 542 (2009).
R.P.C. 1.5(a) sets forth the factors to be considered when determining an
attorney's fee award.
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The trial court had a detailed certification of services from plaintiff's
counsel. However, at the motion for a new trial, the trial court only briefly
touched upon the attorney fee issue. There was no analysis of the R.P.C. factors
or consideration of the arguments made by defendants that certain fees should
not be included. The trial court did not provide its reasoning, contrary to Rule
1:7-4(a). Because of this, we reverse the attorney fee award and remand that
issue for appropriate analysis under R.P.C. 1.5.
Applying our standard of review, we conclude the verdict did not result in
a miscarriage of justice. On the issues raised, the trial court did not abuse her
discretion. Both parties had an opportunity to present their version of the facts
in dispute. Reasonable jurors could have concluded that there was sufficient
evidence to find that plaintiff provided services to Kunak, that these were not
paid by PIP, and that she was indebted to plaintiff for payment of these services.
Then, to the extent that Blau was holding the funds that Kunak obtained in a
personal injury settlement, she agreed to pay these monies to plaintiff, and had
not done so, making her responsible for payment of the required amount. The
contract permitted attorney's fees and pre-judgment interest. The court did not
abuse its discretion in the award of pre-judgment interest. The award for
attorney's fees is reversed and remanded.
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We conclude that defendants' further arguments are without sufficient
merit to warrant discussion in a written opinion. R. 2:11-3(e)(1)(E).
Affirmed in part and reversed and remanded in part. We do not retain
jurisdiction.
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