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In Re: Orthopedic Bone Screw Product Liability Litigation (Mdl No. 1014) J.T. Bradley and Kathy W. Bradley, in No. 00-3899 Regina M. Luellen and Eurston Luellen, Sr., in No. 00-3900 Randal Jon Uribe, in No. 00-3901 Mitchell H. Walker and Kim S. Walker, in No. 00-3902 Jose Morfin, in No. 00-3903 Mary K. Mullen Schmelter and Kurt Allen Schmelter, in No. 00-3904 Rita Jan McGill and Gary McGill in No. 00-3905 Louis H. McDowell Jr. And Patricia McDowell in No. 00-3906 Edward Briscoe, Gloria Briscoe, Dale Lewis Tamborella and Angela Tamborella, in No. 00-3907 James E. Doiron and Katherine Doiron, in No. 00-3908 Jeannette Wade and Edwin Wade, in No. 00-3909 Leila Hartwell, William J. Hartwell, Jennifer J. Still and Robert Still, in No. 00-3910 Fitz A. Reid, Etta A. Reid, Lillie Aycock, David Lindsey Brook and Mary Jane Brook, in No. 00-3911 Gary L. Drake, David Louviere and Laura M. Louviere, in No. 00-3912 Andrew Jackson Key and Linda C. Key, in No. 00-3913 Paul David Schneider and Linda Gale Schneider, in No. 00-3914 Esperanza Prida and Jorge Prida, in No. 00-3915 Reyes Basilio and Consolacion Basilio, in No. 00-3916 Ruth Rogoff, in No. 00-3917 Juan Perez and Maria I. Perez, in No. 00-3918 Brian McPherson and Kim McPherson in No. 00-3919 Audrey Collins, in No. 00-3920 Jessie H. Elliott, Jr., in No. 00-3921 Arvie Jernigan, in No. 00-3922 Lafiro Max Benavides and Irene Benavides, in No. 00-3925 John Workman, in No. 00-3926 Thomas Craig McGowan and Lori L. McGowan in No. 00-3927 Max E. Dick, Sr., in No. 00-3928 Rhonda Renee P. Lawrence and William J. Lawrence, in No. 00-3929 Raymond C. Cummings and Barbara Ann Cummings, in No. 00-3930 Larry Dale Spooner and Terri Spooner, in No. 00-3931 William P. Arinder, Betty Arinder, Newman Hearn and Deena Reese, in No. 00-3932 Randy W. McKenzie and Kimberly Sue McKenzie in No. 00-3933 Karen A. Dunn and Robert T. Dunn, in No. 00-3934 Bruce Austin and Frances Austin, in No. 00-3935 Joan Barton and Joseph Barton, in No. 00-3936 Joseph Collura and Josephine Collura, in No. 00-3937 Helene Phyllis Cohen, in No. 00-3938 Joanne Conley Brown, in No. 00-3939 Connie Ray Baxley, Jr., Angie Baxley, Dick Habour, Brenda Sue Harbour, Terry Glen Johnson, Sr., Gerald Dewayne Jones and Sherry Lynn Jones, in No. 00-3940 Jonathan Bruce Holley, Elise Holley, Jerry Frank Wetz and Alice Wetz, in No. 00-3941 Leverne Anthony, Individually, and as Administrator of the Estate of Joseph Douglas Anthony, Sr., in No. 00-3942 Fred B. Basham and Claudia F. Basham, in No. 00-3943 Stanley P. Eagle, Sr. And Ladonna M. Eagle, in No. 00-3944 Charles E. Porter, Sr., Carol Jourdan Porter, Raymond Richard and Goldie P. Richard, in No. 00-3945 Randall L. Metzler, in No. 00-3946 Lawrence Damion Hickey, in No. 00-3947 Patricia A. Orlick and Robert Orlick, in No. 00-3948 Kathy Stockdale and George Stockdale, in No. 00-3949 Phillip W. Worrell and Janice Ann Worrell, in No. 00-3950 John H. O'COnnell and Patricia O'connell, in No. 00-3951 Clifford Burt and Barbara Sue Burt, in No. 00-3952 Chester Allen Morris and Yolan Sybil Morris, in No. 00-3953 Salvatore Cali and Genie Cali, in No. 00-3954 Dean W. Devine and Theresa Devine, in No. 00-3955 Jason Leigh, in No. 00-3956 Shirley Baker, in No. 00-3957 Richard Cullen, in No. 00-3958 Aline Frances Sears, Albert James Sears, Iii, John L. Davis and Louise E. Davis, in No. 00-3959 Mary Alma Valdez and Alexander Valdez, in No. 00-3960 Anthony Wilbur Kyle and Dixie K. Kyle, in No. 00-3961 Edward Allen, Roxana Paulette Allen, Denise K. Walker, Allen K. Walker, Annette E. Freeman, Patsy Ruth Elrod Bell and John Richard Bell, Jr., in No. 00-3962 Hettie Rovenia Crescini, Benjamin J. Crescini, Sr., James Fussell, Sherry E. Fussell, Dale C. Hutchinson, Dollinda Hutchinson, James Paul, Martha Lou Smith Paul, Bobby Ray Smith, Alvy J. Smith and Martin Carroll, in No. 00-3963 Dorris E. Harrell and Margie L. Harrell, in No.00-3964 Wesley F. Stokes and Linda Gail Stokes, in No. 00-3965 Derrill B. Manley and Cindy Manley, in No. 00-3966 Aubrey J. Ledger, in No. 00-3967 Edward G. Herrera, Individually and as Administrator of the Estate of Rosie A. Herrera, in No. 00-3968 William Daniel Stone, in No. 00-3969 Jerry Whitaker and Patricia G. Whitaker, in No. 00-3970 Rita Gariby and Jesse Rubio Gariby, in No. 00-3971 Patricia Armijo, in No. 00-3972 Vera L. Berrington and William J. Berrington, in No. 00-3973 Terri H. Gibbs, Arlene F. Parker and William Parker, in No. 00-3974 Allen J. Montecino, Jr. And Virginia Montecino, in No. 00-3975 Gloria Huntman, in No. 00-3976 John M. Russo and Karen Russo, in No. 00-3977 Charles Thomas Wahlquist and Tina Rachelle Wahlquist, in No. 00-3982 Sammy Melissa Case and Ronnie Case, in No. 00-3983 Robert Brozewicz and Denise Brozewicz, in No. 00-3984 Charles Parrott, Allan R. Whitlow, Dorothy Merle Manberg and Charles Manberg, in No. 00-3986 Danny L. Harris, Sr. And Cathie B. Harris, in No. 00-3987 Earl Hicks and Debra Hicks, in No. 00-3988 Amy Foote Weaselbear, Individually and as Administrator of the Estate of Archie A. Weaselbear, in No. 00-3990 Laurie L. Coogler, Dennis K. Coogler, Pamela A. Underferth, Thomas M. Underferth, Billie A.M. King, Cecil C. King, James Roger Smith and Vermell M. Smith, in No. 00-3991 Steve L. Thompson, in No. 00-3992 Eulalio "Bobby" Adami, Coy R. Griffin, Sr. And Wilma Griffin, in No. 00-3993 Ronald Gene Penny and Teresa R. Penny, in No. 00-3994 Shirley A. Plott, in No. 00-3995 Joan McGhee in No. 00-3996 Melvin G. Burks, in No. 00-3997 Michael Seman, in No. 00-3998 Ginger Bentley and Henry L. Bentley, in No. 00-3999 Katherine Celia, in No. 00-4000 Connie Amelia Corley, in No. 00-4001 Lonnie Lowe, in No. 00-4002 Robert J. Berglund, Leslie Ann Berglund, Bruce D. Bultman, Carol Ching Bultman, Gary L. Ewing, Janet Walker Ewing, Timothy Scott Rushing and Joan Mary Rushing, in No. 00-4003 Nancy G. Brown and Ronald E. Brown, in No. 00-4004 Candace L. Mathes and Stanley M. Mathes, Iii, in No. 00-4005 Kathleen Burke and Earl Burke, in No. 00-4006 Clifford R. Swain and Savana G. Swain, in No. 00-4007 James C. Smith and Beverly D. Smith, in No. 00-4008 Alex A. Driggers and Margie Ann Driggers, in No. 00-4009 Isidora Fuselier, Albert J. Fuselier, Michael Lee Andrus and Mark A. Bullard, in No. 00-4010 Harry Alan Bowser and Ronda L. Bowser, in No. 00-4011 Michael D. Holloway, in No. 00-4012 Lillian Marchegianni and John Marchegianni, in No. 00-4013 Jerry Dewayne Harrison and Mary M. Harrison, in No. 00-4014 M. Mary Coleman, in No. 00-4015 Jessie Flores and Mary I. Frias Flores, in No. 00-4016 Kap Jong Lee and Sung Wan Lee, in No. 00-4017 Richard Fontenot, Peggy Sue Fontenot and Perry Bang, in No. 00-4018 Wallace Wade Prahser and Donna Prahser, in No. 00-4019 James W. Ervin, Jr., in No. 00-4021 Larry Hugh Gibson and Connie Marine Gibson, in No. 00-4022 Leonard Otis Smith and Hazel M. Smith, in No. 00-4023 J.P. Parker, in No. 00-4024 Bruce W. Shepherd and Lorene B. Shepherd, in No. 00-4025 James Toskes, in No. 00-4026 Priscilla Fontenot, Lester Joseph Fontenot, Lee Anna Scott, Arthur Scott, Jr., John Goodman, Gertrude Goodman, Janice Reed, David Reed, Deidre Guillory, Barbara L. Comeaux and Leander Comeaux, in No. 00-4027 Marilyn A. Greiner and Emil D. Greiner, in No. 00-4028 Jamie Lee Samuels and Thad J. Samuels, in No. 00-4029 Merle L. Jensen, David Bernard Jensen and David Rounkles, in No. 00-4030 Melissa Ann Chandler, in No. 00-4031 Thomas Levon Jones and Beverly Jones, in No. 00-4032 Irene Portillo, in No. 00-4033 Theodore N. Helton and Josephine T. Helton, in No. 00-4034 Grant Edward Tingstrom, Cathy J. Carrick, David L. Carrick, Sr., John Shaver and Diana Shaver, in No. 00-4035 William D. Sipes and Thelma G. Sipes, in No. 00-4036 George Love and Rosemary Love, in No. 00-4037 Joseph Anthony Strange, in No. 00-4038 Frank L. Bowes and Lollie Bowes, in No. 00-4039 Bruce Anthony Davis and Mary Ann Davis, in No. 00-4040 Gaty M. Jones and Janice A. Jones, in No. 00-4041 Elizabeth Bablitz and August E. Bablitz, in No. 00-4042 Caridad Perez, Rogelio Perez, Michael Joseph Smith, Rebecca A. Smith and Maria C.P. Bezara, in No. 00-4043 Vall R. Williams and Zolla Williams, in No. 00-4044 Kimberly Derose, Michael J. Derose, Salvatore Babriele, Jr. And Sandee Gabriele, in No. 00-4045 Billy Hines and Brenda Hines, in No. 00-4046 Michael Scott Schirmer and Patsy Schirmer, in No. 00-4047 Denis Ray Dunlap, Bernadette Dunlap, George R. Wiley, Judy Mize Wiley, Jeffery Lynn Miller and Donna Miller, in No. 00-4048 Cynthia Jo Lackey and Joseph Lackey, in No. 00-4049 Marsha Stites, in No. 00-4050 James Joseph Morway and Kristie Jo Morway, in No. 00-4051 Sandy Price and Michael L. Price, in No. 00-4052 Robert Shehan and Cleta Shehan, in No. 00-4053 Theresa L. Fitzgerald and John Patrick Fitzgerald, Jr., in No. 00-4054 William G. Warthen, in No. 00-4055 Roy H. Dedman, Nicole Dedman, David P. Abeyta and Lorri S. Abeyta, in No. 00-4056 Carroll D. Harris and Sharon Kay Harris, in No. 00-4057 Jerry Dale Arnold, Bonnie Sue Arnold and Elizabeth Cullen Ohrum, in No. 00-4060 Jackie C. Crenshaw and Rosetta A. Crenshaw, in No. 00-4061 Linda Patten Hitchcock and Dennis A. Hitchcock, in No. 00-4062 Frans R. Dorris and Dianne Reichenbacher-Dorris, in No. 00-4063 James Stroderd and Paula Stroderd, in No. 00-4064 Kathy Diane Young and Billy Dale Young, in No. 00-4065 Gregory H. Hardin, in No. 00-4066 Raymond Nolan, Jr., in No. 00-4067 Michael Galloway and Pat Galloway, in No. 00-4068 Frank L. Dachenhausen and Thelma I.F. Dachenhausen, in No. 00-4069 Carmine A. Cilella and Gabriella Cilella, in No. 00-4070 Ronald Leroy Lee, Linda Lee Castleberry and H.L. Castleberry, in No. 00-4071 David Onger, in No. 00-4072 James T. Livingston, Jacqueline A. Livingston, Ronald Wayne Dean, Nanni P. Dean, William E. Boyer, Sr, and Melanie Kay Boyer, in No. 00-4073 Kenneth Kulhanek, in No. 00-4074 Rosemary K. Barotti, Peter W. Barotti, Kathryn McBratney and Jeff McBratney in No. 00-4075 Billy Holbrook and Sherrie Holbrook, in No. 00-4076 Robert Geib and Donna Marie Geib, in No. 00-4077 Joyce Ann Robichaud, as Administrator of the Estate of Ray Robichaud, in No. 00-4078 Jimmy Shoemaker and Annette Shoemaker, in No. 00-4079 Jose Luis Rivera, Concepcion Rivera, Roslyn Del Pradia Wilson and Henry E. Wilson, Sr., in No. 00-4080 Bertha A. Salazar Vasquez and Hector G. Vasquez, in No. 00-4081 Donald Lynn McKeown and Janice McKeown in No. 00-4082 Pauline Strickland White and Henry Willis White, in No. 00-4083 Jerry Dale Lewis and Mary D. Lewis, in No. 00-4084 Opal A. Parham, in No. 00-4085 Hazel Dueitt Sweatt and Earl Lynn Sweatt, in No. 00-4086 Marilyn Fitzgerald, in No. 00-4087 Alice McKinnon Clayton, in No. 00-4088 Maria De La Cruz and Miguel Angel De La Cruz, in No. 00-4089 Barbara Ann Bruzer and Dale Eugene Bruzer, in No. 00-4090 Joseph Lee Castle and Sandra Collins Castle, in No. 00-4091 Patricia Ann Hill and William A. Hill, in No. 00-4092 Annie Ruth Fralick, in No. 00-4093 Thomas James Olsen and Gloria M. Olsen, in No. 00-4094 Linda Newberry and Dave Newberry, in No. 00-4095 Estate/heirs of Sharon Alderman , Estate/heirs of Ralph C. Anderson , Todd Anselmo, Judith E. Anselmo, Phil Barber, Janice M. Barmore, Julie P. Barrack, Daniel W. Bartelt, Robert E. Bennett, Lois K. Bergsjo, Andrew L. Barry, Rebecca J. Boe, Clairce E. Boggs, Barbara Kay Bremer, Pamela M. Brewster, Morton G. Brill, Lenore Brill, Alonzo Brown, Vicki J. Brusewitz, James Buresh, Betty Butler, John Butler, Arlene v. Carlson, Diane L. Cassidy, Dennis Cassidy, Julie A. Charette, Dale Charette, Brian K. Ciske, Denise Cook, Muriel A. Crowley, Lillie M. Dabney, Timothy J. Dickau, James Douglas, Cheryl M. Douglas, Leona S. Ehnert, Majorie A. Etzel, Daniel M. Etzel, Cary M. Femrite, Robert L. Fields, Elizabeth A. Fischman, Donald J. Flower, Scott Fullex, Dennis J. Gallagher, Michael A. George, Calvin W. Gilbo, Sr., Donna C. Green, Sharon L. Griffin, Eloy Guzman, Sr. , Roberta E. Hammerlind, Patricia L. Heidelberger, Raymond C. Hermanson, Gail Hermanson, Mark W. Herrman, Cynthia Herrman, Judith I. Hughes, Reginald F. Hughley, Todd W. Illies, Michael W. Iverson, Gayle E. Johnson, Dale Johnson, Janice M. Johnson, Daniel Johnson, Peter H. Johnson, Peggy Johnson, Cindy Osborne Keim, Barbara A. Kern, Karen M. Klein, Katherine E. Koehler, Barbara J. Kunshier, Robert B. Kwasigroch, Estate/heirs of Robert A. Laessig , Estate/heirs of Frances Laessig , David G. Lewandowski, Donnie K. Lilly, Donald J. Lisk, Patricia A. Lilly, Nancy L. Lisk, Craig W. Locher, Jodi Locher, Patricia J. Mandli, Michael M. Martinson, Anthony Martorana, Jean J. Martorana, Lorraine B. Mathis, Ethel McClain Michael R. McConnell Donald R. McRae Jacqueline E. McRae Virginia A. McVicker William McVicker Wendell D. Meeker, Marjorie L. Melinski, Shirley A. Moen, Marcy Myers, Jean A. Ness, James Ness, Jack C. Nicholson, Kathleen L. Nicholson, Cheryl M. Novotny, Richard A. Novotny, Larry J. Novotny, Claudette M. Novotny, Dennis W. Olson, Margery Olson, Ronald W. Olson, Randy R. Otto, Joan A. Pasowicz, Joseph Pasowicz, Stephen E. Paxton, Lisa M. Lugo-Paxton, Frederick L. Peck, Tina J. Peck, Estate/heirs of George J. Pesek , Estate/heirs of Katherine H. Pesek , Estate/heirs of Eugene S. Prantner , William Peters, Lucille L. Peterson, Suzanne R. Petrusic, Walter Petrusic, Robert J. Plaksy , Sharon Plaksy , Ratsy Rathke, Arlene E. Reed, Ronald Reed, Rick Reizer, Jeffrey Richie, Debra A. Richie, Ricky K. Romaine, Lloyd Rose, Larry S. Rudolph, Lee R. Rysdam, Marija Rysdam, Richard H. Salverda, Rosemary Schibley, Phillip E. Schmidt, Margaret A. Schmidt, Jeanne E. Skarda, Raymond T. Sobotta, Lee A. Solomon, Michael J. Spartz, Glee H. Spartz, Steven G. Starker, Edward J. Tentis, Gerard A. Theis, George E. Toth, Barbara Toth, Victor Towler, Barbara J. Venne, Mary Weinstein , Milo D. White, Stefanja Z. Wojtczak, Jay H. Wyttehove and John W. Zink, Sr., in No. 00-4098 James D. Bitzer, Charity A. Bitzer, James A. Mortensen, Dennis Raymond, Marlene Raymond and Mary L. Yeager, in No. 00-4099 Douglas J. Callaway, Dana Callaway, Ronald R. Sivak, Ann M. Weiler and Norbert Weiler, in No. 00-4100 Richard E. Almquist, Patricia E. Almquist, Kathie L. Avery , Charles W. Avery, Gerald T. Baron, Margaret L. Bennett, Geneva G. Bissonette, William D. Bolton, Jr., Joan Bolton, Jeanne A. Borkowicz, Ronald J. Borkowicz, Mark A. Chapman, Arthur L. Cotter, Barbara A. Cotter, Lynda M. Dahl-Kocurek, Silviu Dan , Estate/heirs of James Domaszek , George I. Florek, Jeanne Florek, Debra G. Fox, Joseph Fox, Herman Haayer, Jr., Pamela Haayer, Darlene D. Halder, Robert A. Hayes, Leah J. Henkel, Donald E. Hereau, Dorothy J. Hereau, Steve C. Hesse , Nancy Hesse , Estate/heirs of Judy Jolly , Wayne Jolly , Michael J. Kaiser, Jody A. Lagergren, Todd Lagergren, Lois J. Lenzo, Gale R. Mattison, Ruby R. Pabelick, Michael D. Platts, Kathy Platts, Richard A. Pynenberg, Donna Rau, Glenn Rau, Judith G. Richart, Robert Richart, Jeffrey Richie, Debra A. Richie, Robert L. Schmalfeldt, Lori J. Schmalfeldt, Lonnie C. Shelley, Sharon Shelley, Sharon L. Swanson, Joan M. Valenty, Mary L. Yeager and Charles A. Zinn, in No. 00-4101 Michael K. Bentley, Marlene E. Bergeron, Joyce A. Bushrod, Robert R. Burns, Hanna Cahsai, Gail R. Copeland, Faye R. Copeland, Denise Cook, Lillie M. Dabney, Becky L. Dykes, Jerome T. Engel, Robert L. Fields, Mark D. Frakes, Gina Frakes, George C. Gonzalez, Brenda Gonzalez, William A. Green, Martha J. Green, Lois A. Hartwig, David L. Hartwig, Charles W. Hughes, Deane M. Hughes, Robert J. Johnson, Joan Johnson, Eileen E. Kaiser, Cindy Osborne Keim, Allen Kline, Jeffrey A. Koch, Laura J. Kollmer, Chris J. Kollmer, Michael A. Lachapelle, Donald J. Lisk, Nancy L. Lisk, Mitchell Pezanoski, Mary Pezanoski, Kenneth E. Retkowski, Gayle Retkowski, Joseph P. Schoenborn, Dawn J. Shelton, Darryl C. Shelton, Michael J. Spartz, Glee H. Spartz, Steven G. Starker, Danette T. Tellijohn, Richard A. Theisen, Michael Thompson, Victor Towler, Timothy P. Tucker, Mary Weinstein , Theresa Bichler Wichman and Mark J. Wietzke, in No. 00-4102 Holly Bair , Walter Austin, Hubert W. Bellisle, Mary J. Bellisle, Andrew L. Berry, Marlene M. Biggins, Thomas Biggins, James J. Breen , Thelma Breen , Estate/heirs of Robert J. Brown , Vivian Brown, Karen R. Callahan, Cathleen A. Crandall, Albert A. Dicruttalo, Iii, John Doherty, Robert C. Duisen, Jr., Carla J. Ford, Dana W. Frank, Joann C. Frank, John C. Frank, Gail R. Frank, Estella Gamez, Linda S. Gipson, Donald F. Goold, Joan M. Goold, Mitchell E. Grav, Carolyn M. Hendley, Theron Hendley, Timothy Hill, Patricia F. Kearns, Dorothy M. Kinn, Florence I. (Wong) Lakin, Valerie E. Lennon, Jack W. McGillivray Beatrice McGillivray Kurt R. Meintsma, Brenda L. Moorer, Tillman E. Olson , Victoria M. Olson, Ruth H. Perkel, Malcolm Perry, Monica Perry, Jack Robinson, Gregory Rubbo, George N. Ruzynski, June Ruzynski, Anna M. Scully, Lee A. Scully, Scott Silva, Michael J. Spartz, Glee H. Spartz, Steven Staudt, Tracy Staudt, Allen R. Terry, A. Thorne, Sandy Thorne, Victoria L. Valente, Ralph Abagian, Judy M. Walker, Estate/heirs of Gerald F. Wehler , Marjorie Wehler, Frank J. Williams and Angie Williams, in No. 00-4103 Christine M. Anderson, Oscar Bernal, Gail R. Copeland, Faye R. Copeland, Steve Ferguson, Cindy Osborne Keim, Robert Lablanc, Melvin Martin, Brooke Meyers, Riley L. Norris, Joyce Norris, Daniel P. Monson, Janet Smith, Bob Smith, William J. Vlasek, Doris Vlasek, William Walkenbach, Paul B. Wall, Sandra Weaver and Judy M. Walker, in No. 00-4104 James D. Ash, Cynthia Ash, Estate/heirs of Sharon Alderman , James R. Ashley, Mary A. Aune, Holly Bair , Edward Barnes, Donald L. Beckman, Debra S. Beckman, Emma L. Bennike, Robert E. Bennett, Nancy L. Brett, Gregory Brett, Joyce A. Bushrod, Karen R. Callahan, Traci W. Chapman, Gail A. Christian, Dorsey W. Cole, Carla J. Colombo, Belinda M. Cook, Scott M. Daniels, Robert C. Degeest, Thomas K. Dillon, Jeanne M. Garchek, Cecil P. Gibby, Betty Gibby, Carolyn Gibson, Raymond A. Golden, Estate/heirs of Essie L. Goldsmith , William A. Green, Martha J. Green, Bobby Harrison, Everett E. Hendrickson, Pat Hendrickson, Joan C. Hochbrunn, Thomas Hochbrunn, Bertha E. Hokkanen, John Hokkanen, Julie A. Hunt, Renee M. Janusz, Mary L. Johnson, Alan K. Johnson, Thomas W. Keene, Rosalie G. Keene, Nancy J. Kellam, James Kellam, Paul W. Kelly, Gerald J. Kernan, Jeffrey A. Koch, Benjamin F. Korfe, John A. Kraus, Jr., Karen J. Lyons, Donald Lyons, Jr., Estate/heirs of Mae v. Martin , Calvin Martin, Melvin Martin, Gary P. McFarland Jody McFarland Alan R. McGee Virginia A. McVicker William McVicker Robert Mertens, Brooke Meyers, Catherine J. Muha, Harold Mulcare, Randy A. Murray, Tracy Murray, Maxine T. Narog, Steve R. Newman, Linda Newman, Randy R. Otto, Freddie L. Owens, Paulina Pappas, John R. Pappas, Kay Parr, James H. Parsons, Janet S. Parsons, Estate/heirs of Norman Persten , Richard J. Pietrzak, Karla Pietrzak, Frances H. Popham, Ronald Richards, Wayne W. Richards, Debra Richards, Kathleen Richardson, Luis Rivera, Roland C. Roberts, Patricia Roberts, Rose M. Robinson, James F. Robinson, Michael S. Ryan, John C. Salas, Howard D. Sams, Marion A. Sams, David R. Scalise, Clarence I. Seaburg, Joseph A. Sherry, William J. Skobjak, Annette Skobjak, Beulah E. Skoog, Lee A. Solomon, David J. Stanoch, Denise A. Stanoch, Marlette C. Steinke, Kathryn L. Stout, Denzil L. Stout, Michael D. Supple, Mary B. Supple, Danette T. Tellijohn, Gerrye W. Tippens, Jerry Tippens, Albert E. Topolski, Brian Vaughn, Tom E. Wadsworth, Estate/heirs of Gerald F. Wehler , Marjorie Wehler and Roberta Zimmerman, in No. 00-4105 Donald Lombard, William C. McPhail and Estate/heirs of Charles D. Reynolds , in No. 00-4106 Joanne Benton, Michael Sita, Beverly Sita, Gregory Osburn, Joy Osburn, Kelly D. Cowan, James Smith, Judy Smith, John Horton, Sandra Horton, Geraldo Feregrino, Laura Feregrino, Phillis Driver, Julian Whitten, Debra Whitten, Deva Buttram, Edward Buttram, Henry J. Klein, Patricia Labree, Amos Jenkins, Linda Jenkins, James H. Reske, Sr., Ned Johnson, Maxine Johnson, Paula Watkins, Eyssel Gurganus, Henry Gurganus, Victoria B. Jones, Kirby Tharrington, Betty M. Brantley, Phyllis Perry, Claude Perry, Mary Thatch, John Thatch, Leotha Forte, Phyllis Forte, Emily Ennis, Lilyn D. Taux, Dilcy L. Hall, Carlton Parris, Joseph Amos, Christopher Poole, Missouri Garner, Victor Garner and Cynthia Esposito, in No. 00-4107 Donna Marie Beauchemin, Aaron Wayne Calk, Debra Calk, Vincent Foster Cochran, Peggy Joyce Cochran, Mary N. Hix, John M. Hix, Nicholas Host, Debra Ann Host, David S. Lambert, Donnalyn Acosta, Robert E. Lee, Kathi Lewis, Shirley Lewis, Roger W. Lovell, Brenda Kay Graves Lovell, Gilbert Martinez, Jr., Maria Martinez, Ralph M. Nielsen, Marie J. Nielsen, David Perry, Brian Quinn, Cheryl Ann Smith, Donald Smith, David L. Spottek, James Swisher, Richard Lynn Thornton, Paul Williams, Barbara Jean Wilson, B.E. Wilson, Catherine A. Wright, Michael A. Bloomfield, Leslie J. Bloomfield, Kathleen Burke and Earl Burke, in 00-4108 Sherry Adams, Daniel Ray Adams, Betty C. Alisouskas, Vincent F. Alisouskas, Dwayne Junior Allen, Doylene Todd Allen, Richard Lee Allen, John D. Austin, Tami Austin, Robert Lee Baker, Cecil W. Barnett, Glenda Mae Harper Barnett, Vivian K. Basham, Arice M. Basham, Lucy Frances Bauman, Thomas Richard Bauman, Sr., Michael Belliveau, Lisa Belliveau, David Benavidez, Teresa Garcia Benavidez, Betty Jean Bennett, Betty Joanne Benning, Anthony P. Bertrand, Evelyn Sue Bertrand, James Charles Besch, Bernice Ann Lay Besch, Deborah Best, Joseph C. Best, Ronald Coburn Billings, Tina Marie Billings, Patricia Ann Blackledge, Buddy W. Blackledge, Sr., John William Blasko, Daniel L. Blemke, Beulah A. Boatsman, Stanley Dale Boogs, Linda Carolyn Latham Boggs, Lynn H. Boles, Juanita Frogge Boles, Aulpheda Bonner, Jimmy T. Bonner, Melton Jack Book, Charlotte Book, Dennis P. Borghesi, Gayle Borghesi, Dorothy H. Bower, Marvin Lee Bower, Lora A. Bower, Bonnie F.S. Brinegar, Rocio Mier Brodd, Wayne M. Brodd, Agnes Jean Brothers, William L. Brothers, Marvin J. Brouillette, Sr., Mary Lois Brouillette, Edgar Steve Brown, Tina R. Miers Brown, Lynn Jimette Brown, Michael Lynn Brown, Leonard Bushnell, Katherine Bushnell, Larry G. Carlson, Pamela G. Carlson, Luis H.G. Casanas, Arvie L. Causey, Doyle E. Chamblee, Hilda M. Chamblee, James H. Chambless, Richard D. Chandler, Stephanie W. Chandler, Vyron Breen Cherry, Dana Delores Marvin Cherry, James L. Christina, Susan Y. Christina, Ethel Coffman, Dennis D. Compton, Jerri Sue Compton, Harry C. Conner, Sr., Melina J. Conner, Randall C. Corbello, Rita M. Corbello, James Cottrell, Lois Couvillion, Estine Covillion, Peter L. Covert, Susan K. Covert, Rodger K. Cox, Edith Mills-Cox, Jack Craycraft, Phyllis Craycraft, Timothy Cunningham, Jennifer Cunningham, Richard Daniel, Debra J. Daniel, Mark Dixon Dehaven, Robin Lynn Dehaven, Lou Ella Deville, Ty Dwayne Dick, Audrey Ann Dick, Sally M.A. Dickinson, Richard Dickinson, James Doherty, Shirley L. Dollarhide, Gerald J. Dollarhide, Marion Domer, Valerie Domer, Janice Miller Dowdy, William E. Dowdy, Richard Drumheller, Patricia Ann Crane Dulny, Roberta N. Dunn, Eugene D. Dunn, Jr., Lisa Hoens Guest Dupont-Aguillard, Joseph M. Dupont, Russell G. Einolander, Phyllis Lynne Elliott, Randall C. Elliott, Roger Keith Emrick, Penny Jae Emrick, Judy Evans, Howard L. Evans, Fred Preston Cone Evatt, Sr., Trubee Laverne Evatt, Edith G. Fewell, John Thomas Fewell, Robert J. Firek, Kathleen Mary Firek, Mary Frances Flory, Theresa M. Foltz, Louis Foltz, George M. Fontenot, Juanita C. Fontenot, Wilbert Fontenot, Reata Fontenot, Selby Clyde Ford, Dorothy C. Ford, Cynthia A.O. Foxworth, Debbie Fredette, Ernest A. Freeman, Ellen R. Fretty, Earl J. Fruge', Susan Fruge', Mark D. Fuller, Rosalva Fuller, George E. Garcia, Sally A. Garcia, Maxine Joan Gardetto, David T. Gardner, Leo Gardner, Jr., Beverly Sue Gardner, Gertrude Gautreaux, Kimberlee Gavosto, Darrin Gavosto, Murry C. Gear, Claretta I. Getts Gear, Greg Gillum, Jr., Ruth A. Gillum, Marietta L. Gjertsen, Brian Todd Glowka, Kristi L. Glowka, Patricia Grant, Forrest Griffin, Judith A. Potthast Griffin, Eva Grimes, Jerry Grimes, John S. Hallmark, Sr., Wanda J. Michaels-Hallmaker, Mark E. Hanson, Brenda Hanson, David Earl Hardy, Gloria D. Brooks Hardy, Louis Edward Hatsfelt, Sr., William Hayes, Linda E. Hayes, Patricia Henderson, Frank L. Herron, Cassandra Herron, Marie Black Hinson, Robert Steven Hinson, Nelson Hoffpauir, Rose Marie Holder, Timothy L. Hurd, Brenda Hurd, Lanny Jackson, Dora Ann Jackson, Joseph J. Jarmasek, Sr., Barbara Jarmasek, Walter Jeane, Mary H. Jeane, Carol Elaine Jewitt, Michael H.A. Jewitt, Edward Grant Johnson, Hazel Ross Johnson, L.C. Johnson, Dixie Brannon Johnson, Edna Lee Jones, Merleyn C. Jones, Victor L. Jones, Sharon Jones, Earl Jordy, Jr., Anita Jordy, Robert Kaminski, Linda Kaminski, Richard D. Kidd, Marlene Kidd, Thomas v. Kilgore, Penny Kilgore-Thomas, Barbara L. King, Deryl D. King, Victor Clyde Knapp, Jr., Deborah Kay Knapp, George Alvin Knight, Linda Sue Knight, Mary Kroupa-Casey, Kevin P. Casey, Andrew D. Kubiczki, Mary Kubiczki, Joanne L. Kuci, Feta Hysen Kuci, James A. Kuhns, Clay Carlton Kutscher, Helen Lamontagne-Eddy, Leona Lapradd, Ronald D. Larabee, Peggy Larson, Everett Larson, Patsy A. Lehmann, Paul Alton Livingston, Darrell W. Logan, Rebecca Logan, Sylvia G. Loucks, John Foster Loy, James E. Malenfant, Suzanne M. Malenfant, Zetty Malone, John F. Manley, Carlene E. Mansfield, Richard Marble, Inda Marble, Gary M. Marks, Clara D. Marrs, Gordon Ray Marrs, Debra K. Martin, Lyle E. Martin, Sandra Mason, Floyd Mason, Jacqueline B. Mauldin, Arthur Lewis Mauldin, William Lee McDuell Birdie J. McDuell Kevin L. McGaw Becky Anderson, Arthur James McHugh Mary Ann McHugh Tony McKnight Alex Mercado, Joann Mercado, Rachel Miller, Anthony Miranda, James Felton Mitcham, Lynn Mitcham, Evelyn Marie Mitchon, Kenneth H. Moore, Linda A. Moore, Ronnie Moore, Marva Moore, Myra Helen Moreau, J.R. Moreau, Kathleen H. Morris, Richard Morris, Donald Bruce Mountjoy, Kathleen Connor, Paul Mouton, Patricia M. Mouton, Katheryn D. Mueller, Allan G. Mueller, James Murphy, Beverly Blassingane Murphy, Robert E. Murphy, Bonnie Murphy, Kimberly Naglich, Mark T. Naglich, Steve A. Nave, Katherine L. Nave, Jerry W. Newman, Mary Newman, Max H. Nix, Marilyn Joyce Nix, Brigitte H. Noorlander, John A. Noorlander, George E. O'bryant, Alice Lightly O'bryant, Richard S. Parker, Sylvia Inez Parker, Bobby Pelfrey, Stanley Perlstein, Gerald W. Pettifield, Ronald Plesz, Velda B. Plesz, Carolyn Rene Posey-Bond, Robert Clayton Bond, Michael G. Queen, Janice G. Queen, Kenneth P. Rainwater, Darlene S. Rainwater, Vicki Diana Jarrell Ramey, Richard Dale Ramey, Janet Ranney, Donald H. Ranney, Deborah Dee Reimund, Terry Allen Reimund, Sheri Lynn Revers, James Revers, Sharon Rewis, John Rewis, Jr., Shelia A.H. Rinehart, Ellis W. Rinehart, Danny Lee Ringo, Debra Ringo, Joan K. Roberts, Tommy L. Roberts, Patricia Ann Roberts, Dexter Robinson, David L. Ross, Carol Ross, John Ryan, Lawrence W. Salminen, Teddy Salmon, Anita Joy Salmon, Keith Watson Sandeford, Donna Baird Sandeford, Michael J. Schlaikjer, Christina Lynn Schlaikjer, Carlton William Schmidt, Peggy R.U. Schrier, Marylyn Ann Schultz, Roy Schultz, Leo G. Scott, Sheila G. Scott, Louis Servin, Donna Servin, Steven R. Shafer, Janice Shafer, Jane L. Shoe, Mary Ann Shores, James B. Shores, Tommie C. Shoulders, Lorraine Shoulders, Elton Son Shults, Thomas Dudley Sides, Rosa F. Silva, Heriberto Silva, Martin Simmons, Diane Dille-Simmons, William B. Skelton, Sr., Agnes Lucille Skelton, Darrell Slape, Miriam P. Slavich, Ivan L. Slavich, Alfred Andrew Smith, Martha Jane Smith, George Smith, Elizabeth F. Smith, James Roger Smith, Vermell McBride Smith, Terry Eugene Smith, Penny Talley Smith, Kevin G. Spencer, Nikki Spencer, Charles F. Stacks, Sarah Jan Stacks, Jerry Stephenson, Brenda J. Stinson, Max E. Stinson, Paul H. Stockton, Nancy E. Stockton, Margie A.B. Stone, Vernonodell Stone, Richard W. Stull, Donna Wojtasinski Stull, William P. Sturgeon, Audrey M. Tallant, Roger Dennis Watkins, John Tarka, Lorriane A. Tarka, Michael Franklin Taylor, Denise King Taylor, Nicholas Tentzeras, Dwight H. Terrell, Billy P. Thaggard, Linda Thaggard, Frances E. Thibodeau, Larry Thomas, Annette Marie Thomas, James F. Thomason, Mark A. Thornton, Donna L. Bonin Thornton, Terina Smith Threadgill, Larry E. Threadgill, Jr., James E. Timberlin, Sr., Frank E. Tomlinson, Donna Elizabeth Tomlinson, Diane Elaine Tresfon, Dewey Ronald Tubb, Charlotte P. Tubb, Richard C. Tucker, Deborah S.B. Turner, Harry D. Turner, Virginia F. Turner, Wendell Turner, Sr., Brian P. Vannatta, Charles P. Votruba, Denise C. Votruba, Kenneth Wade, Dianna Wade, James C. Walston, Sr., Ethel Marie Walston, James A. Ward, Kathleen Ward, Sharon R. Ward, Bruce L. Ward, John Layton Webb, Clark Welcher, Sharyl Welcher, Marie D. White, James S. White, Donald Edward Wilder, Betty Jane Murray Wilder, Cecil Williams, Jane Watson Williams, M. Teresa Willis, Larry N. Wilson, Octavia Wilson, Stephen W. Wilson, Lisa Wilson, William C. Winders, Virginia Winders, Rondell Vernon Wood, Dolores Laverne Wood, Tracy L. Workman, Janine Lee Workman, Kristine E. Young, Charles Drake, Priscilla Fontenot, Lester Joseph Fontenot, Thomas C. McGowan and Lori L. McGowan in No. 00-4109
Gaines-Tabb v. ICI Explosives, USA, Inc.

United States Court of Appeals For the Eighth Circuit ___________________________ No. 18-1574 ___________________________ Philip Petrone, on behalf of themselves and all those similarly situated; Stewart Fisher, on behalf of themselves and all those similarly situated; Jasbir Singh, on behalf of themselves and all those similarly situated; Brian Pankz, on behalf of themselves and all those similarly situated; Jason Dewayne Gunn; Ahmad Abdinasir; Adam F. Akhalu; Latoshia Denise Anderson; Derek C. Anglero; Alan Blane Arthur; Christopher Ayala; Timothy McCabe Bailey; Csaba G. Barabas; Henry Barentine; Joseph E. Barker; Diego Barraza; Richard Clair Bash; Terry Lee Batko; Elizabeth Baumgartel; Jeremy Alfred Bennett; Gary M. Bernstine; Stacy Lynn Bluebird; Rafarel K. Boadu; Damien Marcus Boyer; Christina Bradley; Elias Bratcher; Justin Bristol; Karl Matthew Emerson; Scott A. Larrow; Steve N. Neely; Tonya McDonald; Micheal Anthony Brooks; Nicholas Brown; Olivia Bryant; Lawrence F. Bunkowski; David Burgess; Steven Dale Burgess; Justin Burkholder; Richard Calvert; Johnny Carter; Brett Carty; Joel Castaneda-Dominguez; Lawrence Edward Cecil; Issac Houston Chase; Paul Cleaver; Thomas Ricky Coker; Kenya Dyone Collins; Michael Ray Combs; Kenneth Ray Cook; Victor Chavarria; Kenneth B. Cloud; Richard Copley; Howard Corley, Jr.; Jeffrey G. Crissman; Jimmy Carl Criswell; Thomas Cross; Francisco Cruz; James Michael Cullity; Kabik Daam; Wilson M. Dagaye; David Davila; Michael Scott Davis; Jermey Leonard Dawson; Perry A. Deeke; David Andrew Delisi; Louis James Dietry; John Michael Doss; Steven Dubinsky; Luis Duran Saldivar; Carl Eberhardt; Harcourt P. Edgecombe; Douglas Allen Elbon; Terry Lee Elkins; Paul Terry Elliott, Jr.; Mark C. Eure; Seth Fezatte; Roscoe W. Forman; Anthony Frank; Nathaniel Anthony Frazier, Jr.; Ernest G. Fulp, Jr.; Peter Liyayi Gaitano; Jose Garcia-Gonzalez; JoAnna Hancock Geddings; Clair Henry Gilmore, Jr.; Fred Glass, III; John Christopher Glover; Jean Marie Gogolin; Steven Scott Goodman; Tamaro R. Graham; Eric Franklin Green; August William Grow; Gary Eugene Gude; Debra Paula Gugle; Fardrel J. Guice; Shaun Phillip Guthrie; Randy Halcomb; Kathleen M. Hallmark; D’Andre LeMare Handy; John Robert Hardin; Robert William Herrmann; Gail Marie Hess; Annette Fay Holder; Charles Roy Honacher; Michael Hossler; Robert Edward Howes; Brett Allen Huckstep; Byron Huffin; Loman Hutchings; Delandos Jackson; Morris Jacobs, Jr.; Daniel Jefferson; Ciera Lillian Jenkins; Darrell Wayne Johnson; David Allen Jones; Michael T. Jones; Willie Lee Jones, Sr.; Michael A. Karpouskas; Behzad Kazemiseresht; Gary Ward Kennerly; Kristopher Kibby; Ronald L. Kilpatrick; Nathan Phillip Koehler; Michael Kovacsi; Timothy Michael Kyser; Martha L. Lantz; Alonza David Lee; Guertho Lemorin; Darran LaVan Lewis; Joshua Brooke Lipham; Russell E. Lourwood; Paul Lowe; Stacey Marie Lowe; Krystel Lucas; Kevin L. Maehrer; Jonathan Michael Magnuson; James Mancuso; Jeremy L. Maness; Thomas C. Marchione; William Clyde Marks; David Jacob Marrs; Norrek McCarty; Matthew Jay McDaniel; David Andrew McDevitt; Samuel Ray McMillian; Doug Anthony McSwain; Jack Dean Michael; Steven Richard Milstead; Robert John Monroe; Carl Montgomery; Gary C. Montgomery; Debra A. Moore; Michael W. Moore; Clell Morgan, II; John Anthony Morris; Michael Wayne Murray; Lorene Musabelli; Nathan Joel Nadell; Saleh M. Nasser; Chad Michael Newsome; Aaron Jermain Nixon; Luis S. Ogando Colon; Peter B. Oh; Marcus Oscar Orr; Christopher Otto; Donald Wade Owens; Charles D. Paglicco, Jr.; James G. Paige, Jr.; Matthew Pereira; Michael Andrew Pertle; William James Petty, Jr.; Jarrod Scott Pitts; Joseph Pusateri; Noel Ramirez; Steven M. Ramsey; John Manson Ray; Heath Daniel Reams; Jasper U. Reaves; John Reddick; Benjamin Reno; Oscar Reyes; Brandon Richard; Gregory Scott Vian Risdon; Clarence Robinson; Rayo Emmiito Robinson; Barney Robson; Brandon Roldan; William Thomas Roop; Curtis Ryals; Nickilas Sams; Franklin L. Schmidt, III; Barbara Ann Scoby; Joseph Franklin Scott; Robert A. Scott, III; Vernon B. Seaborn, Jr.; Michael A. Sederquist; Phillip Wayne Senecal; Guillermo Serrano-Lopez; Pablo A. Serrano-Lopez; Charles Shackelford; Katherine P. Shoemaker; Howard Arthur Singer; Harpal Singh; Dennis Dean Smith; Kyle Anthony Smith; Randy Shane Smith; Timothy Leonardo Smith; Quitz Snider; Richard Adam Solomon; Roman Stelter; Winston Stewart; Shawn Michael Stone; Derick Lynn Sullins; James Julian Alan Surrency; Tim Swadley; George A. Tapia; Shannon Leigh Terry; Noulieng Thisanakone; Dan Vilaythong; Erick Thompkins; Brennon Thompson; Stephen Loyd Tillerson; David Wright Tillman; Kevin Toll; Richard F. Torrisi; Jeffrey S. Torsrud; Gregory D. Trent; Jose Valentine; Luanne Santoro Voght; Wayne Woodrow Waite; David C. Waldron; Marisa Sabrinda Walker; Robert Wallace; Lance Wallace; Patrick Mark Walters; Steven Anthony Wasson; Joseph Kane Weatherford; Derrick Earl Webb; Stacey Webb; Trey Anthony Webber; Keeley Wheeler, Jr.; Johnny Keith White; Kacy Fonteze Williams; Tiffany Nicole Williams; Steven M. Willis; Larry Nathaniel Clinton, Jr.; Reia Winn; Marlon Dewayne Witcham; Devon Terelle Wofford; William Wood; -2- Mark Antonio Woods; Warren R. Wright; Carisma Concetta Weiss; James Matthew Potts; Bryan James Pratt; David Frank Pressley; John Jason Pryor; Robert Lee Plunkett lllllllllllllllllllllPlaintiffs - Appellants v. Werner Enterprises, Inc., doing business as Werner Trucking; Drivers Management, LLC lllllllllllllllllllllDefendants - Appellees ___________________________ No. 18-1647 ___________________________ Philip Petrone, on behalf of themselves and all those similarly situated; Stewart Fisher, on behalf of themselves and all those similarly situated; Jasbir Singh, on behalf of themselves and all those similarly situated; Brian Pankz, on behalf of themselves and all those similarly situated; Jason Dewayne Gunn; Ahmad Abdinasir; Adam F. Akhalu; Latoshia Denise Anderson; Derek C. Anglero; Alan Blane Arthur; Christopher Ayala; Timothy McCabe Bailey; Csaba G. Barabas; Henry Barentine; Joseph E. Barker; Diego Barraza; Richard Clair Bash; Terry Lee Batko; Elizabeth Baumgartel; Jeremy Alfred Bennett; Gary M. Bernstine; Stacy Lynn Bluebird; Rafarel K. Boadu; Damien Marcus Boyer; Christina Bradley; Elias Bratcher; Justin Bristol; Karl Matthew Emerson; Scott A. Larrow; Steve N. Neely; Tonya McDonald; Micheal Anthony Brooks; Nicholas Brown; Olivia Bryant; Lawrence F. Bunkowski; David Burgess; Steven Dale Burgess; Justin Burkholder; Richard Calvert; Johnny Carter; Brett Carty; Joel Castaneda-Dominguez; Lawrence Edward Cecil; Issac Houston Chase; Victor Chavarria; Paul Cleaver; Larry Nathaniel Clinton, Jr.; Kenneth B. Cloud; Thomas Ricky Coker; Kenya Dyone Collins; Michael Ray Combs; Kenneth Ray Cook; Richard Copley; Howard Corley, Jr.; Jeffrey G. Crissman; Jimmy Carl Criswell; Thomas Cross; Francisco Cruz; James Michael Cullity; Kabik Daam; Wilson M. Dagaye; David Davila; Michael Scott Davis; Jermey Leonard Dawson; Perry A. Deeke; David Andrew Delisi; Louis James Dietry; John Michael Doss; Steven Dubinsky; Luis -3- Duran Saldivar; Carl Eberhardt; Harcourt P. Edgecombe; Douglas Allen Elbon; Terry Lee Elkins; Paul Terry Elliott, Jr.; Mark C. Eure; Seth Fezatte; Roscoe W. Forman; Anthony Frank; Nathaniel Anthony Frazier, Jr.; Ernest G. Fulp, Jr.; Peter Liyayi Gaitano; Jose Garcia-Gonzalez; JoAnna Hancock Geddings; Clair Henry Gilmore, Jr.; Fred Glass, III; John Christopher Glover; Jean Marie Gogolin; Steven Scott Goodman; Tamaro R. Graham; Eric Franklin Green; August William Grow; Gary Eugene Gude; Debra Paula Gugle; Fardrel J. Guice; Shaun Phillip Guthrie; Randy Halcomb; Kathleen M. Hallmark; D’Andre LeMare Handy; John Robert Hardin; Robert William Herrmann; Gail Marie Hess; Annette Fay Holder; Charles Roy Honacher; Michael Hossler; Robert Edward Howes; Brett Allen Huckstep; Byron Huffin; Loman Hutchings; Delandos Jackson; Morris Jacobs, Jr.; Daniel Jefferson; Ciera Lillian Jenkins; Darrell Wayne Johnson; David Allen Jones; Michael T. Jones; Willie Lee Jones, Sr.; Michael A. Karpouskas; Behzad Kazemiseresht; Gary Ward Kennerly; Kristopher Kibby; Ronald L. Kilpatrick; Nathan Phillip Koehler; Michael Kovacsi; Timothy Michael Kyser; Martha L. Lantz; Alonza David Lee; Guertho Lemorin; Darran LaVan Lewis; Joshua Brooke Lipham; Russell E. Lourwood; Paul Lowe; Stacey Marie Lowe; Krystel Lucas; Kevin L. Maehrer; Jonathan Michael Magnuson; James Mancuso; Jeremy L. Maness; Thomas C. Marchione; William Clyde Marks; David Jacob Marrs; Norrek McCarty; Matthew Jay McDaniel; David Andrew McDevitt; Samuel Ray McMillian; Doug Anthony McSwain; Jack Dean Michael; Steven Richard Milstead; Robert John Monroe; Carl Montgomery; Gary C. Montgomery; Debra A. Moore; Michael W. Moore; Clell Morgan, II; John Anthony Morris; Michael Wayne Murray; Lorene Musabelli; Nathan Joel Nadell; Saleh M. Nasser; Chad Michael Newsome; Aaron Jermain Nixon; Luis S. Ogando Colon; Peter B. Oh; Marcus Oscar Orr; Christopher Otto; Donald Wade Owens; Charles D. Paglicco, Jr.; James G. Paige, Jr.; Matthew Pereira; Michael Andrew Pertle; William James Petty, Jr.; Jarrod Scott Pitts; Robert Lee Plunkett; James Matthew Potts; Bryan James Pratt; David Frank Pressley; John Jason Pryor; Joseph Pusateri; Noel Ramirez; Steven M. Ramsey; John Manson Ray; Heath Daniel Reams; Jasper U. Reaves; John Reddick; Benjamin Reno; Oscar Reyes; Brandon Richard; Gregory Scott Vian Risdon; Clarence Robinson; Rayo Emmiito Robinson; Barney Robson; Brandon Roldan; William Thomas Roop; Curtis Ryals; Nickilas Sams; Franklin L. Schmidt, III; Barbara Ann Scoby; Joseph Franklin Scott; Robert A. Scott, III; Vernon B. Seaborn, Jr.; Michael A. Sederquist; Phillip Wayne Senecal; Guillermo Serrano-Lopez; Pablo A. Serrano-Lopez; Charles Shackelford; Katherine P. Shoemaker; Howard Arthur Singer; Harpal Singh; Dennis Dean Smith; Kyle -4- Anthony Smith; Randy Shane Smith; Timothy Leonardo Smith; Quitz Snider; Richard Adam Solomon; Roman Stelter; Winston Stewart; Shawn Michael Stone; Derick Lynn Sullins; James Julian Alan Surrency; Tim Swadley; George A. Tapia; Shannon Leigh Terry; Noulieng Thisanakone; Dan Vilaythong; Erick Thompkins; Brennon Thompson; Stephen Loyd Tillerson; David Wright Tillman; Kevin Toll; Richard F. Torrisi; Jeffrey S. Torsrud; Gregory D. Trent; Jose Valentine; Luanne Santoro Voght; Wayne Woodrow Waite; David C. Waldron; Marisa Sabrinda Walker; Robert Wallace; Lance Wallace; Patrick Mark Walters; Steven Anthony Wasson; Joseph Kane Weatherford; Derrick Earl Webb; Stacey Webb; Trey Anthony Webber; Keeley Wheeler, Jr.; Johnny Keith White; Kacy Fonteze Williams; Tiffany Nicole Williams; Steven M. Willis; Reia Winn; Marlon Dewayne Witcham; Devon Terelle Wofford; William Wood; Mark Antonio Woods; Warren R. Wright; Carisma Concetta Weiss lllllllllllllllllllllPlaintiffs - Appellees v. Werner Enterprises, Inc., doing business as Werner Trucking; Drivers Management, LLC lllllllllllllllllllllDefendants - Appellants ___________________________ No. 18-2116 ___________________________ Philip Petrone, on behalf of themselves and all those similarly situated; Stewart Fisher, on behalf of themselves and all those similarly situated; Jasbir Singh, on behalf of themselves and all those similarly situated; Brian Pankz, on behalf of themselves and all those similarly situated; Jason Dewayne Gunn; Ahmad Abdinasir; Adam F. Akhalu; Latoshia Denise Anderson; Derek C. Anglero; Alan Blane Arthur; Christopher Ayala; Timothy McCabe Bailey; Csaba G. Barabas; Henry Barentine; Joseph E. Barker; Diego Barraza; Richard Clair Bash; Terry Lee Batko; Elizabeth Baumgartel; Jeremy Alfred Bennett; Gary M. Bernstine; Stacy Lynn Bluebird; Rafarel K. Boadu; Damien Marcus Boyer; Christina Bradley; Elias Bratcher; Justin Bristol; Karl Matthew Emerson; Scott A. Larrow; Steve N. Neely; -5- Tonya McDonald; Micheal Anthony Brooks; Nicholas Brown; Olivia Bryant; Lawrence F. Bunkowski; David Burgess; Steven Dale Burgess; Justin Burkholder; Richard Calvert; Johnny Carter; Brett Carty; Joel Castaneda-Dominguez; Lawrence Edward Cecil; Issac Houston Chase; Paul Cleaver; Thomas Ricky Coker; Kenya Dyone Collins; Michael Ray Combs; Kenneth Ray Cook; Victor Chavarria; Kenneth B. Cloud; Richard Copley; Howard Corley, Jr.; Jeffrey G. Crissman; Jimmy Carl Criswell; Thomas Cross; Francisco Cruz; James Michael Cullity; Kabik Daam; Wilson M. Dagaye; David Davila; Michael Scott Davis; Jermey Leonard Dawson; Perry A. Deeke; David Andrew Delisi; Louis James Dietry; John Michael Doss; Steven Dubinsky; Luis Duran Saldivar; Carl Eberhardt; Harcourt P. Edgecombe; Douglas Allen Elbon; Terry Lee Elkins; Paul Terry Elliott, Jr.; Mark C. Eure; Seth Fezatte; Roscoe W. Forman; Anthony Frank; Nathaniel Anthony Frazier, Jr.; Ernest G. Fulp, Jr.; Peter Liyayi Gaitano; Jose Garcia-Gonzalez; JoAnna Hancock Geddings; Clair Henry Gilmore, Jr.; Fred Glass, III; John Christopher Glover; Jean Marie Gogolin; Steven Scott Goodman; Tamaro R. Graham; Eric Franklin Green; August William Grow; Gary Eugene Gude; Debra Paula Gugle; Fardrel J. Guice; Shaun Phillip Guthrie; Randy Halcomb; Kathleen M. Hallmark; D’Andre LeMare Handy; John Robert Hardin; Robert William Herrmann; Gail Marie Hess; Annette Fay Holder; Charles Roy Honacher; Michael Hossler; Robert Edward Howes; Brett Allen Huckstep; Byron Huffin; Loman Hutchings; Delandos Jackson; Morris Jacobs, Jr.; Daniel Jefferson; Ciera Lillian Jenkins; Darrell Wayne Johnson; David Allen Jones; Michael T. Jones; Willie Lee Jones, Sr.; Michael A. Karpouskas; Behzad Kazemiseresht; Gary Ward Kennerly; Kristopher Kibby; Ronald L. Kilpatrick; Nathan Phillip Koehler; Michael Kovacsi; Timothy Michael Kyser; Martha L. Lantz; Alonza David Lee; Guertho Lemorin; Darran LaVan Lewis; Joshua Brooke Lipham; Russell E. Lourwood; Paul Lowe; Stacey Marie Lowe; Krystel Lucas; Kevin L. Maehrer; Jonathan Michael Magnuson; James Mancuso; Jeremy L. Maness; Thomas C. Marchione; William Clyde Marks; David Jacob Marrs; Norrek McCarty; Matthew Jay McDaniel; David Andrew McDevitt; Samuel Ray McMillian; Doug Anthony McSwain; Jack Dean Michael; Steven Richard Milstead; Robert John Monroe; Carl Montgomery; Gary C. Montgomery; Debra A. Moore; Michael W. Moore; Clell Morgan, II; John Anthony Morris; Michael Wayne Murray; Lorene Musabelli; Nathan Joel Nadell; Saleh M. Nasser; Chad Michael Newsome; Aaron Jermain Nixon; Luis S. Ogando Colon; Peter B. Oh; Marcus Oscar Orr; Christopher Otto; Donald Wade Owens; Charles D. Paglicco, Jr.; James G. Paige, Jr.; Matthew Pereira; Michael Andrew Pertle; William James -6- Petty, Jr.; Jarrod Scott Pitts; Joseph Pusateri; Noel Ramirez; Steven M. Ramsey; John Manson Ray; Heath Daniel Reams; Jasper U. Reaves; John Reddick; Benjamin Reno; Oscar Reyes; Brandon Richard; Gregory Scott Vian Risdon; Clarence Robinson; Rayo Emmiito Robinson; Barney Robson; Brandon Roldan; William Thomas Roop; Curtis Ryals; Nickilas Sams; Franklin L. Schmidt, III; Barbara Ann Scoby; Joseph Franklin Scott; Robert A. Scott, III; Vernon B. Seaborn, Jr.; Michael A. Sederquist; Phillip Wayne Senecal; Guillermo Serrano-Lopez; Pablo A. Serrano-Lopez; Charles Shackelford; Katherine P. Shoemaker; Howard Arthur Singer; Harpal Singh; Dennis Dean Smith; Kyle Anthony Smith; Randy Shane Smith; Timothy Leonardo Smith; Quitz Snider; Richard Adam Solomon; Roman Stelter; Winston Stewart; Shawn Michael Stone; Derick Lynn Sullins; James Julian Alan Surrency; Tim Swadley; George A. Tapia; Shannon Leigh Terry; Noulieng Thisanakone; Dan Vilaythong; Erick Thompkins; Brennon Thompson; Stephen Loyd Tillerson; David Wright Tillman; Kevin Toll; Richard F. Torrisi; Jeffrey S. Torsrud; Gregory D. Trent; Jose Valentine; Luanne Santoro Voght; Wayne Woodrow Waite; David C. Waldron; Marisa Sabrinda Walker; Robert Wallace; Lance Wallace; Patrick Mark Walters; Steven Anthony Wasson; Joseph Kane Weatherford; Derrick Earl Webb; Stacey Webb; Trey Anthony Webber; Keeley Wheeler, Jr.; Johnny Keith White; Kacy Fonteze Williams; Tiffany Nicole Williams; Steven M. Willis; Reia Winn; Larry Nathaniel Clinton, Jr.; Marlon Dewayne Witcham; Devon Terelle Wofford; William Wood; Mark Antonio Woods; Warren R. Wright; Carisma Concetta Weiss; James Matthew Potts; Bryan James Pratt; David Frank Pressley; John Jason Pryor; Robert Lee Plunkett lllllllllllllllllllllPlaintiffs - Appellants v. Werner Enterprises, Inc., doing business as Werner Trucking; Drivers Management, LLC lllllllllllllllllllllDefendants - Appellees ____________ Appeals from United States District Court for the District of Nebraska - Omaha ____________ -7- Submitted: May 14, 2019 Filed: October 10, 2019 ____________ Before COLLOTON, BEAM, and SHEPHERD, Circuit Judges. ____________ SHEPHERD, Circuit Judge. Philip Petrone and others (collectively, Plaintiffs) filed a class action against Werner Enterprises, Inc. and Drivers Management, LLC (collectively, Defendants) arising out of an eight-week student-driver training program operated by Defendants and intended for new truck drivers. Plaintiffs alleged violations of the Fair Labor Standards Act (FLSA), 29 U.S.C. § 201 et seq., and Nebraska law, and sought compensation for unpaid wages allegedly earned during off-duty time spent on short rest breaks and while resting in their trucks’ sleeper berths. Before trial, the district court granted Plaintiffs’ motion to modify the court’s previously entered Rule 16(b) progression order and extend the deadline for disclosure of expert reports after the court-imposed deadline had expired. Following a three-day trial, the jury awarded Plaintiffs $779,127.00 in damages for their short-rest-break claims and found Defendants not liable on Plaintiffs’ sleeper-berth claims. After trial, the district court awarded Plaintiffs a reduced amount of liquidated damages under the FLSA and a reduced amount of attorney’s fees, nontaxable costs, and expenses; refused to award Plaintiffs certain taxable costs due to their failure to comply with a local rule; and awarded costs to Defendants on the sleeper-berth claims as the prevailing party. Plaintiffs appeal the district court’s post-trial rulings, and Defendants cross- appeal the court’s pre-trial ruling. We agree with Defendants that the district court abused its discretion by granting Plaintiffs’ request to extend the Rule 16(b) -8- disclosure deadline, despite finding that good cause for the extension had not been shown, based on an erroneous application of Rule 37(c)(1). Having jurisdiction under 28 U.S.C. § 1291, we vacate the judgment and remand. I. Because it is dispositive, we begin with Defendants’ cross-appeal, and recite only the facts necessary to the disposition of that issue. By a “progression order” entered on July 3, 2013, the district court set January 15, 2014 as the deadline for the parties to disclose expert witness reports. Plaintiffs timely disclosed their expert reports. However, Defendants’ deposition of Plaintiffs’ expert “reveal[ed] considerable flaws in the methodology for computing the allegedly uncompensated break and sleeper-berth time.” Mem. & Order 2, Dist. Ct. Dkt. 275.1 For instance, “some times were double counted and some periods were artificially split into two separate breaks when they spanned 12:00 a.m.[,]” which resulted in “inconsistent and inflated estimates of the disputed time periods[,]” and Plaintiffs’ expert “admitted as much in his deposition.” Mem. & Order 2-3. Well after the court-imposed deadline for the filing of expert reports had passed, Plaintiffs, “pursuant to Rule 16(b),” moved to “modify[] the Progression Order to permit [them] to file a supplemental expert report[,]” which corrected the flaws that the expert’s deposition had revealed. Mot. to Modify Progression Order 1, Dist. Ct. Dkt. 234. The district court declined to characterize the belated expert report as a “supplement” because a supplement “means correcting inaccuracies, or filling the interstices of an incomplete report based on information that was not available at the time of the initial disclosure.” Mem. & Order 3 (citations omitted). The court 1 We will refer to filings made in No. 8:11-cv-00401 when citing the district court’s docket. -9- determined that nothing “precluded plaintiffs’ expert from recognizing the flaws in his original report[;] he simply failed to do so.” Mem. & Order 3. The district court stated that, although Rule 26(e) “imposes a duty to supplement incorrect or incomplete information, it does not bestow upon litigants unfettered freedom to rely on supplements produced after a court-imposed deadline, even if the rule’s pretrial time limit is satisfied, and grants them no right to produce information in a belated fashion.” Mem. & Order 3-4 (citation omitted). The court explained that Plaintiffs could not “use the defendants’ efforts in uncovering the flaws in [the expert]’s report to hone the methodology and submit a more robust report after their deadline has expired.” Mem. & Order 4. The court emphasized that more than two months had passed since the deadline for the filing of expert reports, defendants had spent time analyzing the original report, and defendants had deposed plaintiffs’ expert; the deadline for submitting Daubert[2] motions was only a month away. In seeking to submit the supplemental report, plaintiffs were imposing on defendants to delay the progression of the case and duplicate work they had already done so that plaintiffs could take advantage of defendants’ diligence in finding errors in the report of plaintiffs’ own expert. The unfairness of such a maneuver and imposition of additional costs is not harmless. Mem. & Order 5. Although the district court found no good cause to extend the disclosure deadline, it determined that, while the delay was neither “substantially justified” nor “harmless” under Rule 37(c), Rule 1 “counsels against complete exclusion of the new information” because it provides “that the rules should be construed and administered to secure the just, speedy, and inexpensive determination of every action and proceeding” and “indicate[s] a preference for determination of cases on the merits.” 2 Daubert v. Merrell Dow Pharm., Inc., 509 U.S. 579 (1993). -10- Mem. & Order 5 (internal quotation marks omitted). Because “[t]he corrected information [was] useful and necessary to the disposition of the case on the merits[,]” the court was “inclined to invoke the discretion granted by Rule 37(c) to fashion a lesser sanction than exclusion.” Mem. & Order 5-6. Accordingly, the district court extended the disclosure deadline and denied all other pending motions without prejudice. Mem. & Order 6. The court also scheduled a planning conference “to establish new deadlines and a new trial date.” Mem. & Order 6. And the court provided Defendants with an opportunity, at Plaintiffs’ expense, to depose Plaintiffs’ expert about the purported supplemental report, and awarded Defendants costs incurred by virtue of the late submission of the report. Mem. & Order 6-7. III. Defendants argue that the district court erred in granting Plaintiffs’ motion to extend the deadline for disclosing expert reports, despite finding that no good cause had been shown for the extension. Our review is “for clear and prejudicial abuse of discretion[,]” Flesner v. Bayer AG (In re Baycol Prods. Litig.), 596 F.3d 884, 888 (8th Cir. 2010) (internal citation omitted), and de novo over “whether the district court applied the correct legal standard in exercising that discretion[.]” Sherman v. Winco Fireworks, Inc., 532 F.3d 709, 714 (8th Cir. 2008). “A district court abuses its discretion when it applies an incorrect legal standard[.]” Union Elec. Co. v. Energy Ins. Mut. Ltd., 689 F.3d 968, 970 (8th Cir. 2012) (internal citation omitted). Rule 26(a)(2) provides that a party must disclose the identity of any expert witness along with a written report of such expert, while Rule 26(e) imposes an obligation on the parties to supplement incorrect or incomplete information. Rule 26 also establishes the timing and sequence of such disclosures absent a court order setting these deadlines. Under Rule 16, a court “must issue a scheduling order” and -11- such an order “must limit the time to . . . complete discovery[] and file motions.” Fed. R. Civ. P. 16(b)(1), (3)(A). “The scheduling order may . . . modify the timing of disclosures under Rule 26(a) . . . [and] set dates for pretrial conferences and for trial[.]” Fed. R. Civ. P. 16(b)(3)(B)(i), (vi). A “district court has broad discretion in establishing and enforcing the deadlines.” Marmo v. Tyson Fresh Meats, Inc., 457 F.3d 748, 759 (8th Cir. 2006). However, “[a] schedule may be modified only for good cause and with the judge’s consent.” Fed. R. Civ. P. 16(b)(4); Marmo, 457 F.3d at 759. In other words, the “good-cause standard is not optional.” Sherman, 532 F.3d at 716. “To establish good cause, a party must show its diligence in attempting to meet the progression order.” Marmo, 457 F.3d at 759. We agree with the district court that Plaintiffs did not show good cause to modify and extend the Rule 16(b) deadline. Plaintiffs’ expert’s substantial revisions to his original report came only after Defendants revealed significant flaws in the original report. Although Plaintiffs’ motion framed the revised expert report as a mere supplement under Rule 26(e), Plaintiffs’ expert was “materially altering, not merely clarifying his original report,” Williams v. TESCO Servs., Inc., 719 F.3d 968, 976 (8th Cir. 2013), and there is no evidence that Plaintiffs subsequently learned of information that was previously unknown or unavailable to them. The district court correctly determined that the revised report is not a Rule 26(e) supplement; it is more appropriately characterized as a new, distinct report subject to the Rule 16(b) deadline for expert disclosures. As the district court noted, nothing “precluded plaintiffs’ expert from recognizing the flaws in his original report[;] he simply failed to do so.” Mem. & Order 3. Plaintiffs thus failed to show the requisite good cause to extend the expert disclosure deadline. Nevertheless, relying on Rules 1 and 37(c)(1), the district court modified the schedule, extended the deadline to disclose expert reports. This was error. Nothing in the text of either rule allowed the district court to bypass the mandatory good-cause standard under Rule 16(b)(4). Indeed, such a reading “would render scheduling -12- orders meaningless and effectively . . . read Rule 16(b) and its good cause requirement out of the Federal Rules of Civil Procedure.” Sherman, 532 F.3d at 716 (alteration in original) (citation omitted) (discussing interplay between Rule 16(b) and Rule 15). Moreover, the court’s reliance on Rule 1 to support its ruling is contrary to the general rule that the “[a]dherence to progression order deadlines is critical to achieving the primary goal of the judiciary: ‘to serve the just, speedy, and inexpensive determination of every action.’” Marmo, 457 F.3d at 759 (quoting Fed. R. Civ. P. 1). Additionally, Rule 37(c)(1) was unavailable to the district court. “The disclosure mandates in Rule 26 are given teeth by the threat of sanctions in Rule 37.” Vanderberg v. Petco Animal Supplies Stores, Inc., 906 F.3d 698, 702 (8th Cir. 2018) (citing 8B Charles A. Wright, Arthur R. Miller et al., Federal Practice & Procedure § 2289.1 (3d ed. 2018)). However, by its terms, Rule 37(c)(1) applies only when a party fails to comply with Rule 26(a) and then seeks to use the information “on a motion, at a hearing, or at a trial.” Fed. R. Civ. P. 37(c)(1). Rule 37(c)(1) says nothing about its applicability when a court considers a motion, pursuant to Rule 16(b), to amend a progression order and extend the deadline for Rule 26 disclosures.3 The order appealed from in this case, which extended the Rule 16(b) disclosure deadline and permitted Plaintiffs to disclose the new report within the new disclosure deadline, clearly did not involve an attempt by Plaintiffs to “use that information or witness to supply evidence on a motion, at a hearing, or at a trial.” Fed. R. Civ. P. 3 “[Rule 37(c)(1)] provides a self-executing sanction for failure to make a disclosure required by Rule 26(a), without need for a motion under subdivision (a)(2)(A). Paragraph (1) prevents a party from using as evidence any witnesses or information that, without substantial justification, has not been disclosed as required by Rules 26(a) and 26(e)(1). This automatic sanction provides a strong inducement for disclosure of material that the disclosing party would expect to use as evidence, whether at a trial, at a hearing, or on a motion . . . .” Fed. R. Civ. P. 37(c)(1) advisory committee’s note. -13- 37(c)(1). To the contrary, by their motion for extension of the disclosure deadline, Plaintiffs sought to bring their disclosure of the new report into compliance with Rule 26(a) so that the disclosed information would not be excluded under the terms of Rule 37(c)(1) at a later hearing or trial, nor would Plaintiffs be subject to other sanctions when use of the information was attempted. The dissent’s statement that Rule 37(c)(1) “addresses what to do if a party fails to provide information as required by Rule 26(a)” is incomplete. Rule 37(c)(1) addresses what to do if a party fails to disclose information as required by Rule 26(a) and attempts to use that information on a motion, at a hearing, or at a trial. The cases from our sister circuits cited by the dissent bear this out; each involves a failure to disclose information and a later attempted use “on a motion, at a hearing, or at a trial.” Fed. R. Civ. P. 37(c)(1); see Wong v. Regents of Univ. of Cal., 410 F.3d 1052, 1060-62 (9th Cir. 2005) (attempting to include in summary judgment briefing witnesses which had not been disclosed); Woodworker’s Supply, Inc. v. Principal Mut. Life Ins. Co., 170 F.3d 985, 993 (10th Cir. 1999) (considering failure to disclose damages theory until trial); see also Vanderberg, 906 F.3d at 703-05 (concluding that the district court did not abuse its discretion under Rule 37(c)(1) in excluding undisclosed doctor’s statements which plaintiff sought to use in response to defendant’s motion for summary judgment); Design Strategy, Inc. v. Davis, 469 F.3d 284, 293-97 (2d Cir. 2006) (concluding that the district court did not abuse its discretion in barring plaintiff, pursuant to Rule 37(c)(1), from calling two expert witnesses at trial to testify regarding lost profits when it had not previously disclosed witnesses, in violation of Rule 26(a)).4 4 At the time of the district court’s order it remained to be seen whether the Plaintiffs would attempt to “use” the newly disclosed expert report. And since Plaintiffs’ disclosure of the new expert report obviously complied with the extended disclosure deadline, if Plaintiffs were to have later “used” the information, Rule 37(c)(1) would have been inapplicable because the rule requires the failure of a party “to provide information or identify a witness as required by Rule 26(a) or (e).” -14- Accordingly, the district court, having found no good cause for extension of the Rule 16(b) disclosure deadline to permit the late disclosure of Plaintiffs’ new expert report, abused its discretion in granting Plaintiffs’ motion to modify the progression order and to allow disclosure of the new expert report after the court- imposed deadline. Notwithstanding the district court’s error, we will affirm unless Defendants can show the error was not harmless. See Sherman, 532 F.3d at 718; Crane v. Crest Tankers, Inc., 47 F.3d 292, 296-97 (8th Cir. 1995) (concluding that the district court’s error in admitting certain evidence was not harmless because “the jury’s damage award would [not] have been the same absent the erroneous admission”). Defendants moved to exclude all of Plaintiffs’ expert’s damages calculations and testimony, which the district court denied, without prejudice, when it modified the progression order and allowed Plaintiffs to file the late report. The court found that the information in the report was “useful and necessary to the disposition of the case on the merits.” Mem. & Order 5-6. The jury awarded $779,127.00 in damages on Plaintiffs’ short-rest-break claims, an amount identical to Plaintiffs’ expert’s testimony at trial. Compare 3 Trial Tr. 475, Dist. Ct. Dkt. 548 (expert testimony), with 5 Trial Tr. 680, Dist. Ct. Dkt. 550 (jury verdict). Plaintiffs offered no other expert testimony at trial on damages for their short-rest-break claims. See, e.g., 4 Trial Tr. 670-71, Dist. Ct. Dkt. 549 (requesting that the jury “award the damages that [the expert] calculated; $779,127 for the short rest break claim”). The jury clearly relied on Plaintiffs’ expert’s opinion in reaching its $779,127.00 damages award. We cannot say that its award would have been the same without the new information and, therefore, the district court’s error was not harmless. Cf. Concord Boat Corp. v. Brunswick Corp., 207 F.3d 1039, 1057 (8th Cir. 2000) (concluding that the admission of deficient expert testimony constituted reversible error because the expert’s opinion formed the basis for damages and “the -15- jury clearly relied on his opinion in reaching its verdict because the damages it awarded . . . were identical to the” expert’s calculations). IV. For the foregoing reasons, we vacate the judgment and remand the case to the district court for proceedings consistent with this opinion. Because we vacate the judgment, we need not address the remaining arguments in Defendants’ cross-appeal and in Plaintiffs’ appeal. COLLOTON, Circuit Judge, dissenting. The Federal Rules of Civil Procedure provide for the district court to establish a scheduling order, to modify a scheduling order for good cause, and to sanction a party that fails to comply with a scheduling order regarding disclosure of expert reports. In this case, the plaintiffs sought to submit a supplemental expert report after the deadline in the scheduling order. The district court did not find good cause to modify the schedule, and thus concluded that the plaintiffs should be sanctioned for their late submission. Rather than exclude the late report entirely, the court exercised its discretion to impose a lesser sanction: plaintiffs were permitted to file the untimely expert report, but they were required to pay the defendants costs in the amount of $61,222.14 that were incurred as a result of the tardy submission. I conclude that the court’s order was consistent with the rules of procedure and a permissible exercise of discretion. Rule 16(b)(1) requires the district court to issue a scheduling order. The order in this case required the parties to disclose expert reports by January 15, 2014. The plaintiffs sought to disclose the revised expert report in March 2014. The district court correctly concluded that the report was not a proper supplement under Rule 26(e). The court found instead that the plaintiffs were “seeking to submit expert -16- materials well after the deadline for disclosure of expert reports,” and treated the revision as an ordinary expert report under Rule 26(a)(2)(B). Another provision on scheduling, Rule 16(b)(4), provides that a schedule may be modified “only for good cause and with the judge’s consent.” The plaintiffs did not establish good cause to modify the schedule for disclosing expert reports, so the revised report was untimely. The court concludes that the analysis stops there, but lack of good cause under Rule 16(b) is not the end of the matter. The time to disclose expert reports is governed by Rule 26(a)(2)(D), which in turn incorporates the deadline of the court’s scheduling order. A party who makes an untimely disclosure of an expert report violates Rule 26(a). But another rule of civil procedure addresses what to do if a party fails to provide information as required by Rule 26(a). Rule 37(c)(1), entitled “Failure to Disclose or Supplement,” provides: If a party fails to provide information . . . as required by Rule 26(a) . . . , the party is not allowed to use that information . . . to supply evidence on a motion, at a hearing, or at a trial, unless the failure was substantially justified or is harmless. In addition to or instead of this sanction, the court, on motion and after giving an opportunity to be heard . . . may order payment of the reasonable expenses, including attorney’s fees, caused by the failure . . . . As several courts have recognized, when a party lacks good cause to modify a scheduling order, and thus violates Rule 26(a) by making a late disclosure, the inquiry turns to Rule 37(c)(1). If the failure to comply with Rule 26(a) “was substantially justified or is harmless,” then the untimely report may be used at trial despite the violation. Fed. R. Civ. P. 37(c)(1). If neither of those criteria is satisfied, then the court must determine the appropriate sanction under Rule 37(c)(1). See -17- Wong v. Regents of the Univ. of Cal., 410 F.3d 1052, 1060-62 (9th Cir. 2005); Woodworker’s Supply, Inc. v. Principal Mut. Life Ins. Co., 170 F.3d 985, 993 (10th Cir. 1999); Vinson v. Mich. Dep’t of Corr., No. 14-11130, 2018 WL 1312400, at *2 (E.D. Mich. Mar. 14, 2018); Simmons v. Corizon Health, Inc., No. 1:14cv730, 2016 WL 4537744, at *3 n.5 (M.D.N.C. Aug. 29, 2016); Paulus v. Holimont, Inc., 315 F.R.D. 13, 15-18 (W.D.N.Y 2016); Hawk-Beauchman v. Romo, No. CV-13-57-GF- BMM-JTJ, 2015 WL 12780572, at *1-3 (D. Mont. Jan. 22, 2015); Tetzlaff v. Educ. Credit Mgmt. Corp., 521 B.R. 875, 879 & n.1 (E.D. Wis. 2014); Schardine v. Estate of Fleming, No. CV 13-63-BU-DWM-JCL, 2014 WL 2918420, at *2-3 (D. Mont. June 26, 2014); Ratcliff v. City of Red Lodge, No. CV 12-79-BLG-DWM-JCL, 2013 WL 5817210, at *2-3 (D. Mont. Oct. 29, 2013); Great N. Ins. Co. v. Ruiz, No. CV408-194, 2010 WL 3074340, at *2 & n.4 (S.D. Ga. Aug. 4, 2010). The district court properly followed that sequence here. The court did not find good cause to modify the scheduling order, so it turned to Rule 37 and the consequences for failure to disclose in accordance with the schedule. The court found that plaintiffs’ lapse was not substantially justified or harmless. So the court then considered the appropriate sanction under Rule 37(c)(1). The first sentence of Rule 37(c)(1) says that a party failing to disclose “is not allowed to use that information” at trial. The advisory committee notes describe this as a “self-executing sanction for failure to make a disclosure required by Rule 26(a), without need for a motion” for sanctions. Fed. R. Civ. P. 37(c) advisory committee’s note to 1993 amendment. But while the sanction of excluding evidence is “automatic” in the sense that the court may apply it without a motion or hearing, see id., it is not the only sanction available. Design Strategy, Inc. v. Davis, 469 F.3d 284, 297-98 (2d Cir. 2006). The second sentence of Rule 37(c)(1) says plainly that “[i]n addition to or instead of this sanction,” the court may consider other options “on motion and after giving an opportunity to be heard.” One option available “instead of” excluding the information is to “order payment of the reasonable expenses . . . -18- caused by the failure” to comply with Rule 26(a). Fed. R. Civ. P. 37(c)(1)(A). The district court selected this option after receiving a motion from the plaintiffs and giving both parties an opportunity to be heard on the question. The district court did not abuse its discretion in selecting a lesser sanction than exclusion of the information contained in the untimely expert report. The court recognized that while plaintiffs caused delay and duplication of work by the defendants, the new information was “useful and necessary to the disposition of the case on the merits.” The court permissibly expressed a preference for disposition of the case on the merits, and elected to impose a sanction expressly authorized by Rule 37(c)(1)(A) to compensate the defendants. This determination was consistent with the rules of procedure and a reasonable exercise of the district court’s discretion in managing the litigation. In reversing the judgment, the court characterizes the district court’s order as one that “extended the Rule 16(b) disclosure deadline” to allow the revised expert report, ante, at 14, but the order did not do so. The deadline for disclosure of expert witnesses was January 15, 2014, and the district court did not extend or modify it. See R. Doc. 145, 149, 295. Instead, the district court recognized that the revised report was late, allowed the plaintiffs to file the report, and imposed sanctions for submitting a report after the deadline. There would have been no reason or authority to impose sanctions if the disclosure were timely under a revised scheduling order. Having ruled that the plaintiffs would be allowed, with sanctions, to file the untimely revised report and to use information from the report, the court then revised other scheduling deadlines by stipulation of the parties and for good cause. R. Doc. 277, 295. The court also seems to believe that the district court did not address whether the plaintiffs could “use” the untimely expert report within the meaning of Rule 37(c)(1). Ante, at 14-15 & n.4. But the whole purpose of submitting the revised -19- expert report was to use at trial the information described therein, so the district court rightly addressed whether the plaintiffs’ untimeliness warranted “complete exclusion of the new information.” R. Doc. 275, at 5. Accord Vinson, 2018 WL 1312400, at *2; Simmons, 2016 WL 4537744, at *3 n.5; Paulus, 315 F.R.D. at 15-18; Hawk- Beauchman, 2015 WL 12780572, at *1-3; Schardine, 2014 WL 2918420, at *2-3; Great N. Ins. Co., 2010 WL 3074340, at *2 & n.4. It would be passing strange to construe Rule 37(c)(1) as authorizing a district court to permit use of an undisclosed expert’s information at trial but not to allow filing and disclosure of the same expert’s report before trial. For these reasons, I conclude that the court did not abuse its discretion by allowing the plaintiffs to present evidence at trial based on their expert’s revised report. Unlike a practice of allowing untimely pleading amendments under the liberal standard of Rule 15(a), see Sherman v. Winco Fireworks, Inc., 532 F.3d 709, 716 (8th Cir. 2008), the district court’s ruling gives effect to the “good cause” requirement of Rule 16(b) by exacting a sanction from the plaintiffs for failing to comply with the scheduling order. Where Rule 37(c)(1) specifically contemplates that a court may choose a sanction other than exclusion for a submission that is untimely under the scheduling order, we have no authority to superimpose the good-cause requirement of Rule 16(b) in that context. Therefore, the court properly allowed the expert to testify based on his revised report after sanctioning the plaintiffs. The parties raise several other claims of error concerning the district court’s rulings in the case, but the court does not address them after concluding that the district court was required to exclude the revised expert report. Given the court’s disposition, discussion of the other issues in this separate writing would be largely an academic exercise. None of the other points raised would justify the relief ordered by the court, so I respectfully dissent. ______________________________ -20-