Intra-Cellular Therapies, Inc v. Iancu

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United States Court of Appeals for the Federal Circuit ______________________ INTRA-CELLULAR THERAPIES, INC., Plaintiff-Appellant v. ANDREI IANCU, UNDER SECRETARY OF COMMERCE FOR INTELLECTUAL PROPERTY AND DIRECTOR OF THE UNITED STATES PATENT AND TRADEMARK OFFICE, Defendant-Appellee ______________________ 2018-1849 ______________________ Appeal from the United States District Court for the Eastern District of Virginia in No. 1:17-cv-00776-CMH- IDD, Senior Judge Claude M. Hilton. ______________________ Decided: September 18, 2019 ______________________ THOMAS HOXIE, Hoxie & Associates, LLP, Millburn, NJ, argued for plaintiff-appellant. ANDREW SUN HAN, Office of the United States Attorney for the Eastern District of Virginia, Alexandria, VA, argued for defendant-appellee. Also represented by G. ZACHARY TERWILLIGER; KAKOLI CAPRIHAN, THOMAS W. KRAUSE, JOSEPH MATAL, BRIAN RACILLA, Office of the Solicitor, 2 INTRA-CELLULAR THERAPIES, INC v. IANCU United States Patent and Trademark Office, Alexandria, VA. ______________________ Before WALLACH, CHEN, and HUGHES, Circuit Judges. CHEN, Circuit Judge. Intra-Cellular Therapies, Inc. (Intra-Cellular) appeals the summary judgment decision of the United States Dis- trict Court for the Eastern District of Virginia affirming the patent term adjustment (PTA) determination made by the United States Patent and Trademark Office (Patent Of- fice). During prosecution of Intra-Cellular’s patent appli- cation, the Patent Office issued a final Office action rejecting some claims and objecting to the others. A final Office action, as opposed to a non-final Office action, marks the end of formal prosecution of an application. On the three-month deadline for responding to the final Office ac- tion, Intra-Cellular filed its first response. While timely, this initial response continued to argue the merits of the examiner’s final rejections and failed to comply with the Patent Office’s regulatory requirements for what consti- tutes a proper “reply” to a final Office action. For that rea- son, the Patent Office concluded that Intra-Cellular’s first response did not prevent the accrual of applicant delay for purposes of calculating PTA for the resulting patent. Twenty-one days after filing its unsuccessful first response, Intra-Cellular tried again by filing a second response. This time, Intra-Cellular successfully overcame all outstanding rejections and objections. Adopting all of the examiner’s suggestions, the second response capitulated to all of the examiner’s rulings by canceling or amending every rejected or objected to claim based on the examiner’s positions. As a result of these amendments, the Patent Office issued a Notice of Allowance and concluded that this second re- sponse stopped the accrual of any further applicant delay. In calculating PTA, the Patent Office determined that the extra 21 days it took Intra-Cellular to file a successful INTRA-CELLULAR THERAPIES, INC v. IANCU 3 response after the three-month deadline for responding to the final Office action constituted applicant delay. Because we find that determination of applicant delay was based on a permissible interpretation of statute and proper reading of the regulations, we affirm the district court’s grant of summary judgment in favor of the Patent Office. BACKGROUND I. Statutory Framework Patent term constitutes the period of exclusivity in which a patent is in effect. In 1994, Congress amended the law to change the period of patent term from 17 years from issuance to 20 years, measured from the earliest filing date of the application for patent. See Pub. L. No. 103-465, § 532, 108 Stat. 4809, 4984 (1994) (codified as amended at 35 U.S.C. § 154(a)). Due to this change in the law, if the Patent Office issued a patent two years after its filing date, the resulting patent would enjoy 18 years of patent term. But if a favorable patent examination took, say, seven years to complete, then there would only be 13 years of pa- tent term remaining after issuance, far less than the 17- year term provided for under the prior law. To protect pa- tent owners against loss of patent term due to agency delay in the patent examination process, Congress amended § 154 in 1999 to restore patent term under certain circum- stances. See Pub. L. No. 106-113, § 4402, 113 Stat. 1501, 1501A-557 (1999) (codified as amended at 35 U.S.C. § 154(b)) (PTA statute). Under the PTA statute, the term of a patent can be extended to compensate for lost patent term due to statutorily-defined agency delay. See § 154(b)(1)(A)–(C). But, at the same time, PTA can be reduced for delays caused by the applicant. See § 154(b)(2)(C). Section 154(b)(1) provides three types of statutorily-de- fined delay caused by the Patent Office that will lead to accrual of PTA for the resulting patent, outlined in § 154(b)(1)(A), (B), (C). “A Delay” accrues when the Patent 4 INTRA-CELLULAR THERAPIES, INC v. IANCU Office fails to act by certain examination deadlines. § 154(b)(1)(A). “B Delay” accrues when the Patent Office fails to “issue a patent within 3 years after the actual filing date of the application.” § 154(b)(1)(B). “C Delay” accrues during the pendency of interferences, secrecy orders, and appeals. § 154(b)(1)(C). On the other hand, when applicant conduct causes de- lay in the examination process, any PTA that has accumu- lated is reduced by that amount of applicant delay. See § 154(b)(2)(C); Gilead Scis., Inc. v. Lee, 778 F.3d 1341, 1344–45 (Fed. Cir. 2015). Under § 154(b)(2)(C)(i) of the PTA statute, a patent’s PTA “shall be reduced by a period equal to the period of time during which the applicant failed to engage in reasonable efforts to conclude prosecu- tion of the application.” Section 154(b)(2)(C)(ii) provides an instance of what constitutes “fail[ure] to engage in reasonable efforts” based on how long it takes for an applicant to respond to certain Office actions. In particular, “an applicant shall be deemed to have failed to engage in reasonable efforts to conclude processing or examination of an application for the cumu- lative total of any periods of time in excess of 3 months that are taken to respond to a notice from the [Patent] Office making any rejection, objection, argument, or other re- quest, measuring such 3-month period from the date the notice was given or mailed to the applicant.” § 154(b)(2)(C)(ii). Section 154(b)(2)(C)(iii) authorizes the Patent Office to promulgate regulations providing further details and ex- amples of what constitutes “fail[ure] to engage in reasona- ble efforts.” This regulation provides that the “Director shall prescribe regulations establishing the circumstances that constitute a failure of an applicant to engage in rea- sonable efforts to conclude processing or examination of an application.” § 154(b)(2)(C)(iii). INTRA-CELLULAR THERAPIES, INC v. IANCU 5 II. Regulatory Framework Pursuant to its congressional authority, the Patent Of- fice promulgated regulations for determining PTA reduc- tion due to applicant delay. Relevant to this appeal is 37 C.F.R. § 1.704(b), which closely tracks the language in § 154(b)(2)(C)(ii). This regulation provides that “an appli- cant shall be deemed to have failed to engage in reasonable efforts to conclude processing or examination of an applica- tion for the cumulative total of any periods of time in excess of three months that are taken to reply to any notice or ac- tion by the [Patent] Office making any rejection, objection, argument, or other request . . . .” § 1.704(b) (emphases added). In other words, if an applicant takes longer than three months to file a “reply” to an Office action, applicant delay will accrue. Applicant delay begins accruing from the day after the three-month deadline for responding to an Of- fice action and stops accruing the “date the reply was filed.” § 1.704(b). But § 1.704(b) itself does not define what con- stitutes a proper “reply” for cutting off applicant delay. Section 1.704(b) was promulgated against a backdrop of long-existing regulations governing patent prosecution practices. One fundamental principle that pervades these regulations is that a “final” Office action marks the end of normal prosecution as of right. See 37 C.F.R. § 1.113(a), (c); § 1.114(b) (“Prosecution in an application is closed as used in this section means . . . that the last Office action is a final action . . . .”); MPEP § 714.12 (“Once a final rejection that is not premature has been entered in an application, applicant or patent owner no longer has any right to unre- stricted further prosecution.”). Before a final Office action is issued, an applicant has more leeway to argue its case and amend its claims in a reply. To properly respond to a non-final Office action, a “bona fide attempt to advance the application” is required. See 37 C.F.R. §§ 1.111(b), 1.135(c). Once examination proceeds into after-final Office action territory, however, § 1.113(a) restricts the options that are available to the applicant, and the patent 6 INTRA-CELLULAR THERAPIES, INC v. IANCU examiner is not obligated to engage in further examination and review of the patent application or applicant argu- ments. Each of the applicant’s options, discussed below, is subject to its own requirements and potential PTA conse- quences. One option is to file a § 1.113(c) reply. § 1.113(a). Pur- suant to § 1.113(c), a “[r]eply to a final rejection or action must include cancellation of, or appeal from the rejection of, each rejected claim. If any claim stands allowed, the reply to a final rejection or action must comply with any requirements or objections as to form.” Thus, filing a § 1.113(c) reply is an action an applicant can take to con- clude prosecution before the examiner, but importantly, no claim amendments or arguments are allowed, as prosecu- tion “is closed” once a final Office action has issued. § 1.114(b). It is undisputed that filing a § 1.113(c) reply will cut off accrual of applicant delay under § 1.704(b). A second option for the applicant when confronted with a final Office action is to file a Request for Continued Ex- amination (RCE) under § 1.114. § 1.113(a). An RCE in- volves filing a “submission” and paying additional fees. § 1.114(a). Such a “submission” includes, but is not limited to, “amendment[s] to the written description, claims, or drawings,” and “new arguments.” § 1.114(c). An RCE “withdraw[s] the finality of any Office action” and re-opens normal prosecution, once again requiring the examiner to engage in a substantive examination of the application, but this time in light of the applicant’s RCE submission. Id. In return for this extended substantive examination, the fil- ing of an RCE stops the accrual of B Delay, thereby cutting off a potential significant source of PTA if the patent is ul- timately granted. See § 154(b)(1)(B)(i); Novartis AG v. Lee, 740 F.3d 593, 601 (Fed. Cir. 2014). Thus, unlike a § 1.113(c) reply, an RCE permits much more flexibility in responding on the merits to a final Office action, but at the cost of losing PTA. INTRA-CELLULAR THERAPIES, INC v. IANCU 7 A third option is to file a 37 C.F.R. § 1.116 amendment. § 1.113(a). Under § 1.116, three types of amendments are permitted. § 1.116(b)(1)–(3). First, an applicant is permit- ted to file a limited amendment “canceling claims or com- plying with any requirement of form expressly set forth in a previous Office action.” § 1.116(b)(1). Second, an appli- cant is permitted to file an “amendment presenting re- jected claims in better form for consideration on appeal.” § 1.116(b)(2). And third, an “amendment touching the mer- its of the application . . . may be admitted upon a showing of good and sufficient reasons why the amendment is nec- essary and was not earlier presented.” § 1.116(b)(3). Thus, § 1.116 permits an applicant to file certain minor amend- ments after a final Office action; a substantive amendment requiring a substantive examination is permitted only in exceptional circumstances. Importantly, the filing of a § 1.116 amendment will not alone “save the application from abandonment.” § 1.116(c). “The admission of, or re- fusal to admit, any amendment after final rejection . . . will not operate to save the application from abandonment.” § 1.135(b). Only a “complete and proper reply” to the final Office action within the statutory time period to act will save the application from abandonment. Id. Thus, per the Patent Office’s regulations, the acceptance of any after-fi- nal amendment by itself is not regarded as a “complete and proper reply.” Id. III. Prosecution History Intra-Cellular is the owner and assignee of U.S. Patent No. 8,648,077 (’077 patent). On September 10, 2010, Intra- Cellular filed the application leading to the ’077 patent. On October 9, 2012, the Patent Office issued a non-final Office action. The non-final Office action raised various issues with the application, including rejections under 35 U.S.C. § 103 and § 112 and objections due to various infor- malities. In response, Intra-Cellular argued against the § 103 rejections without amendment and attempted to 8 INTRA-CELLULAR THERAPIES, INC v. IANCU overcome the other rejections and objections through amendment. On April 17, 2013, the Patent Office mailed a final Of- fice action. No claims were allowed. Unpersuaded by In- tra-Cellular’s arguments against the § 103 rejections, the examiner repeated the same § 103 rejections from the prior non-final Office action. The examiner also found that In- tra-Cellular’s amendments did not successfully overcome the other rejections and objections raised in the non-final Office action but instead introduced new informalities leading to new objections. On July 17, 2013, Intra-Cellular responded to the final Office action by filing a submission entitled “Amendments and Response Under 37 C.F.R. 1.116.” 1 This submission was filed three months after the final Office action issued, marking the last day for Intra-Cellular to file a “reply” to the final Office action without accruing applicant delay. See § 1.704(b); see also § 154(b)(2)(C)(ii). In this after-final response, Intra-Cellu- lar continued to dispute the § 103 rejection using the same arguments that were previously found unpersuasive by the examiner, and amended claims to address other objections and rejections. Intra-Cellular also added a new claim. On July 26, 2013, the Patent Office mailed an “Advi- sory Action” indicating that Intra-Cellular’s July 17, 2013 after-final submission overcame some of the previous § 112 rejections and formality objections but failed to overcome the § 103 rejection for the prior “reasons of the record.” J.A. 204. To “place the application in better condition for 1 We note that despite being labeled as an amend- ment “Under 37 C.F.R. 1.116,” Intra-Cellular’s July 17, 2013 submission does not appear to comply with any of the permitted amendments under § 1.116(b)(1)–(3), at least be- cause this submission continued arguing the § 103 rejec- tion repeated in the final Office action from the non-final Office action without amendment. INTRA-CELLULAR THERAPIES, INC v. IANCU 9 allowance,” the examiner suggested “amend[ing] or cancel- ling” certain claims to overcome the outstanding § 103 re- jection and amending other claims based on specific suggestions proposed by the examiner to overcome the out- standing § 112 rejections and new formality objection. J.A. 205. Intra-Cellular complied. On August 7, 2013, choosing to no longer resist the § 103 rejections, Intra-Cel- lular filed its second after-final submission adopting all of the examiner’s suggestions for overcoming the outstanding rejections and objections. This second after-final submis- sion led directly to a Notice of Allowance, which was mailed on August 20, 2013. The application subsequently issued as the ’077 patent. IV. Determination of PTA by the Patent Office On January 9, 2017, the Patent Office issued a “Final Agency Decision” determining that the ’077 patent was en- titled to 264 days of PTA. This number was computed by subtracting total delay attributed to the applicant from to- tal delay attributed to the agency. Of the total applicant delay, the Patent Office attributed 21 days of applicant de- lay to the time it took Intra-Cellular to file its second after- final submission after the three-month deadline for re- sponding to the final Office action. Though Intra-Cellular’s first after-final submission was filed right on the three- month mark, the Patent Office found that it did not consti- tute a proper “reply” under § 1.704(b). The Patent Office justified this determination based on two independent rea- sons. First, the Patent Office found that Intra-Cellular’s first submission “fail[ed] to comply with 37 C.F.R. § 1.113.” J.A. 242. Second, the Patent Office alternatively found that the first submission constituted a “[s]ubmission of a reply having an omission (§ 1.135(c))” under 37 C.F.R. § 1.704(c)(7). 2 J.A. 242–43. Because the Patent Office 2 The Patent Office’s alternative reliance on § 1.704(c)(7) to justify accrual of applicant delay resulting 10 INTRA-CELLULAR THERAPIES, INC v. IANCU determined that Intra-Cellular’s first after-final submis- sion was not a proper after-final reply, the clock on appli- cant delay started ticking the day after the three-month deadline. The Patent Office stopped that clock when Intra- Cellular filed its second after-final submission 21 days later. Unlike its first after-final submission, this second submission capitulated to each of the examiner’s objections and rejections to the claims set forth in the final Office ac- tion and directly led to allowance. V. District Court Proceedings On July 7, 2017, Intra-Cellular filed a complaint in the United States District Court for the Eastern District of Vir- ginia seeking judicial review of the Patent Office’s PTA de- termination. The district court granted summary judgment in favor of the Patent Office. The district court considered the Patent Office’s PTA determination to involve a question of statutory interpre- tation performed by the agency and applied Chevron, U.S.A., Inc. v. Natural Resources Defense Council, Inc., 467 from an improper reply to a final Office action is question- able. Section 1.704(c)(7) appears to apply only to replies to non-final Office actions. According to § 1.704(c)(7), a “[s]ubmission of a reply having an omission (§ 1.135(c))” constitutes a “circumstance[] that constitute[s] a failure of the applicant to engage in reasonable efforts to conclude processing or examination of an application” under § 1.704(c). But § 1.135(c) only addresses omissions made in a reply to a “non-final Office action.” § 1.135(c) (referring to a situation where a “reply by the applicant is a bona fide attempt to advance the application to final action, and is substantially a complete reply to the non-final Office ac- tion, but consideration of some matter or compliance with some requirement has been inadvertently omitted” (em- phasis added)). INTRA-CELLULAR THERAPIES, INC v. IANCU 11 U.S. 837 (1984). The district court framed the question at issue to be “whether a submission filed after a final Office action that fails to place the application in condition for al- lowance (such as the [first after-final] submission) consti- tutes a ‘fail[ure] to engage in reasonable efforts to conclude prosecution’” under § 154(b)(2)(C). J.A. 9–10. At Step 1 of Chevron, the district court rejected Intra-Cellular’s conten- tion that the plain language of the statute answered this question. The court noted that “nothing in the plain lan- guage of the statute indicates that ‘reasonable efforts to conclude prosecution’ should be read to include an incom- plete submission which fails to place the application in con- dition for allowance, but in some manner advances it closer to allowance.” J.A. 10. At Step 2 of Chevron, the district court upheld the agency’s interpretation under applicable regulations. In attributing the 21-day period to applicant delay, the Patent Office found that Intra-Cellular’s first after-final submis- sion did not constitute a valid “reply” that stopped accrual of applicant delay under § 1.704(b). To determine whether Intra-Cellular’s first after-final submission was a valid “re- ply” to a final Office action, the Patent Office applied § 1.113(c), which sets forth the requirements for replying to a final (as opposed to non-final) Office action. Thus, the Patent Office effectively interpreted “reply” under § 1.704(b) to be a “reply” compliant with § 1.113(c). Be- cause Intra-Cellular’s first after-final submission did not cancel or appeal every rejected claim per § 1.113(c), the Pa- tent Office determined that the first after-final “submission was not a proper reply under § 1.113(c),” and therefore not a “reply” under § 1.704(b). J.A. 13–14. Ultimately, the dis- trict court held that the Patent Office’s determination that Intra-Cellular’s first after-final submission constituted a “fail[ure] to engage in reasonable efforts to conclude pro- cessing or examination” under § 1.704(b) “was based on a permissible construction of the relevant statutes, and 12 INTRA-CELLULAR THERAPIES, INC v. IANCU therefore should be afforded deference” under Chevron. J.A. 14–15. Intra-Cellular timely filed this appeal. We have juris- diction pursuant to 28 U.S.C. § 1295(a)(1). STANDARD OF REVIEW We review a district court’s grant of summary judg- ment under the law of the regional circuit. See Mohsen- zadeh v. Lee, 790 F.3d 1377, 1381 (Fed. Cir. 2015). Under Fourth Circuit law, we review the grant of summary judg- ment de novo. Gallagher v. Reliance Standard Life Ins. Co., 305 F.3d 264, 268 (4th Cir. 2002). Patent Office PTA decisions “are reviewed in accordance with the Administra- tive Procedure Act” (APA). Supernus Pharm., Inc. v. Iancu, 913 F.3d 1351, 1356 (Fed. Cir. 2019); § 154(b)(4)(A). Under the APA, we set aside the Patent Office’s actions only if they are “arbitrary, capricious, an abuse of discretion, or otherwise not in accordance with law.” 5 U.S.C. § 706(2)(A), (C). When reviewing an agency’s stat- utory interpretation, we apply the two-step framework es- tablished in Chevron. Gilead, 778 F.3d at 1346. DISCUSSION In dispute is whether a particular period of 21 days, following the three-month deadline for responding to a fi- nal Office action, counts as applicant delay. The Patent Office determined it was, finding that Intra-Cellular’s first after-final submission constituted a “fail[ure] to engage in reasonable efforts to conclude prosecution.” § 154(b)(2)(C)(i). We now discuss whether the district court erred in upholding the agency’s determination, which hinges in part on an interpretation of statutory text, under Chevron. INTRA-CELLULAR THERAPIES, INC v. IANCU 13 I. Chevron Step 1: The PTA Statute Does Not Answer the Precise Question. At Step 1 of Chevron, we “ask whether the statute’s plain terms ‘directly addres[s] the precise question at is- sue.’” Nat’l Cable & Telecomms. Ass’n v. Brand X Internet Servs., 545 U.S. 967, 986 (2005) (quoting Chevron, 467 U.S. at 843). We begin with the language of the statute itself. United States v. Hohri, 482 U.S. 64, 69 (1987). “Absent a clearly expressed legislative intention to the contrary, [the statute’s plain] language must ordinarily be regarded as conclusive.” Consumer Prod. Safety Comm’n v. GTE Syl- vania, Inc., 447 U.S. 102, 108 (1980). When “deciding whether the language is plain, the Court must read the words ‘in their context and with a view to their place in the overall statutory scheme.’” King v. Burwell, 135 S. Ct. 2480, 2483 (2015) (quoting FDA v. Brown & Williamson Tobacco Corp., 529 U.S. 120, 133 (2000)). The precise question at issue is whether an applicant submission, filed after a final Office action, that continues to argue the merits of the examiner’s rejection, without good cause, constitutes a “fail[ure] to engage in reasonable efforts to conclude prosecution” such that applicant delay would accrue under the PTA statute. See § 154(b)(2)(C)(i). Because its first after-final submission addressed each out- standing objection and rejection to the claims made in the final Office action, Intra-Cellular argues that this submis- sion was a bona fide attempt to advance prosecution, thus constituting “reasonable efforts to conclude prosecution” under a plain reading of the PTA statute. While, in a vac- uum, this reading may be one plausible interpretation of “reasonable efforts,” nothing in the plain language of the statute or its overall structure commands that outcome for understanding what constitutes “reasonable efforts” by an applicant when responding to a final Office action. Moreo- ver, Intra-Cellular’s reading appears to be in tension with the fact that it no longer had the right to continue debating 14 INTRA-CELLULAR THERAPIES, INC v. IANCU the merits of the rejection once the final Office action is- sued in this case. When read in the context of the overall statutory scheme, we conclude that the language of the PTA statute does not answer the question of what type of action by an applicant constitutes “reasonable efforts to conclude prose- cution” for purposes of responding to a final Office action. The PTA statute does not shed any additional light as to the meaning of this phrase in addressing this question. The PTA statute was passed against a backdrop of existing regulations that regulate applicant responses to final Of- fice actions much more restrictively than responses to non- final Office actions. To properly respond to a non-final Of- fice action, regulations require a “bona fide attempt to ad- vance prosecution,” which entails addressing each and every outstanding objection and rejection. § 1.135; § 1.111. But the requirements for responding to a final Office action are stricter. If the applicant wishes to keep arguing against the examiner’s rejections, it must take those argu- ments to the Patent Board on appeal or file an RCE to re- open prosecution in front of the examiner. § 1.113(a); § 1.114. If the applicant wishes to make an amendment to a claim, only certain types of amendments are allowed to be admitted under § 1.116. See § 1.116(b)(1)–(3). Moreo- ver, the regulation indicates that not all after-final amend- ments constitute proper replies. As § 1.116(b) provides, “[t]he admission of, or refusal to admit, any amendment af- ter a final rejection . . . will not operate to relieve the appli- cation . . . from its condition as subject to appeal or to save the application from abandonment . . . .” Thus, none of these regulations suggests that attempts to address all re- jections and objections by continuing to argue the merits are sufficient after-final replies. Against this pre-existing regulatory backdrop, what may be “reasonable efforts” in the context of responding to a non-final Office action can be quite different from “reasonable efforts” for responding to a final Office action. Because nothing in the language or INTRA-CELLULAR THERAPIES, INC v. IANCU 15 structure of the PTA statute addresses what may be re- garded as “reasonable efforts” on the part of an applicant in responding to a final Office action, we proceed to an anal- ysis under Chevron Step 2. II. Chevron Step 2: The Patent Office’s PTA Determi- nation Is Supported By a Permissible Construction of the PTA Statute. At Step 2, Chevron requires determination of whether the Patent Office’s answer to the precise question at issue is based on a “permissible construction of the statute.” Chevron, 467 U.S. at 843. We have “long recognized that considerable weight should be accorded to an [agency’s] construction of a statutory scheme it is entrusted to admin- ister, and the principle of deference to administrative in- terpretations.” Id. at 844. In attributing the 21-day period at issue to applicant delay, the Patent Office determined that Intra-Cellular’s first after-final submission constituted a “fail[ure] to en- gage in reasonable efforts to conclude prosecution” under the PTA statute because its after-final submission was not a compliant “reply” under § 1.704(b), which is the Patent Office’s implementing regulation for defining what consti- tutes applicant delay. This determination is supported by a permissible construction of the PTA statute. That is, we hold that it is permissible to interpret an after-final sub- mission that merely continues to argue the merits of an ex- aminer’s final rejection as a “fai[lure] to engage in reasonable efforts to conclude prosecution” such that such an applicant submission would not stop the accrual of ap- plicant delay under the PTA statute. Section 1.704(b) provides that “an applicant shall be deemed to have failed to engage in reasonable efforts to con- clude processing or examination of an application for the cumulative total of any periods of time in excess of three months that are taken to reply to any notice or action by the [Patent] Office making any rejection, objection, 16 INTRA-CELLULAR THERAPIES, INC v. IANCU argument, or other request . . . .” § 1.704(b) (emphases added). While § 1.704(b) does not explicitly define “reply,” that does not mean that any type of submission by the ap- plicant, no matter how flimsy or superficial, necessarily qualifies as a “reply” for purposes of stopping accrual of ap- plicant delay. Intra-Cellular does not dispute this. Oral Arg. at 11:35–12:17. Thus, some standard of compliance must be used, and the Patent Office already had longstand- ing regulatory standards in place for a complete and proper reply—one for replies to non-final Office actions (§ 1.111) and one for replies to final Office actions (§ 1.113). Given that the submission at issue was filed in response to a final Office action, the Patent Office appropriately turned to pre- existing regulatory requirements set forth in § 1.113 for re- sponding to a final Office action, unchallenged here, in in- terpreting whether Intra-Cellular’s after-final submission qualified as a “reply” under § 1.704(b). See Roberto v. Dep’t of Navy, 440 F.3d 1341, 1350 (Fed. Cir. 2006) (finding that “[t]he rules of statutory construction apply when interpret- ing an agency regulation,” and “[w]hen construing a regu- lation or statute,” the court may “consider the language of related regulations”); Strategic Housing Fin. Corp. v. United States, 608 F.3d 1317, 1330 (Fed. Cir. 2010) (“[C]ourts should interpret statutes with similar language that generally address the same subject matter together, ‘as if they were one law’” (quoting Erlenbaugh v. United States, 409 U.S. 239, 243 (1972))). Section 1.113(a) sets forth limited ways for an appli- cant to properly respond to a final Office action. It provides that an applicant’s “reply is limited to appeal in the case of rejection of any claim . . . or to amendment as specified in § 1.114 or § 1.116.” §1.113(a). It also states that a “[r]eply to a final rejection or action must comply with § 1.114 or paragraph (c) of this section.” Id. Thus, § 1.113(a) at min- imum sets forth two ways to file a proper reply to a final Office action—by either complying with § 1.114 (filing an RCE) or § 1.113(c) (cancelation or appeal of rejected INTRA-CELLULAR THERAPIES, INC v. IANCU 17 claims). While § 1.113(a) also indicates that a § 1.116 amendment can be filed, § 1.116 itself indicates that a § 1.116 amendment filed by an applicant, without more, does not necessarily relieve the applicant’s responsibility to timely reply to a final Office action. As § 1.116(c) provides, the “admission of, or refusal to admit, any amendment af- ter a final rejection, a final action, an action closing prose- cution, or any related proceedings, will not operate to relieve the application . . . from its condition as subject to appeal or save the application from abandonment.” § 1.116(c) (emphasis added); see also § 1.135(b) (“The ad- mission of, or refusal to admit, any amendment after final rejection . . . will not operate to save the application from abandonment.”). Thus, the regulatory framework makes clear that for purposes of responding to a final Office action rejecting at least some of the claims, a proper “reply” must either comply with § 1.113(c) or § 1.114. The Patent Office properly read the term “reply” in § 1.704(b) in harmony with those regulatory requirements for determining whether an applicant’s response to a final Office action cuts off accrual of applicant delay. It is undisputed that Intra-Cellular’s first after-final submission did not comply with § 1.113(c) or § 1.114. In- tra-Cellular, in its initial response, could have pursued ei- ther path for filing a proper reply to the final Office action, but it chose not to. In that first after-final submission, In- tra-Cellular continued to dispute the § 103 rejection with the same arguments the examiner had previously found unpersuasive in overcoming the same § 103 rejection in the non-final Office action. Because prosecution was closed and the examiner at that point was under no obligation to reconsider arguments that had already been rejected in the final Office action, such applicant conduct does not amount to “reasonable efforts to conclude” prosecution under § 1.704(b). Until a compliant reply was filed, Intra-Cellu- lar began accruing “applicant delay” once the three-month deadline passed for responding to the final Office action. 18 INTRA-CELLULAR THERAPIES, INC v. IANCU In filing the second after-final submission, Intra-Cellu- lar ceased resisting the examiner’s objections and rejec- tions and accepted the examiner’s positions, adopting all of the examiner’s suggestions for canceling or amending claims to overcome all rejections and objections of record. This complete capitulation to the examiner’s final Office ac- tion placed the application in condition for allowance and directly led to a Notice of Allowance, concluding prosecu- tion of the application. Because Intra-Cellular’s second af- ter-final submission amended the application to conform with all the requirements the examiner had set forth in the Advisory Action, the Patent Office effectively determined that this response constituted “reasonable efforts to con- clude prosecution,” cutting off any further accrual of appli- cant delay. Intra-Cellular’s proposed interpretation of “reply” un- der § 1.704(b) as any bona fide attempt to address all rejec- tions and objections in an Office action is impermissible because it incorrectly applies the standard for a compliant “reply” to a non-final Office action as set forth in § 1.111 to the reply to a final Office action at issue here. See § 1.111(b) (stating that a reply to a non-final Office action “must reply to every ground of objection and rejection”). As explained above, a separate regulation, § 1.113, defines a proper “reply” to a final Office action, which is the relevant standard for this case. Moreover, under Intra-Cellular’s interpretation, an applicant would be allowed to continue to liberally argue and make amendments without accruing applicant delay as long as it addressed all outstanding is- sues in the final Office action. But treating this type of submission as a proper “reply” would give the applicant the benefits of an RCE (which re-opens prosecution) without the concomitant PTA reduction that comes with an RCE. This clearly contravenes the structure of the existing PTA statute, which prevents extension of PTA through B Delay accrual for time consumed by an RCE. § 154(b)(1)(B)(i); Novartis, 740 F.3d at 601 (“[A]ny time consumed by INTRA-CELLULAR THERAPIES, INC v. IANCU 19 continued examination” under § 154(b)(1)(B)(i), “no matter when initiated, does not count toward depleting the allot- ment of three years the PTO has before any adjustment time begins to accrue.”). Intra-Cellular makes numerous arguments against the permissibility of the Patent Office’s PTA determination, but we find none of them to be persuasive. First, Intra- Cellular argues that by focusing on the result of applicant’s conduct (i.e., a failure to successfully overcome all out- standing rejections and objections in the final Office action) rather than the conduct itself (e.g., a bona fide attempt to address all issues), the Patent Office’s PTA determination violates our holding in Gilead. Appellant’s Br. at 24–26. We disagree. In Gilead, the Patent Office found that an applicant’s untimely filing of a supplemental Information Disclosure Statement (IDS) still caused applicant delay to accrue even though it did not result in actual prosecution delay because it was filed before the first Office action had issued. Gilead, 778 F.3d at 1345, 1349. Nevertheless, we upheld the Patent Office’s applicant delay finding because the “failure to engage in reasonable efforts” focused on an applicant’s “conduct,” not results. Id. at 1349. Here, the Patent Office’s applicant delay determination is entirely consistent with Gilead’s conduct-oriented focus. In contin- uing to dispute the merits of the § 103 rejection using ar- guments that were previously considered and rejected by the examiner, Intra-Cellular’s conduct not only had the po- tential to, but actually did, result in prosecution delay. As we stated in Gilead, it was reasonable to find that this type of applicant behavior was the kind Congress intended to sanction as a “failure to engage in reasonable efforts” under the PTA statute. Id. at 1349 (“[T]his court finds that a rea- sonable interpretation of the [PTA] statute is that Con- gress intended to sanction not only applicant conduct or behavior that result in actual delay, but also those having the potential to result in delay irrespective of whether such delay actually occurred.”). 20 INTRA-CELLULAR THERAPIES, INC v. IANCU Second, Intra-Cellular argues that the Patent Office’s applicant delay determination is contrary to our reasoning in Pfizer, Inc. v. Lee, 811 F.3d 466, 470 (Fed. Cir. 2016). Appellant’s Br. at 40–43. We disagree. In Pfizer, we held that the time it took for an examiner to correct a defective restriction requirement did not count as delay attributed to the Patent Office, because the examiner’s actions were part of the typical “back and forth” process of prosecution. Id. at 476. Here, the submission at issue was filed by an applicant after a final Office action was issued. A final Of- fice action marks the end of prosecution as of right. See, e.g., § 1.114(b) (“Prosecution in an application is closed as used in this section means . . . that the last Office action is a final action . . . .”). As such, any delay caused by the ap- plicant in after-final territory is not part of the typical “back and forth” process of prosecution. Thus, the reason- ing in Pfizer does not apply. Third, Intra-Cellular argues that it was “unfair sur- prise” for the Patent Office to require the generic recitation of “reply” in § 1.704(b) to mean a “reply in compliance with § 1.113(c).” Appellant’s Br. at 11. Intra-Cellular points out that when the Patent Office wants to impose compliance with § 1.113(c), it will say so, as it did with the recitation of “reply in compliance with § 1.113(c)” under § 1.703(a), another regulation that addresses the computation of delay attributed to the agency (rather than the applicant). We disagree that the more specific recitation of “reply” in § 1.703(a) renders it impermissible to require “reply” under § 1.704(b) to be compliant with § 1.113(c) when filed in the context of responding to a final Office action. Section 1.703(a) is in fact entirely consistent with our and the Pa- tent Office’s reading of “reply” in § 1.704(b). The specific reference to a “reply in compliance with § 1.113(c)” in § 1.703(a) reflects the Patent Office’s recognition that Of- fice actions in response to replies to final Office actions and Office actions in response to replies to non-final Office ac- tions represent two different situations, both of which may INTRA-CELLULAR THERAPIES, INC v. IANCU 21 separately give rise to agency delay. Indeed, § 1.703(a) spe- cifically sets forth separate rules for computing agency de- lay in the context of replies to non-final Office actions and replies to final Office actions. Under § 1.703(a)(2), agency delay accrues where an Office action is filed more than four months after “a reply under § 1.111” is filed. Under § 1.703(a)(3), agency delay accrues where an Office action is filed more than four months after “a reply in compliance with § 1.113(c)” is filed. Given that the Patent Office’s con- text-based reading of “reply” under § 1.704(b) is consistent with the sensitivity to different types of replies in § 1.703(a) (replies to non-final versus final Office actions) and the agency’s long-standing requirements treating these replies differently (as evidenced by § 1.113 and § 1.111), we are unpersuaded that the Patent Office’s PTA determination here was based on a reading that presented an “unfair surprise.” Cf. Christopher v. SmithKline Bee- cham Corp., 567 U.S. 142, 156–58 (2012) (finding that “the potential for unfair surprise [wa]s acute” where the agency announced an interpretation that was preceded by the agency’s decades-long practice signaling endorsement of a contrary interpretation). Intra-Cellular also argues that it is impermissible for the Patent Office to rely on an interpretation that requires compliance with § 1.113(c) because such an interpretation conflicts with the Patent Office’s promotion of various af- ter-final “pilot” programs that encourage applicants to en- gage in further prosecution after a final Office action. Appellant’s Reply Br. at 21–25. We need not address this argument because it is waived. However, for completeness, we note that none of these after-final pilot programs were utilized in this case, and Intra-Cellular has not argued or presented any evidence of how participation in these “pilot” programs would affect, if at all, the computation of appli- cant delay. 22 INTRA-CELLULAR THERAPIES, INC v. IANCU CONCLUSION We find that the Patent Office’s determination of appli- cant delay is supported by a permissible reading of the PTA statute. We have considered Intra-Cellular’s remaining ar- guments and find them unpersuasive. Accordingly, we con- clude that the district court did not err in granting summary judgment in favor of the Patent Office. 3 AFFIRMED COSTS No costs. 3 We note that our decision upholding the Patent Of- fice’s determination of PTA does not rely on deference to the agency under Auer v. Robbins, 519 U.S. 452 (1997) be- cause that doctrine is not necessary to understanding the regulations and deciding this case.