In the
Court of Appeals
Second Appellate District of Texas
at Fort Worth
___________________________
No. 02-18-00056-CR
___________________________
JACOB DOUGLAS ELLISON, Appellant
V.
THE STATE OF TEXAS
On Appeal from the 355th District Court
Hood County, Texas
Trial Court No. CR13588
Before Sudderth, C.J.; Birdwell and Womack, JJ.
Memorandum Opinion by Justice Womack
MEMORANDUM OPINION
Appellant Jacob Douglas Ellison appeals his conviction for aggravated sexual
assault. In his first issue, he contends that the trial court wrongly refused a question
during voir dire. Controlling precedent shows that the refusal was proper. In his
second issue, Ellison argues that he received ineffective assistance when counsel advised
him to plead guilty. A lack of record support for his allegations requires us to conclude
otherwise. In a third issue, Ellison complains of the State’s closing argument. This
complaint is not preserved for our review. We therefore affirm.
I. BACKGROUND
In 2016, Diane Isim1 lived on the outskirts of town in a trailer with her four
children and Ellison, who was the father of two of her children. Diane’s daughter Nora
had a different father. One morning in June 2016, Nora told her mother that Ellison
had molested her. An investigation began, and on October 12, 2016, Ellison was
indicted on multiple counts. Count three charged him with aggravated sexual assault
of a child younger than fourteen. See Tex. Penal Code Ann. § 22.021(a)(1)(B)(i),
(a)(2)(B). Ellison pleaded guilty to count three as charged, and the State moved to
dismiss the remaining counts. Ellison elected to have punishment tried to a jury.
1
We use pseudonyms to protect the complainant’s identity. See Daggett v. State,
187 S.W.3d 444, 446 n.3 (Tex. Crim. App. 2005).
2
At the trial on punishment, Diane testified about the morning when Nora told
her, “Daddy Jacob does bad things to me.” According to Diane, Nora described how
Ellison would remove her underwear and assault her. Diane took Nora to Cook
Children’s Medical Center. Nurse Christi Thornhill testified that during an interview at
the hospital, Nora explained that Ellison had come into her room and put his genitals
or his fingers into her “[m]ore than one time, maybe six” times. By Thornhill’s account,
Nora reported that the abuse began when she was five; she was six at the time of the
interview. Nora also testified concerning the abuse, confirming many of these details.
Investigator Robert Young of the district attorney’s office testified that he took Diane’s
report and, later, interviewed Ellison. According to Young, Ellison admitted being
aroused around Nora, explained that he felt disgusted with himself, and said he believed
Nora’s story.
During the defense’s case, the jury heard from Ellison’s employer, who testified
that he had been a model employee, was forthcoming about the charges against him,
and was sorry for what he had done. Ellison’s brother Andrew testified that he did not
observe anything out of the ordinary when he stayed with Ellison and Diane; there were
no signs that Nora was afraid of Ellison. Ellison also presented evidence that because
he had pleaded guilty, he would be subject to stringent sex offender registration
requirements for the rest of his life.
3
After the conclusion of the evidence, the trial court assessed punishment at the
statutory maximum—ninety-nine years’ confinement and a $10,000 fine. See id. § 12.32.
Ellison appeals.
II. LIMITATION ON VOIR DIRE
In his first issue, Ellison challenges the trial court’s refusal of a question during
voir dire. Ellison requested permission to ask the venire members whether they could
be impartial and consider the evidence before making a decision if the victim was under
the age of ten. The trial court denied Ellison’s request but gave him latitude to ask a
slightly different question: whether they could remain “fair and impartial” when “this
charge is an aggravated sexual assault of a child who’s under the age of 14.”
On appeal, Ellison complains that the trial court improperly restricted voir dire.
He asserts that his proffered question would have better shed light on any bias against
those charged with sex crimes against young children, which he maintains is a proper
subject of inquiry.
Ellison acknowledges that the court of criminal appeals rejected a substantially
similar question in Barajas v. State, 93 S.W.3d 36 (Tex. Crim. App. 2002). There, defense
counsel desired to ask whether the venire members could be impartial in an indecency
case involving a victim who was eight to ten years old or, in the alternative, a victim
who was nine years old. Id. at 38. The appellate court laid out the standards for judging
the limitation of voir dire questioning as follows:
4
The trial court has broad discretion over the process of selecting a jury.
The main reason for this is that voir dire could go on forever without
reasonable limits. We leave to the trial court’s discretion the propriety of
a particular question[,] and the trial court’s discretion will not be disturbed
absent an abuse of discretion. A trial court’s discretion is abused only
when a proper question about a proper area of inquiry is prohibited.
A question is proper if it seeks to discover a juror’s views on an issue
applicable to the case. An otherwise proper question is impermissible,
however, if it attempts to commit the juror to a particular verdict based
on particular facts. In addition, a voir dire question that is so vague or
broad in nature as to constitute a global fishing expedition is not proper
and may be prevented by the trial judge.
Id. at 38–39 (citations omitted). The Barajas court held that the defendant’s proposed
question concerning the victim’s age was, at once, both an improper commitment
question and so vague that it would lead to an inappropriate fishing expedition. Id. at
39–40.
Ellison says that Barajas is distinguishable. That is true, perhaps, but not in any
way that benefits Ellison.
First, Ellison points out that the defendant in Barajas advanced a more specific
age range for the hypothetical victim: in Barajas, between ages eight and ten; here, under
age ten. But if the question in Barajas was too broad and vague, we fail to see how
offering an only somewhat looser description of the victim’s maturity works to Ellison’s
advantage. See Green v. State, 191 S.W.3d 888, 892 (Tex. App.—Houston [14th Dist.]
5
2006, pet. ref’d) (holding that the case was controlled by Barajas when defendant
proposed a slightly vaguer description of the victim’s age range).2
Second, Ellison observes that in Barajas, the defendant went to the jury for a
determination of guilt as well as punishment, whereas Ellison had a jury trial only for
punishment. 93 S.W.3d at 38. Ellison does not explain the significance of this
distinction, and Barajas shows that there is none. According to the Barajas court, the
complainant’s age might be relevant to three aspects of the trial: the guilt phase, the
determination of the victim’s credibility as a witness, and the assessment of punishment.
Id. at 39. But the court held that as it was phrased, the proposed question was fatally
flawed with regard to all three aspects. Id. at 39–40. Here, because no trial was had on
guilt, the victim’s age could be relevant to only two of the three aspects mentioned in
Barajas—credibility and punishment—but the same flaws persist.
According to the Barajas court, one of these flaws was the framework in which
the inquiry was housed. “The question ‘can you be fair and impartial under a given set
of facts?’ can be repeated to include every fact in a given case.” Id. at 41. “This ‘fair
and impartial’ question is a license to go fishing, without providing any concrete
information for the intelligent use of peremptory or for-cause challenges.” Id. This
2
As we explain below, the trial court’s proposed age range—under the age of
fourteen—better complied with the rules governing commitment questions.
6
broad question framework, the court said, was liable to lead to “fishing expeditions
during voir dire that may extend jury selection ad infinitum.” Id. at 42.
Which brings us to a third distinction, the format of the proposed question. In
Barajas, the defendant proposed to ask if the venire members “could be fair and
impartial” given the victim’s age. Here, Ellison’s proposed age inquiry differed in its
phrasing: would the victim’s age “affect their ability to . . . remain impartial and consider
the evidence before making a decision?” Despite the minor difference between these
premises, the two are equally broad and indefinite. Thus, Ellison’s proposed inquiry
was contained in a fishing boat of a slightly different build, but a fishing boat
nonetheless according to the logic of the Barajas majority.3 Ellison’s proposed inquiry
could have been, but was not required to be, disallowed on this basis alone, and
exclusion of Ellison’s proposed question would not exceed the court’s “broad
discretion” over how voir dire should be conducted. See id. at 39 (providing that a vague
question “may” be excluded). And Ellison does not complain on appeal that the trial
court improperly allowed an alternative question in a similar format. See id. at 39
(explaining that a court abuses its discretion only when “a proper question about a
3
Ellison also argues that Barajas was wrongly decided, citing the well-considered
dissent in that case. Barajas v. State, 93 S.W.3d 36, 45 (Tex. Crim. App. 2002) (Meyers,
J., dissenting). But the soundness of Barajas is not a question for this court. See Sell v.
State, 488 S.W.3d 397, 399 (Tex. App.—Fort Worth 2016, pet. ref’d); Lydia v. State,
117 S.W.3d 902, 913 (Tex. App.—Fort Worth 2003, pet. ref’d) (Dauphinot, J.,
concurring) (acknowledging our duty to follow Barajas, but respectfully encouraging the
court of criminal appeals to reconsider that opinion).
7
proper area of inquiry is prohibited” (emphasis added)). Usually we may not reverse a
trial court’s ruling on a basis not raised by the appellant. Martinez v. State, 91 S.W.3d
331, 336 (Tex. Crim. App. 2002).
As previously mentioned, the Barajas court found another flaw in the proposed
inquiry: it was an improper commitment question. Commitment questions are those
that commit a prospective juror to resolve, or to refrain from resolving, an issue a
certain way after learning a particular fact. Standefer v. State, 59 S.W.3d 177, 179 (Tex.
Crim. App. 2001). For a commitment question to be proper, one of the possible
answers to that question must give rise to a valid challenge for cause. Id. at 182. “If a
venire member stated that she would resolve the appellant’s guilt on the basis of the
victim’s age, that venire member would be challengeable for cause.” Barajas, 93 S.W.3d
at 39. But a commitment question may also be improper if it introduces “facts beyond
those necessary to establish a challenge for cause.” Lydia v. State, 109 S.W.3d 495, 498
(Tex. Crim. App. 2003). For example, the State may properly ask a general commitment
question as to whether the venire members could follow a law that holds a person guilty
of possession even though the possession involves only a residue amount of drugs,
because such a question would include only that quantum of factual content necessary
to frame a proper commitment. Standefer, 59 S.W.3d at 182. But it would cross the line
if the State supplied additional facts within its question, such as that the defendant was
arrested and found with a crack pipe in his pocket. Id.
8
Ellison contends that his proposed question was a proper commitment question
about a proper subject of inquiry and that the trial court therefore abused its discretion
by disallowing it. However, Ellison’s question would have supplied the jury with an
additional, case-specific fact—a more specific age-range for the victim—beyond what
was necessary to frame any commitment. The trial court therefore did not abuse its
discretion in rejecting it. See id.
This suggests a fourth point of distinction. In Barajas, the trial court excluded
any questions relating to the victim’s age whatsoever. 93 S.W.3d at 42. Here, the trial
court denied Ellison’s proposed question, but the court allowed a compromise solution,
permitting Ellison to ask about a victim under age fourteen. While the trial court chose
a different path than that discussed in Barajas, the court nonetheless adhered to that
case’s directive not to introduce any additional facts beyond what was necessary to
frame the commitment. The factual content of the question was restricted to the basic
elements of the offense as set out in the statute.4 See Standefer, 59 S.W.3d at 181
(approving of a commitment question when it exposed the venire members to no
additional facts beyond the necessary “factual elements . . . listed in the statute”); Lee v.
State, 176 S.W.3d 452, 461 (Tex. App.—Houston [1st Dist.] 2004) (approving of a
commitment question because it described the victim’s age only as “under the age of
A person commits the offense of aggravated sexual assault if the person causes
4
the penetration of the sexual organ of a child younger than fourteen years of age by any
means. Tex. Penal Code Ann. § 22.021(a)(1)(B)(i), (a)(2)(B).
9
seventeen,” as set out in the statutory elements, without disclosing the victim’s specific
age), aff’d, 206 S.W.3d 620 (Tex. Crim. App. 2006); see also Rodriguez-Flores v. State,
351 S.W.3d 612, 622–23 (Tex. App.—Austin 2011, pet. ref’d) (similar).
By limiting Ellison’s question to a factual basis that tracked the statute, the trial
court (1) allowed Ellison to probe for prejudice regarding age but (2) shielded the venire
members from premature exposure to the facts of the case and, in doing so, (3) limited
the risk of an improper commitment question. See Jacobs v. State, 560 S.W.3d 205, 207,
213 (Tex. Crim. App. 2018) (approving the trial court’s middle-path solution—rejecting
the defendant’s proposed question about bias against a defendant previously convicted
of a “sexual offense” but allowing a more general question concerning prior “assaultive
offenses”—because it allowed defendant the opportunity to ferret out bias but avoided
the risk that a more specific question would expose the venire to the facts of the case).
Despite this distinction, then, the trial court remained within its rights under Barajas.
None of these four distinctions serve Ellison’s purpose, and after considering
them all, we remain convinced that Barajas is squarely on point. We therefore follow
that case’s command and overrule Ellison’s first issue.
III. VOLUNTARINESS OF PLEA
In his second issue, Ellison contends that he received ineffective assistance of
counsel. He asserts that the trial court erred by denying his motion for new trial on that
account.
10
A claim of ineffective assistance of counsel may be raised in a motion for new
trial. Smith v. State, 286 S.W.3d 333, 340 (Tex. Crim. App. 2009). We review a trial
court’s denial of a motion for new trial on the basis of ineffective assistance under an
abuse of discretion standard. Burch v. State, 541 S.W.3d 816, 820 (Tex. Crim. App. 2017).
This is a deferential standard of review that requires appellate courts to view the
evidence in the light most favorable to the trial court’s ruling. Id. We do not substitute
our own judgment for that of the trial court, and we must uphold the trial court’s ruling
if it is within the zone of reasonable disagreement. Id.
A defendant is entitled to effective assistance of counsel in the guilty-plea
context. Ex parte Evans, 537 S.W.3d 109, 111 (Tex. Crim. App. 2017). To establish
ineffective assistance, an appellant must prove by a preponderance of the evidence that
his counsel’s representation was deficient and that the deficiency prejudiced the
defense. Strickland v. Washington, 466 U.S. 668, 687, 104 S. Ct. 2052, 2064 (1984); Nava
v. State, 415 S.W.3d 289, 307 (Tex. Crim. App. 2013); Hernandez v. State, 988 S.W.2d 770,
770 (Tex. Crim. App. 1999). The record must affirmatively demonstrate that the claim
has merit. Thompson v. State, 9 S.W.3d 808, 813 (Tex. Crim. App. 1999).
In evaluating counsel’s effectiveness under the deficient-performance prong, we
review the totality of the representation and the particular circumstances of the case to
determine whether counsel provided reasonable assistance under all the circumstances
and prevailing professional norms at the time of the alleged error. See Strickland,
466 U.S. at 688–89, 104 S. Ct. at 2065; Nava, 415 S.W.3d at 307; Thompson, 9 S.W.3d at
11
813–14. Our review of counsel’s representation is highly deferential, and we indulge a
strong presumption that counsel’s conduct was not deficient. Nava, 415 S.W.3d at 307–
08.
An appellate court may not infer ineffective assistance simply from an unclear
record or a record that does not show why counsel failed to do something. Menefield v.
State, 363 S.W.3d 591, 593 (Tex. Crim. App. 2012); Mata v. State, 226 S.W.3d 425, 432
(Tex. Crim. App. 2007). Trial counsel “should ordinarily be afforded an opportunity to
explain his actions before being denounced as ineffective.” Menefield, 363 S.W.3d at
593. If trial counsel did not have that opportunity, we should not conclude that counsel
performed deficiently unless the challenged conduct was “so outrageous that no
competent attorney would have engaged in it.” Nava, 415 S.W.3d at 308. Direct appeal
is usually inadequate for raising an ineffective-assistance-of-counsel claim because the
record generally does not show counsel’s reasons for any alleged deficient performance.
See Menefield, 363 S.W.3d at 592–93; Thompson, 9 S.W.3d at 813–14.
Strickland’s prejudice prong requires a showing that counsel’s errors were so
serious that they deprived the defendant of a fair trial—that is, a trial with a reliable
result. Strickland, 466 U.S. at 687, 104 S. Ct. at 2064. In other words, an appellant must
show a reasonable probability that the proceeding would have turned out differently
without the deficient performance. Id. at 694, 104 S. Ct. at 2068; Nava, 415 S.W.3d at
308. In the guilty-plea context, the focus of the prejudice inquiry is on whether a
defendant has shown that but for counsel’s errors, there is a reasonable probability that
12
he would not have pleaded guilty and would have insisted on going to trial. Ex parte
Torres, 483 S.W.3d 35, 43 (Tex. Crim. App. 2016) (citing Hill v. Lockhart, 474 U.S. 52,
59, 106 S. Ct. 366, 370 (1985)).
As we read his brief, Ellison offers three theories as to how his trial counsel was
deficient under the first prong of Strickland. First, Ellison says he was “unaware the
juries in Hood County routinely give out 99-year sentences on guilty pleas for
aggravated sexual assault, and . . . he should have been told this information by his trial
counsel.”
However, the record contains no proof that sentences of this kind were routine.
To defeat the presumption of reasonably effective assistance, any allegation of
ineffectiveness must be firmly founded in the record. Prine v. State, 537 S.W.3d 113, 117
(Tex. Crim. App. 2017). Ellison introduced no evidence of sentencing patterns in the
locality, let alone evidence by offense type and plea status. As such, the presumption
of effective assistance remains intact. See id.
Second, Ellison asserts that trial counsel was ineffective in that he made an
improper and coercive promise under Brady v. United States, 397 U.S. 742, 753, 90 S. Ct.
1463, 1471 (1970). According to Ellison’s testimony at the hearing on his motion,
counsel advised him that pleading guilty was “probably the only way that [he was] ever
seeing the light of day again.” Ellison contends this advice runs afoul of Brady’s
pronouncement that to be admissible, “a confession must be free and voluntary: that
is, must not be extracted by any sort of threats or violence, nor obtained by any direct
13
or implied promises, however slight, nor by the exertion of any improper influence.”
Id., 90 S. Ct. at 1471 (quotations omitted). By Ellison’s reasoning, trial counsel’s dire
prediction was an improper and coercive promise, and because he pleaded guilty based
on this promise, his plea was involuntary under Brady.
Ellison’s reliance on Brady is misplaced. He refers to a portion of Brady that
concerns the constitutional dangers that arise when “agents of the State . . . produce a plea
by actual or threatened physical harm or by mental coercion overbearing the will of the
defendant.” Id. at 750, 90 S. Ct. at 1470 (emphasis added). More specifically, it discusses
ill-gotten “promises” by the “prosecutor[].” Id. at 755, 90 S. Ct. at 1472. Ellison cannot
contend that his trial counsel was a state actor.5
Rather than casting defense counsel as a villain, Brady speaks of counsel as a
guardian of Fifth Amendment freedoms, saying that the harmful effects of coercive
5
Ellison has not directed our attention to any other forms of coercive state action
that might render his plea involuntary. To the contrary, the record shows that state
actors took steps to ensure that Ellison’s plea was knowing and voluntary. Before
accepting his guilty plea, the trial court explained the range of punishment; verified that
Ellison was not pleading guilty due to fear, threats, undue persuasion, or promises;
admonished him that he would be required to register as a sex offender and ensured
that he understood the ramifications thereof; and reminded Ellison of his right to a jury
trial on guilt. The trial court confirmed that Ellison was competent; that he was satisfied
with counsel’s representation; and that he was freely, voluntarily, knowingly, and
intelligently pleading guilty only because he was “in fact, guilty of the offense.” See Tex.
Code Crim. Proc. Ann. art. 26.13. Only after Ellison confirmed that he understood and
agreed to all of the above did the trial court accept his guilty plea. The trial court
substantially fulfilled its duty to admonish Ellison, which creates a prima facie case that
his plea was knowing and voluntary. Martinez v. State, 981 S.W.2d 195, 197 (Tex. Crim.
App. 1998). It was then Ellison’s burden to demonstrate otherwise. Id.
14
state action may be “dissipated by the presence and advice of counsel.” Id. at 754, 90
S. Ct. at 1472. And Brady does not address ineffective assistance; it assumes a defendant
who is already “competently counseled” and “correctly advised with respect to the then
existing law as to the possible penalties.” Id. at 757, 90 S. Ct. at 1473. Brady stands for
the proposition that when he is correctly counseled, the defendant cannot later
complain that his plea was involuntary when subsequent developments in the law
change the applicable range of punishment. Id., 90 S. Ct. at 1473. Ellison has not
identified any change in the law of punishment, and Brady holds that even if he had, he
could not complain. Thus, Brady is wholly inapposite.
Nonetheless, Ellison’s argument might more generally be understood as a
complaint that trial counsel’s prediction of Ellison’s chances was not consistent with
the state of the evidence. Thus, in what we understand as his third theory of
ineffectiveness, Ellison reasons that counsel was inadequate in advising him to plead
guilty because there was evidence suggesting that he was innocent. For example, at the
hearing on the motion for new trial, Ellison’s employer testified that he heard Diane
say that she believed Ellison was innocent, and multiple witnesses attested that Diane
often brought the children to see Ellison at work while the charges were pending. A
friend of Ellison’s named Jimmy Hill related that he had frequently seen Ellison playing
with the children at the trailer park, but he had never witnessed Ellison do anything to
hurt the children. Similarly, Ellison’s mother Sandra swore that he was a good father
who loved his children dearly and that he would never do anything to hurt them. As
15
for Ellison himself, he professed his innocence and testified that Diane had attempted
to drop the charges, but the State would not comply. In view of this evidence, Ellison
argues that trial counsel was ineffective for urging him to plead guilty.
However, trial counsel was not asked to testify at the hearing on the motion for
new trial. Again, trial counsel should ordinarily be afforded an opportunity to explain
his actions before being denounced as ineffective, but counsel was never given the
chance to explain his strategic thinking. Menefield, 363 S.W.3d at 593. In the absence
of such an explanation, an appellate court commonly will assume a strategic motivation
if any can possibly be imagined. Ex parte Miller, 330 S.W.3d 610, 616 n.9 (Tex. Crim.
App. 2009). We can imagine at least one valid strategic motivation for this advice: in
light of the seriousness of the offense and the compelling evidence that Ellison was
guilty of it, counsel could have reasonably determined that Ellison’s best option was to
seek leniency by throwing himself upon the mercy of the jury. See Ex parte Scott,
541 S.W.3d 104, 122 (Tex. Crim. App. 2017) (recognizing that “accepting responsibility
for his behavior and pleading for mercy from the jury” was a valid defensive strategy).
The fact that this strategy ultimately proved unsuccessful does not render counsel
ineffective. Garza v. State, 261 S.W.3d 361, 367 (Tex. App.—Austin 2008, pet. ref’d).
“That appellant was ultimately assessed the maximum punishment means only that the
risk did not pay off,” not that counsel’s representation was constitutionally
“unacceptable.” Delrio v. State, 840 S.W.2d 443, 447 (Tex. Crim. App. 1992). Thus,
based on this undeveloped record, Ellison has not shown that counsel’s prediction and
16
advice were so outrageous that no competent attorney would have issued them, see
Nava, 415 S.W.3d at 308, especially given the inherent difficulty in predicting how a jury
will assess punishment. See Ex parte Rich, 194 S.W.3d 508, 514 n.12 (Tex. Crim. App.
2006) (“[I]t is impossible to predict with any certainty what sentence he would have
received . . . .”); Hanson v. State, No. 11-09-00278-CR, 2011 WL 704639, at *4 (Tex.
App.—Eastland Jan. 13, 2011, pet. ref’d) (mem. op., not designated for publication)
(“Predicting a sentencing decision is an inexact science at best.”); cf. Ex parte Chandler,
182 S.W.3d 350, 359 (Tex. Crim. App. 2005) (noting, in the Strickland context, that “a
bar card does not come with a crystal ball”).
Viewing the evidence in the light most favorable to the trial court’s ruling, we
conclude that Ellison has failed to satisfy the first prong of Strickland. See Burch,
541 S.W.3d at 820. It is therefore unnecessary to examine the second prong. See Lopez
v. State, 343 S.W.3d 137, 144 (Tex. Crim. App. 2011). We overrule Ellison’s second
issue.
IV. JURY ARGUMENT
In his third issue, Ellison complains that the State made improper closing
arguments. He maintains that the State inserted inflammatory personal appeals and
matters outside the record when the State argued as follows: “With your verdict, you’re
protecting your own children, your own families, you’re protecting my kids and all of
the kids who none of . . . us have even met that live here in Hood County.” Similarly,
moments later, the State urged the jury to issue a stiff punishment in order “to tell me
17
and each other that this is never going to happen to my kids or your kids by this
defendant.”
However, Ellison did not object at any point during the State’s closing argument.
When a defendant fails to timely object, he will forfeit a complaint concerning improper
jury argument. Hernandez v. State, 538 S.W.3d 619, 622 (Tex. Crim. App. 2018); Cockrell
v. State, 933 S.W.2d 73, 89 (Tex. Crim. App. 1996); see Tex. R. App. P. 33.1(a)(1). Ellison
has therefore not preserved this claim for our review.
We overrule Ellison’s third and final issue.
V. CONCLUSION
Having overruled Ellison’s three issues, we affirm the judgment of the trial court.
/s/ Dana Womack
Dana Womack
Justice
Do Not Publish
Tex. R. App. P. 47.2(b)
Delivered: August 22, 2019
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