Case: 11-10932 Document: 00511792383 Page: 1 Date Filed: 03/19/2012
IN THE UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS
FOR THE FIFTH CIRCUIT United States Court of Appeals
Fifth Circuit
FILED
March 19, 2012
No. 11-10932 Lyle W. Cayce
Clerk
JAMES ROLAND; MICHAEL J. GIAMBRONE; THOMAS E. BOWDEN,
Individually and On Behalf Of Thomas E. Bowden S.E.P. I.R.A.;
T. E. BOWDEN, SR., Ret. Trust; G. KENDALL FORBES, Individually and on
Behalf of G. Kendall Forbes I.R.A.; ET AL,
Plaintiffs–Appellants
v.
JASON GREEN; CHARLES JANTZI; TIFFANY ANGELLE; JAMES
FONTENOT; THOMAS NEWLAND; GRADY LAYFIELD; HANK MILLS;
JOHN SCHWAB; RUSS NEWTON; JIM WELLER; SEI INVESTMENTS
COMPANY; CERTAIN UNDERWRITERS AT LLOYDS LONDON, in
Syndicates 2987, 1866, 1084, 1274, 4000 & 1183; ET AL,
Defendants–Appellees
LEAH FARR; ET AL,
Plaintiffs–Appellants
v.
JASON GREEN; DIRK HARRIS; TIMOTHY E. PARSONS; CHARLES
JANTZI; TIFFANY ANGELLE; GRADY LAYFIELD; HANK MILLS; JOHN
SCHWAB; RUSS NEWTON; JIM WELLER; SEI INVESTMENTS
COMPANY; CERTAIN UNDERWRITERS AT LLOYDS LONDON, in
Syndicates 2987, 1866, 1084, 1274, 4000 & 1183; ET AL,
Defendants–Appellees
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No. 11-10932
Consolidated with 11-11031
SAMUEL TROICE; HORACIO MENDEZ; ANNALISA MENDEZ; PUNGA
PUNGA FINANCIAL, LIMITED, individually and on behalf of a class of all
others similarly situated,
Plaintiffs–Appellants
v.
PROSKAUER ROSE, L.L.P.; THOMAS V. SJOBLOM; P. MAURICIO
ALVARADO; CHADBOURNE AND PARKE, L.L.P.,
Defendants–Appellees
Consolidated with 11-11048
SAMUEL TROICE; MARTHA DIAZ; PAULA GILLY-FLORES; PUNGA PUNGA
FINANCIAL, LIMITED, Individually and on behalf of a class of all others
similarly situated; PROMOTORA VILLA MARINO, CA; DANIEL GOMEZ
FERREIRO; MANUEL CANABAL,
Plaintiffs–Appellants
v.
WILLIS OF COLORADO INCORPORATED; WILLIS GROUP HOLDGINGS
LIMITED; AMY S. BARANOUCKY; ROBERT S. WINTER; BOWEN,
MICLETTE & BRITT, INCORPORATED; WILLIS LIMITED,
Defendants–Appellees
Appeals from the United States District Court
for the Northern District of Texas
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No. 11-10932
Before REAVLEY, DAVIS, and PRADO, Circuit Judges.
EDWARD C. PRADO, Circuit Judge:
This consolidated appeal arises out of an alleged multi-billion dollar Ponzi
scheme perpetrated by R. Allen Stanford through his various corporate entities.
These three cases deal with the scope of the preclusion provision of the
Securities Litigation Uniform Standards Act (“SLUSA”). That provision states:
“No covered class action based upon the statutory or common law of any State
or subdivision thereof may be maintained in any State or Federal court by any
private party alleging a misrepresentation or omission of a material fact in
connection with the purchase or sale of a covered security.” 15 U.S.C.
§ 78bb(f)(1)(A). All three cases seek to use state class-action devices to attempt
to recover damages for losses resulting from the Stanford Ponzi scheme.
Because we find that the purchase or sale of securities (or representations about
the purchase or sale of securities) is only tangentially related to the fraudulent
scheme alleged by the Appellants, we hold that SLUSA does not preclude the
Appellants from using state class actions to pursue their recovery and
REVERSE.
I
A
In 1995, because of “perceived abuses of the class-action vehicle in
litigation involving nationally traded securities,” Congress passed the Private
Securities Litigation Reform Act (“PSLRA”). Merrill Lynch, Pierce, Fenner &
Smith Inc. v. Dabit, 547 U.S. 71, 81 (2006). “Its provisions limit recoverable
damages and attorney’s fees, provide a ‘safe harbor’ for forward-looking
statements, impose new restrictions on the selection of (and compensation
awarded to) lead plaintiffs, mandate imposition of sanctions for frivolous
litigation, and authorize a stay of discovery pending resolution of any motion to
dismiss.” Id. (citing 15 U.S.C. § 78u-4). These reforms were enacted to combat
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the “rampant” “nuisance filings, targeting of deep-pocket defendants, vexatious
discovery requests,” and manipulation of clients by class counsel in securities
litigation. Id. (citing H.R. Rep. No. 104-369, at 31 (1995) (Conf. Rep.)). Perhaps
the most consequential reform, however, was that the PSLRA “impose[d]
heightened pleading requirements in actions brought pursuant to § 10(b) [of the
Securities and Exchange Act of 1934] and Rule 10b-5.” Id.
The reforms had their intended effect, “[b]ut the effort also had an
unintended consequence: It prompted at least some members of the plaintiffs’
bar to avoid the federal forum altogether.” Id. at 82. “[R]ather than confronting
the restrictive conditions set forth by the PSLRA, plaintiffs began filing
class-action securities lawsuits under state law, often in state court.” In re
Enron Corp. Secs., 535 F.3d 325, 337 (5th Cir. 2008) (citing Dabit, 547 U.S. at
82). “To stem this shift from Federal to State courts and prevent certain State
private securities class action lawsuits alleging fraud from being used to
frustrate the objectives of the [PSLRA], Congress enacted SLUSA.” Dabit, 547
U.S. at 82 (internal quotation marks omitted).
“The stated purpose of SLUSA is ‘to prevent certain State private
securities class action lawsuits alleging fraud from being used to frustrate the
objectives’ of the PSLRA . . . [by advancing] ‘the congressional preference for
national standards for securities class action lawsuits involving nationally
traded securities.’” In re Enron, 535 F.3d at 338 (quoting Dabit, 547 U.S. at
86–87). Specifically, the “core provision,” Dabit, 547 U.S. at 82, provides that
“[n]o covered class action based upon the statutory or common law of any State
or subdivision thereof may be maintained in any State or Federal court by any
private party alleging a misrepresentation or omission of a material fact in
connection with the purchase or sale of a covered security.”1 15 U.S.C.
1
Although various courts have referred to this provision as a preemption provision, see,
e.g., Dabit, 547 U.S. at 74; In re Enron, 535 F.3d at 341, the Supreme Court has said that
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§ 78bb(f)(1)(A). To effectuate this, SLUSA mandates: “Any covered class action
brought in any State court involving a covered security . . . shall be removable
to the Federal district court for the district in which the action is pending” and
subject to dismissal. Id. at § 78bb(f)(2).
B
In February 2009, the Securities and Exchange Commission (“SEC”)
brought suit against the Stanford Group Company, along with various other
Stanford corporate entities, including the Antigua-based Stanford International
Bank (“SIB”), for allegedly perpetrating a massive Ponzi scheme.
According to the SEC, the companies’ core objective was to sell
certificates of deposit (“CDs”) issued by SIB. Stanford achieved and
maintained a high volume of CD sales by promising above-market
returns and falsely assuring investors that the CDs were backed by
safe, liquid investments. For almost 15 years, SIB represented that
it consistently earned high returns on its investment of CD sales
proceeds. . . . In fact, however, SIB had to use new CD sales
proceeds to make interest and redemption payments on pre-existing
CDs, because it did not have sufficient assets, reserves and
investments to cover its liabilities.
. . . At the SEC’s request, the district court issued a temporary
order restraining the payment or expenditure of funds belonging to
the Stanford parties. The district court also appointed [a] Receiver
for the Stanford interests and granted him the power to conserve,
hold, manage, and preserve the value of the receivership estate.
Janvey v. Alguire, 647 F.3d 585, 590 (5th Cir. 2011) (internal quotation marks
omitted). Lastly, the district court in the SEC action entered a case
management order requiring all lawsuits against SIB’s service providers or third
parties to be filed as ancillary proceedings to the SEC action.
because SLUSA “does not itself displace state law with federal law but makes some state-law
claims nonactionable through the class-action device in federal as well as state court,” the
provision is best characterized as a preclusion provision. Kircher v. Putnam Funds Trust, 547
U.S. 633, 637 n.1 (2006).
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1
Two groups of Louisiana investors, represented by the same counsel, filed
separate lawsuits in the 19th Judicial District Court, East Baton Rouge Parish
on August 19, 2009—Roland v. Green and Farr v. Green. In those actions, each
set of plaintiffs sued the SEI Investments Company (“SEI”), the Stanford Trust
Company (the “Trust”), the Trust’s employees, and the Trust’s investment
advisors (collectively, the “SEI Defendants”) for their alleged role in the Stanford
Ponzi scheme. The plaintiffs alleged violations of Louisiana law including
breach of contract, negligent representation, breach of fiduciary duty, unfair
trade practices, and violations of the Louisiana Securities Act.
The plaintiffs in the Roland and Farr actions (the “Roland Plaintiffs”)
allege that SIB sold CDs to the Trust (located in Baton Rouge, Louisiana), which
in turn served as the custodian for all individual retirement account (“IRA”)
purchases of CDs. According to the plaintiffs, the Trust contracted with SEI to
have SEI be the administrator of the Trust, thereby making SEI responsible for
reporting the value of the CDs. Plaintiffs finally allege misrepresentations by
SEI induced them into using their IRA funds to invest in the CDs. Specifically,
the plaintiffs allege that the SEI Defendants represented to them that the CDs
were a good investment because (1) they could be “readily liquidated”; (2) SEI
had evaluated SIB as being “competent and proficient”; (3) SIB “employed a
sizeable team of skilled and experienced analysts to monitor and manage [its]
portfolio”; (4) “independent” auditors “verified” the value of SIB’s assets; (5) the
SEI Defendants had “knowledge” about the companies that SIB invested in and
that those companies were adequately capitalized; (6) the Antiguan government
regularly “examined” SIB; (7) the CDs were a “safe investment vehicle suitable
for long term investment with little or no risk”; (8) SIB had “retained legal
counsel” that ensured that the investments were structured so as to comply with
state and federal law; (9) the CDs would produce “consistent, double-digit
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returns”; and (10) SIB’s assets were “invested in a well-diversified portfolio of
highly marketable securities issued by stable national governments, strong
multinational companies, and major international banks.”
The SEI Defendants sought removal to the United States District Court
for the Middle District of Louisiana on the basis that SLUSA precluded the state
court from entertaining the suits. The Multi-District Litigation (“MDL”) Panel
subsequently transferred the case to the Northern District of Texas (Judge
Godbey) where the separate Roland and Farr suits were consolidated. The
Roland Plaintiffs then filed a motion to remand their cases back to the Louisiana
state court.
2
The Roland action has been consolidated on appeal with two other actions.
In these cases, a group of Latin American investors (the “Troice Plaintiffs”)
brought two separate class actions against, respectively, SIB’s insurance brokers
(the “Willis Defendants”) and SIB’s lawyers (the “Proskauer Defendants”). The
Troice Plaintiffs brought claims under Texas law—specifically, violations of the
Texas Securities Act, aiding and abetting these violations, and civil conspiracy.
Similar to the Roland Plaintiffs, the Troice Plaintiffs allege that the Willis
Defendants represented to them that the CDs were a good investment because
(1) SIB was based in the United States and “regulated by the U.S. Government”;
(2) SIB was “insured by Lloyd’s”; (3) SIB was “regulated by the Antiguan
banking regulatory commission”; (4) SIB was “subjected to regular stringent risk
management evaluations” conducted by “an outside audit firm”; (5) the CDs were
safe and secure; (6) SIB’s portfolio produced “consistent, double-digit returns”;
(7) the CDs’ “high return rates . . . greatly exceed those offered by commercial
banks in the United States”; and (8) SIB’s assets were “invested in a well-
diversified portfolio of highly marketable securities issued by stable national
governments, strong multinational companies, and major international banks.”
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The Troice Plaintiffs only alleged aiding and abetting violations of the Texas
Securities Act and civil conspiracy against the Proskauer Defendants. That is
to say that the Troice Plaintiffs did not allege that the Proskauer Defendants
made any (mis)representations to them.
The Troice Plaintiffs sued the Willis Defendants and Proskauer
Defendants in separate suits in the United States District Court for the
Northern District of Texas, invoking that court’s jurisdiction under the Class
Action Fairness Act. See 28 U.S.C. § 1332 (d)(2)(B). Both suits were assigned
to Judge Godbey pursuant to the MDL order. The Willis and Proskauer
Defendants moved to dismiss the suits pursuant to SLUSA.
C
Judge Godbey, due to the “multitude of Stanford-related cases” pending
before him with similar issues, decided to “select one case initially in which to
address the applicability of [SLUSA].” The case the district court chose was
Roland v. Green. On August 31, 2010, the district court issued its opinion on the
applicability of SLUSA preclusion to the Stanford litigation.
In that opinion, after briefly discussing the history and purpose of SLUSA,
see supra I.A, the district court turned to the central question of “whether the
plaintiff alleges the use of misrepresentations, omission, or deceptive devices ‘in
connection with the purchase or sale of a covered security.’” First, the district
court concluded that the SIB CDs themselves were not “covered securities”
within the meaning of SLUSA because SIB never registered the CDs, nor were
they traded on a national exchange. See 15 U.S.C. § 77r(b). This finding, the
district court stated “did not end the SLUSA inquiry.”
Noting that the Supreme Court has urged a “‘broad interpretation[]’ of the
‘in connection with’ [requirement] . . . in order to further the PSLRA’s goals,” the
district court stated that “the strength of the nexus between an allegedly
fraudulent scheme and the securities transactions serves as the primary thread
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tying the caselaw together.” Given the “melange” of other circuit courts’
formulations of the test to determine what connection between a fraud and
transactions in covered securities is required for SLUSA preclusion to apply and
the “apparent absence of controlling Fifth Circuit authority,” the district court
decided to employ the Eleventh Circuit’s approach from Instituto de Prevision
Militar v. Merrill Lynch (“IPM”), 546 F.3d 1340 (11th Cir. 2008).
Applying the Eleventh Circuit’s test, the district court found that the
Roland Plaintiffs had alleged two distinct factual bases connecting the fraud to
transactions in covered securities. First, the district court found that “[t]he
[Roland] Plaintiffs’ purchases of SIB CDs were ‘induced’ by the
misrepresentation that SIB invested in a portfolio including SLUSA-covered
securities.” It noted that the CDs’ promotional material touted that the bank’s
portfolio of assets was invested in “highly marketable securities issued by stable
governments, strong multinational companies and major international banks.”
The district court also found that the purported investment of the bank’s
portfolio in SLUSA-covered securities gave its CDs certain qualities that induced
Plaintiffs’ purchases. The instruments were labeled CDs “to create the
impression . . . that the SIB CDs had the same degree of risk as certificates of
deposit issued by commercial banks regulated by the FDIC and Federal
Reserve.” However, they were advertised to function “[l]ike well-performing
equities” by offering “liquidity combined with the potential for high investment
returns.” This was supposedly made possible by “the consistent, double-digit
returns on the bank’s investment portfolio,” which stemmed, in part, from the
presence of SLUSA-covered securities. The Roland Plaintiffs allege in their
petition that had they “been aware of the truth” that SIB’s “portfolio consisted
primarily of illiquid investments or no investments at all,” they “would not have
purchased the SIB CDs.” The district court therefore found that the Roland
Plaintiffs sufficiently alleged that their “CD purchases were induced by a belief
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that the SIB CDs were backed in part by investments in SLUSA-covered
securities.”
Additionally, the district court found the Roland Plaintiffs’ “allegations
. . . reasonably imply that the Stanford scheme coincided with and depended
upon the [Roland] Plaintiffs’ sale of SLUSA-covered securities to finance SIB CD
purchases.” It noted that the Roland Plaintiffs claim that the fraud was a
scheme targeting recent retirees who were urged to roll the funds in their
retirement account into an IRA administered by SEI, of which the Trust was the
custodian and which was fully invested in the CDs. The district court noted that
“retirement funds come in a variety of forms that might not all involve
SLUSA-covered securities,” but that “stocks, bonds, mutual funds, and other
SLUSA-covered securities commonly comprise IRA investment portfolios.” From
this, the court stated “that at least one of the [Roland] Plaintiffs acquired SIB
CDs with the proceeds of selling SLUSA-covered securities in their IRA
portfolios,” and therefore, this “modest finding” independently supported the
district court’s ruling that the Roland Plaintiffs’ claims were precluded by
SLUSA. Accordingly, the district court denied the Roland Plaintiffs’ motion for
remand and dismissed the action pursuant to 15 U.S.C. § 78bb(f)(1)(A).
In a separate order, the district court considered the Willis Defendants’
and the Proskauer Defendants’ motions to dismiss. Stating “[b]ecause [the
Troice] Plaintiffs bring class claims ‘based upon the statutory or common law of’
Texas and ‘alleging . . . a misrepresentation or omission of a material fact in
connection with the purchase or sale of a covered security,’” the discussion in the
district court’s order in Roland v. Green compels the finding that SLUSA
precludes the Troice Plaintiffs’ action, and therefore it must be dismissed.
The Roland and Troice Plaintiffs timely appealed their dismissals, which
this court consolidated for the purposes of oral argument and disposition.
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II
The Roland case is before us from a denial of a motion to remand, and the
Troice cases are before us on motions to dismiss. On each procedural posture,
our review is the same—de novo. Martin v. PepsiAmericas, Inc., 628 F.3d 738,
740 (5th Cir. 2010) (motion to dismiss); In re 1999 Exxon Chem. Fire, 558 F.3d
378, 384 (5th Cir. 2009) (motion to remand).
III
A
Though the question of the scope of the “in connection with” language
under SLUSA is one of first impression in this circuit, we do not write on a blank
slate. The Supreme Court directly addressed the issue of what constitutes “in
connection with the purchase or sale of a covered security” in Merrill Lynch,
Pierce, Fenner & Smith, Inc. v. Dabit. In that case, a former broker joined with
customers of Merrill Lynch in a class action against the firm for breaches of
fiduciary duty and contract, alleging that Merrill Lynch had issued biased
research and investment recommendations. Dabit, 547 U.S. at 75. These
misrepresentations, according to Dabit’s complaint, harmed the class members
in two ways. First, as to the customers, the misrepresentations allegedly
“caused them to hold onto overvalued securities.” Id. at 76. Second, as to the
brokers, the misrepresentations allegedly caused them to “los[e] commission fees
when their clients, now aware that they had made poor investments, took their
business elsewhere.” Id. The district court dismissed all of the claims based on
SLUSA. Id. The Second Circuit affirmed as to the claims of buyers and sellers,
but said SLUSA did not preclude the claims of “holders,” those who had not
purchased or sold a security but suffered merely by retaining or “holding” their
existing shares in reliance on Merrill Lynch’s allegedly fraudulent research. Id.
at 77. The central question in Dabit, therefore, was whether the holders’ claims
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were precluded given SLUSA’s requirement that a fraud alleged be “in
connection with the purchase or sale of a covered security.” Id. at 84.
After discussing the purposes of Section 10(b) and the history of Rule 10b-5
litigation, the Court noted that the reason it had barred holders from asserting
a private right of action under Rule 10b-5 in Blue Chip Stamps v. Manor Drug
Stores was “policy considerations,” including the special danger that “‘vexatious[]
. . . litigation’” posed in the realm of securities. Dabit, 547 U.S. at 80 (quoting
Blue Chip Stamps, 421 U.S. 723, 739 (1975)). The same policy considerations
that led to that limitation on Rule 10b-5’s private right of action, see supra I.A,
motivated Congress in its passage of the PSRLA and SLUSA. Dabit, 547 U.S.
at 81–82. In using the “in connection with” language that had been the focus of
so much litigation in the Rule 10b-5 context, the Court found that “Congress can
hardly have been unaware of the broad construction adopted by both this Court
and the SEC.” Id. at 85. It also found that by using the exact same
language—“in connection with the purchase or sale of [covered] securities”—
Congress intended to incorporate the judicial interpretations given to that
phrase into SLUSA as well. Id. at 85–86.
Since Congress intended “in connection with” to mean the same thing in
SLUSA as it does in Section 10(b), “it is enough that the fraud alleged ‘coincide’
with a securities transaction—whether by the plaintiff or by someone else. The
requisite showing, in other words, is ‘deception “in connection with the purchase
or sale of any security,” not deception of an identifiable purchaser or seller.’” Id.
at 85 (quoting United States v. O’Hagan, 521 U.S. 642, 651, 658 (1997) (internal
citation omitted)); see also SEC v. Zandford, 535 U.S. 813, 824 (2002) (“[T]he
SEC complaint describes a fraudulent scheme in which the securities
transactions and breaches of fiduciary duty coincide. Those breaches were
therefore ‘in connection with’ securities sales within the meaning of § 10(b).”).
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From these principles, the Court held that SLUSA precludes state-law holder
class actions like Dabit’s. Dabit, 547 U.S. at 87.
B
Since Dabit, six of our sister circuit courts have tried to give dimension to
the “coincide” requirement announced in SEC v. Zandford and brought into the
SLUSA scheme in Dabit. Romano v. Kazacos, 609 F.3d 512 (2d Cir. 2010); Segal
v. Fifth Third Bank, N.A., 581 F.3d 305 (6th Cir. 2009); Madden v. Cowen & Co.,
576 F.3d 957(9th Cir. 2009); Instituto de Prevision Militar v. Merrill Lynch, 546
F.3d 1340 (11th Cir. 2008); Siepel v. Bank of Am., N.A., 526 F.3d 1122 (8th Cir.
2008); Gavin v. AT&T Corp., 464 F.3d 634 (7th Cir. 2006). To be sure, we are
only bound by decisions of the Supreme Court, which has stated that “in
connection with” must be interpreted broadly, Zandford, 535 U.S. at 819. But
the test it has offered—whether or not “the fraud alleged ‘coincide[s]’ with a
securities transaction,” Dabit, 547 U.S. at 85 (emphasis added)—is not
particularly descriptive. Moreover, when the Court first set forth the “coincide”
requirement, it cautioned that “the statute must not be construed so broadly as
to convert every common-law fraud that happens to involve [covered] securities
into a violation of § 10(b).” Zandford, 535 U.S. at 820 (emphasis added). In light
of this tension, consideration of how our sister circuits have construed and
applied this “coincide” requirement is helpful in deciding how best to approach
our present case. Cf. United States v. Villegas, 494 F.3d 513, 514 (5th Cir. 2007).
In our consideration, we find most persuasive the decisions from the
Second, Ninth, and Eleventh Circuits. The cases from the other circuits do not
attempt to define the “coincide” requirement, but merely discuss what
connection above and beyond “coincide” is sufficient. For example, in Segal, the
Sixth Circuit noted that fraud allegations that “depend on” transactions in
covered securities meet the “coincide” requirement, but it does not state that for
a fraud to “coincide” requires that the fraud “depend on” transactions in covered
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securities. It narrowly holds that where fraud depends on transactions in
covered securities, the fraud will also coincide with transactions in covered
securities. Segal, 581 F.3d at 310; see also Siepel, 526 F.3d at 1127 (8th Cir.);
Gavin, 464 F.3d at 639 (7th Cir.) (discussing how the “coincide” requirement
requires plaintiffs to allege fraud “involving” covered securities but noting that
a simple “but for” relationship between an alleged fraud and the purchase or sale
of securities is insufficient).
The Second, Ninth, and Eleventh Circuits have, however, attempted to
give dimension to what is sufficiently connected/coincidental to a transaction in
covered securities to trigger SLUSA preclusion. The Eleventh Circuit in
Instituto de Prevision Militar v. Merrill Lynch (“IPM”) dealt with claims brought
by a Guatemalan government agency that administered a pension fund for
Guatemalan military veterans, which invested in Pension Fund of America
(“PFA”), and other Latin American PFA investors against Merrill Lynch. 546
F.3d at 1342–43. According to their complaint, Merrill Lynch “actively
promot[ed] PFA and vouch[ed] for the character of PFA’s principals.” Id. at 1343
(internal quotation marks omitted). After determining that the class met
SLUSA’s definition of a “covered class action,” see 15 U.S.C. § 78bb(f)(5)(B), the
Eleventh Circuit turned to the “coincide” requirement. IPM, 546 F.3d at
1345–48. It held that requirement met if either “fraud . . . induced [plaintiffs]
to invest with [the defendant(s)]” or “a fraudulent scheme . . . coincided and
depended upon the purchase or sale of [covered] securities.” Id. at 1349. The
court found that “IPM is complaining about fraud that induced it to invest with
PFA, which means that its claims are ‘in connection with the purchase or sale’
of a security under SLUSA.” Id.
The Ninth Circuit articulated its test for the “coincide” requirement
slightly differently in its Madden v. Cowen & Co. opinion. That case involved
shareholders of two medical care providers that were looking to merge with a
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larger company. 576 F.3d at 962. In attempting to merge these two medical
care providers, the shareholders retained an investment bank, Cowen, “to look
for prospective buyers, give advice regarding the structure of any potential sale,
and render a fairness opinion regarding any proposed transaction.” Id. (internal
quotation marks omitted). Two suitors stepped up—one closely-held corporation
and another publicly-traded company. Id. Cowen recommended to the
shareholders that they accept the bid from the publicly-traded company. Id.
After the merger was complete, the stock price of the publicly-traded company
tumbled. Id. at 963. The shareholders then brought suit against Cowen for
“negligent misrepresentation and professional negligence under California law.”
Id. Based on Dabit’s statement that “in connection with” must be interpreted
the same way under SLUSA as it is under Section 10(b), the Ninth Circuit
looked to its prior precedent and held fraud is “‘in connection with’ the purchase
or sale of securities if there is ‘a relationship in which the fraud and the stock
sale coincide or are more than tangentially related.’” Id. at 966 (quoting
Falkowski v. Imation Corp., 309 F.3d 1123, 1131 (9th Cir. 2002)). Applying the
“more than tangentially related” test, the court found that “the
misrepresentations and omissions alleged in the complaint are more than
tangentially related to [the shareholders’] purchase of the [publicly-traded
company’s] securities.” Id. (internal quotation marks omitted).
The most recent circuit to consider the scope of the “coincide” requirement
post-Dabit was the Second Circuit in Romano v. Kazacos. Romano dealt with
two consolidated cases—one brought by Xerox retirees and one by Kodak
retirees—alleging that Morgan Stanley “misrepresented that if appellants were
to retire early, their investment savings would be sufficient to support them
through retirement.” 609 F.3d at 515. Based on these alleged
misrepresentations, the retirees “deposited their retirement savings into
Morgan Stanley IRA accounts, where covered securities were purchased on their
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behalf.” Id. at 520. In discussing the “coincide” requirement, the Second Circuit
stated that “SLUSA’s ‘in connection with’ standard is met where plaintiff’s
claims turn on injuries caused by acting on misleading investment advice—that
is, where plaintiff’s claims necessarily allege, necessarily involve, or rest on the
purchase or sale of securities. . . . [Additionally,] the more exacting induced
standard satisfies § 10(b)’s ‘in connection with’ requirement.” Id. at 522
(citations and internal quotation marks omitted).
Each of the circuits that has tried to contextualize the “coincide”
requirement has come up with a slightly different articulation of the requisite
connection between the fraud alleged and the purchase or sale of securities (or
representations about the purchase or sale of securities): Segal, 581 F.3d at 310
(6th Cir.) (“depend on”); Siepel, 526 F.3d at 1127 (8th Cir.) (“related to”); Gavin,
464 F.3d at 639 (7th Cir.) (“involving,” meaning more than “but for”); IPM, 546
F.3d at 1349–50 (11th Cir.) (“induced by” or “depended upon”); Madden, 576 F.3d
at 966 (9th Cir.) (“more than tangentially related to”); Romano, 609 F.3d at 522
(2d Cir.) (“necessarily allege, necessarily involve, or rest on”). Beyond these
various interpretations, we also think it useful before our standard to consider
cases more factually analogous to ours than Dabit and much of its progeny. That
is, cases where the fraud alleged was centered around the purchase or sale of an
uncovered security, like the CDs at issue in this appeal.
C
The preclusion analysis under SLUSA is slightly more complex in cases
where the fraudulent scheme alleged involves a multi-layered transaction, like
the one at issue in our case. In these cases, the plaintiffs often are fraudulently
induced into investing in some kind of uncovered security, like a CD or a share
in a “feeder fund,” which has some relationship either through the financial
product’s management company or through the financial product itself to
transactions (real or purported) in covered securities, such as stocks. Some of
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the more analogous cases arise out of the slew of recent suits stemming from the
Bernie Madoff Ponzi scheme, especially the so-called “feeder fund” cases.2 From
our reading of these uncovered securities cases, we glean three approaches: (1)
focus the analysis on whether the financial product purchased was a covered
security (the “product approach”); (2) focus on the “separation” between the
investment in the financial product and the subsequent transactions (real or
purported) in covered securities (the “separation approach”); and (3) focus on the
“purpose(s)” of the investment (the “purposes approach”).
2
The basic facts surrounding Madoff’s historic Ponzi scheme are
now well known. Madoff was a prominent and respected member
of the investing community . . . . Madoff’s investment company,
BMIS, had operated since approximately 1960. Madoff, who was
notoriously secretive, claimed he utilized a “split-strike
conversion strategy” to produce consistently high rates of return
on investment. The split-strike conversion strategy supposedly
involved buying a basket of stocks listed on the Standard &
Poor’s 100 index and hedging through the use of options.
However, since at least the early nineties, Madoff did not actually
engage in any trading activity. Instead, Madoff generated false
paper account statements and trading records; if a client asked
to withdraw her money, Madoff would pay her with funds
invested by other clients. During this time, Madoff deceived
countless investors and professionals, as well as his primary
regulators, the Securities and Exchange Commission (“SEC”) and
the Financial Industry Regulatory Authority (“FINRA”). On
December 11, 2008, news broke that Madoff had been operating
a multi-billion dollar Ponzi scheme for nearly twenty years.
Madoff pleaded guilty to securities fraud and related offenses on
March 12, 2009, and was subsequently sentenced to 150 years in
prison.
Many individuals and institutions that invested with Madoff did
so through feeder funds . . . . Investors would invest in the feeder
fund, which would then invest its assets with Madoff. . . . After
Madoff’s fraud became public, the [funds’] managing members
[usually] decided to liquidate the [funds] and distribute [their]
remaining assets. The fund[s’] liquidation forms the subject
matter of [the lawsuits].
In re Beacon Assocs. Litig., 745 F. Supp. 2d 386, 393–94 (S.D.N.Y. 2010).
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1
Courts that take the product approach focus their analysis on the type of
financial product upon which the alleged fraudulent scheme centers. In doing
so, the crux of the analysis is not whether or not the “coincide” requirement of
SLUSA is met, but rather whether the financial product qualifies as a “covered
security” under 15 U.S.C. § 78bb(f)(5)(E). In Ring v. AXA Financial, Inc., the
Second Circuit held that claims of fraud relating to the sale of an interest in a
term life insurance policy, a Children’s Term Rider (“CTR”) ( a “classic insurance
product” and an uncovered security) were not SLUSA-precluded merely because
the insurance company held covered securities in its portfolio, which in turn
backed the plaintiffs’ interest in the CTR. 483 F.3d 95, 96, 99 (2d Cir. 2007). It
likewise found the fact that the CTR was attached to a variable life insurance
policy, which is a covered security under SLUSA, was insufficient to preclude all
claims relating to the CTR because “the CTR and the policy to which it is
appended must be considered separately.” Id. at 96. But see IPM, 546 F.3d at
1351 (“[H]ybrid securities . . . are ‘covered securities.’” (citing Herndon v.
Equitable Variable Life Ins. Co., 325 F.3d 1252 (11th Cir. 2003) (per curiam))).
Similarly, in Brehm v. Capital Growth Financial, the district court held that
“private placement securities or debentures” were not covered securities. No.
8:07CV315, 2008 WL 553238, at *2 (D. Neb. Feb. 25, 2008). Moreover, it found
that allegations that the defendants were also going to invest in “securities and
other intangible instruments that are traded in the public markets or issued
privately” were insufficient to bring the case within SLUSA’s preclusive ambit.
Id. at *3 (internal quotation marks omitted).
The most-cited case using this approach is Pension Committee of the
University of Montreal Pension Plan v. Banc of America Securities, LLC, 750 F.
Supp. 2d 450 (S.D.N.Y. 2010). That case was an “action to recover losses
stemming from the liquidation of two British Virgin Islands based hedge funds
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. . . in which [the plaintiffs] held shares.” Id. at 451. The Montreal Pension court
held, “Because plaintiffs purchased shares in hedge funds, rather than covered
securities, SLUSA does not preempt plaintiffs’ state-law claims.” Id. at 453–54.
It went on to discuss Dabit and distinguished it by stating,
The interpretation of SLUSA urged by the [Defendants] stretches
the statute beyond its plain meaning. There are no grounds on
which to justify applying Dabit to statements made by the
[Defendants] concerning uncovered hedge funds—even when a
portion of the assets in those funds include covered securities. This
outcome is required because the alleged fraud relates to those hedge
funds rather than to the covered securities in the portfolios.
Id. at 454–55. Lastly, using some language more characteristic of the purpose
and separation approaches, the court also distinguished its case from the Madoff
feeder fund cases where SLUSA preclusion was found. It noted that the feeder
funds in those cases were “nothing but ghost entities—easily pierced,” and that
those funds essentially “did not exist and had no assets. Thus,” it found, the
plaintiffs in those cases “could claim that they deposited their money [in the
funds] for the purpose of purchasing covered securities.” Id. at 455 n.27. None
of those conditions were present in the funds purchased by the plaintiffs;
therefore, it concluded, “covered securities are not ‘at the heart’ of this case.”
Id. at 455.
2
The separation approach considers the degree of separation between the
fraud inducing the plaintiffs to buy the uncovered securities and the downstream
transactions in covered securities. This focus is somewhat like Montreal
Pension’s concern about what is at the “heart” of the case. The most cited case
using the separation approach is Anwar v. Fairfield Greenwich Ltd. (Anwar II).
Anwar II dealt with a feeder fund to invest in Madoff’s funds. 728 F. Supp. 2d
372, 387 (S.D.N.Y. 2010). The district court in Anwar II, however, found distinct
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differences in how the funds at issue in that case operated and the usual way
Madoff feeder funds operated. Compare id. at 398–99 with supra note 2.
Finding that the funds at issue were “not . . . cursory, pass-through entit[ies],”
id. at 398, the Anwar II court held that “[t]hough the [c]ourt must broadly
construe SLUSA’s ‘in connection with’ phrasing, stretching SLUSA to cover this
chain of investment—from [p]laintiffs’ initial investment in the [f]unds, the
[f]unds’ reinvestment with Madoff, Madoff’s supposed purchases of covered
securities, to Madoff’s sale of those securities and purchases of Treasury
bills—snaps even the most flexible rubber band.” Id. at 399. Therefore, the
court found that the “coincide” requirement was not met because “[t]he
allegations in [that] case present[ed] multiple layers of separation between
whatever phantom securities Madoff purported to be purchasing and the
financial interests [p]laintiffs actually purchased.” Id. at 398; cf. Levinson v.
PSCC Servs., Inc. (Levinson II), No. 3:09-CV-269, 2010 WL 5477250, at *8 (D.
Conn. Dec. 29, 2010) (“A third party’s fraud—although the intervening and
primary cause of the plaintiff’s losses—does not supplant the fraudulent conduct
on the part of the defendant that is necessary to trigger SLUSA preemption.”).
But see In re Herald, Primeo, & Thema Secs. Litig., No. 09 Civ. 289, 2011 WL
5928952, at *7 (S.D.N.Y. Nov. 29, 2011) (“[C]laims against these [d]efendants are
integrally tied to the underlying fraud committed by Madoff.”).
3
The third and most widely adopted approach is the purpose approach,
which primarily concerns itself with what the purpose of the investment was.
The clearest articulation of this approach asks whether the uncovered securities
(feeder funds) “were created for the purpose of investing in [covered] securities.”
Newman v Family Mgmt. Corp., 748 F. Supp. 2d 299, 312 (S.D.N.Y. 2010); see
also In re Beacon Assocs. Litig., 745 F. Supp. 2d 386, 430 (S.D.N.Y. 2010) (“[T]he
objective of the fund was to manage [p]laintiffs’ investment using a strategy that
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inevitably included the purchase and sale of covered securities.”); Levinson v.
PSCC Servs., Inc. (Levinson I), No. 3:09-CV-269, 2009 WL 5184363, at *7 (D.
Conn. Dec. 23, 2009) (“[T]he omnibus account created by [d]efendants was
clearly for the purpose of allowing Madoff to purchase and sell securities using
[p]laintiffs’ funds.”).
In ascertaining the purpose of the investment, these courts have
considered what the fraud “at the heart of the case” was. In re Kingate Mgmt.,
Ltd. Litig., No. 09 Civ. 5386, 2011 WL 1362106, at *9 (S.D.N.Y. Mar. 30, 2011);
see also Montreal Pension, 750 F. Supp. 2d at 455; Backus v. Conn. Cmty. Bank,
N.A., No. 3:09-CV-1256, 2009 WL 5184360, at *5 (D. Conn. Dec. 23, 2009). They
have also looked to the centrality of transactions in covered securities to the
fraud. See Barron v. Igolnikov, No. 09 Civ. 4471, 2010 WL 882890, at *5
(S.D.N.Y. Mar. 10, 2010); Backus, 2009 WL 5184360, at *8. Finally, some courts
have considered the “nature of the parties’ relationship, and whether it
necessarily involved the purchase or sale of securities.” Levinson I, 2009 WL
5184363, at *11 (citing Rowinski v. Salomon Smith Barney, Inc., 398 F.3d 294,
302 (3d Cir. 2005)); see also Backus, 2009 WL 5184360, at *8 (“[T]he very
purpose of the relationship . . . was to trade in securities.”).
D
Given the Supreme Court’s express reliance on “policy considerations” in
its determination of the scope of the “in connection with” language in Section
10(b), Blue Chip Stamps, 421 U.S. at 737, and SLUSA, Dabit, 547 U.S. at 81, we
find it useful to consider such arguments in our formulation of the standard.
Specifically, we find persuasive Congress’s explicit concern about the distinction
between national, covered securities and other, uncovered securities.
As we have stated previously, “SLUSA advances ‘the congressional
preference for national standards for securities class action lawsuits involving
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nationally traded securities.’” In re Enron, 535 F.3d at 338 (quoting Dabit, 547
U.S. at 87) (emphasis added). The rationale for this preference is clear: Because
companies can not control where their securities are
traded after an initial public offering . . . , companies
with publicly-traded securities can not choose to avoid
jurisdictions which present unreasonable litigation
costs. Thus, a single state can impose the risks and
costs of its peculiar litigation system on all national
issuers. The solution to this problem is to make
Federal court the exclusive venue for most securities
fraud class action litigation involving nationally traded
securities.
H.R. Rep. No. 105-803, at 15 (1998) (Conf. Rep.). Such concerns are unique to
the world of national securities. That SLUSA would be applied only to
transactions involving national securities appears to be Congress’s intent: “[T]he
securities governed by this bill—and it is important to emphasize this point—are
by definition trading on national exchanges. As we all know, securities traded
on national exchanges are bought and sold by investors in every State, and those
investors rely on information distributed on a national basis.” 144 Cong. Rec.
4799 (1998) (statement of Sen. Joseph Lieberman); see also 144 Cong. Rec. 10780
(1998) (statement of Rep. Anna Eshoo) (“This legislation is limited in scope and
only affects class action lawsuits involving nationally traded securities.”).
Exempting non-national securities from SLUSA’s preclusive scope does not
render them unregulated. When enacting SLUSA, Congress recognized the
importance of maintaining the vital role of state law in regulating non-national
securities. Congress found “that in order to avoid . . . thwarting . . . the purpose
of the [PSLRA], national standards for nationally traded securities must be
enacted, while preserving the appropriate enforcement powers of state
regulators, and the right of individuals to bring suit.” S. Rep. 105-182, at 8
(1998). Notably, state common law breach of fiduciary duty actions provide an
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important remedy not available under federal law. See Securities & Exchange
Commission, Study on Investment Advisers and Broker-Dealers (Jan. 2011),
http://sec.gov/news/studies/2011/913studyfinal.pdf, at 54. In addition to
fiduciary duty actions, over-extension of SLUSA also threatens state creditor-
debtor regimes, which we have held are likely available to the Appellants. See
Janvey v. Adams, 588 F.3d 831, 835 (5th Cir. 2009). The differences between the
federal and state remedies have led our colleagues on the Eleventh Circuit to
note that “[s]ince not every instance of financial unfairness or breach of fiduciary
duty will constitute a fraudulent activity under § 10(b) or Rule 10b-5, federal
courts should be wary of foreclosing common law breach of fiduciary duty actions
which supplement existing federal or state statutes.” Gochnauer v. A.G.
Edwards & Sons, Inc., 810 F.2d 1042, 1049 (11th Cir. 1987). This wariness is
echoed by the members of Congress appearing as amici on behalf of the
Appellants: “The interpretation of SLUSA and the ‘in connection with’
requirement adopted by the District Court . . . could potentially subsume any
consumer claims involving the exchange of money or alleging fraud against a
bank, without regard to the product that was being peddled.” As they point out,
every bank and almost every company owns some covered securities in its
portfolio, and every debt instrument issued by these banks and companies is
backed by this portfolio in the same way the CDs here were ultimately backed
by the assets in SIB’s portfolio. Precluding any group claim against any such
debt issue merely because the issuer advertises that it owns these assets in its
portfolio would be a major change in the scope of SLUSA.
IV
It is against this backdrop that we must go about formulating our
standard for judging the connection of claims like the Appellants’ to the
purchase or sale of covered securities. As noted previously, there is tension in
the law between following the Supreme Court’s command that “in connection
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with” must be interpreted broadly, Zandford, 535 U.S. at 819, and its concurrent
instruction that the same language “must not be construed so broadly as to
convert every common-law fraud that happens to involve [covered] securities into
a violation of § 10(b),” id. at 820.
The Eleventh Circuit’s test from IPM, employed by the district court, is a
good starting point because it identifies the two different perspectives from
which to approach the question of connectivity. IPM held that the “coincide”
requirement is met if either “fraud . . . induced [plaintiffs] to invest with [the
defendant(s)]” or “a fraudulent scheme . . . coincided and depended upon the
purchase or sale of [covered] securities.” IPM, 546 F.3d at 1349 (emphasis
added). The “induced” prong examines the allegations from the plaintiffs’
perspective by asking essentially whether the plaintiffs thought they were
investing in covered securities or investing because of (representations about)
transactions in covered securities. The “depended upon” prong views the
allegations from the opposite perspective, the defendants’, essentially asking
whether the defendants’ fraudulent scheme would have been successful without
the (representations about) transactions in covered securities. These two
perspectives—plaintiffs’ and defendants’—are also seen in the various uncovered
securities cases in the district courts. Compare Levinson I, 2009 WL 5184363,
at *11 (“[T]he crux of [the p]laintiffs’ allegations is that [the defendants’]
fraudulent statements caused [the p]laintiffs to make poor investment
decisions.”) (plaintiffs’ perspective) with In re Beacon, 745 F. Supp. 2d at 430
(“[T]he objective of the fund was to manage [p]laintiffs’ investment using a
strategy that inevitably included the purchase and sale of covered securities.”)
(defendants’ perspective).
Viewing the allegations from the plaintiffs’ perspective, however, asks the
wrong question. By tying the “coincide” requirement to “inducement,” it
unnecessarily imports causation into a test whose language (“coincide”)
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specifically disclaims it. The defendant-oriented perspective, like IPM’s
“depends upon” prong, is more faithful to the Court’s statement that “[t]he
requisite showing . . . is deception in connection with the purchase or sale of any
security, not deception of an identifiable purchaser or seller.” Dabit, 547 U.S. at
85 (emphasis added) (internal quotation marks omitted). Dabit’s formulation
focuses the analysis on the relationship between the defendants’ fraud and the
covered securities transaction without regard to the fraud’s effect on the
plaintiffs. Additionally, IPM’s “depended upon” prong appears very similar to
the Second Circuit’s test from Romano, which found SLUSA preclusion is
appropriate where “plaintiff’s claims ‘necessarily allege,’ ‘necessarily involve,’ or
‘rest on’ the purchase or sale of securities.” Romano, 609 F.3d at 522.
Though the defendant-oriented perspective is the proper point of view from
which to consider the allegations, the problem we see with the test from that
perspective as articulated by the Second and Eleventh Circuits is that it is too
stringent a standard. Specifically, a reading of the opinions of the Sixth and
Eighth Circuits on SLUSA preclusion suggests that those courts would find the
“depended upon” standard to be too high a bar. The Sixth Circuit in Segal
seemed to suggest that while a claim that “depended on” a securities transaction
was sufficient, there were other connections that would also meet the “coincide”
requirement. Segal, 581 F.3d at 310 (“Segal’s allegations do not merely ‘coincide’
with securities transactions; they depend on them. Under these circumstances,
the district court properly concluded that SLUSA requires the dismissal of this
complaint.” (citations omitted)); compare id. with IPM, 546 F.3d at 1349 (The
“coincide” requirement is met if “a fraudulent scheme . . . coincided and
depended upon the purchase or sale of [covered] securities.”). In Siepel, the
Eighth Circuit found that the “coincide” requirement is less stringent than a
standard requiring the fraud “relate to” transactions in covered securities.
Siepel, 526 F.3d at 1127; compare id. with Romano, 609 F.3d at 522 (SLUSA
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preclusion is appropriate where “plaintiff’s claims . . . ‘rest on’ the purchase or
sale of securities.”).
In light of this, we find Ninth Circuit’s test from Madden, which is that “a
misrepresentation is ‘in connection with’ the purchase or sale of securities if
there is a relationship in which the fraud and the stock sale coincide or are more
than tangentially related,” to be the best articulation of the “coincide”
requirement. Madden, 576 F.3d at 965–66 (emphasis added and internal
quotation marks omitted). This articulation nicely deals with the Court-
expressed tension in Zanford that the requirement “must not be construed so
broadly as to [encompass] every common-law fraud that happens to involve
[covered] securities.” Zandford, 535 U.S. at 820. It also heeds the Seventh
Circuit’s advice that “‘the “connection” requirement must be taken seriously.’”
Gavin, 464 F.3d at 640 (Posner, J.) (quoting Frymire-Brinati v. KPMG Peat
Marwick, 2 F.3d 183, 189 (7th Cir. 1993) (Easterbrook, J.)). Lastly, it
incorporates the significant policy and legislative intent considerations, all of
which militate against an overbroad formulation. See supra III.D; see also Dabit,
547 U.S. at 81. Therefore, we adopt the Ninth Circuit’s test. Accordingly, if
Appellants’ allegations regarding the fraud are more than tangentially related
to (real or purported) transactions in covered securities, then they are properly
removable and also precluded. See Kircher v. Putnam Funds Trust, 547 U.S.
633, 644 (2006).
V
Having established the standard by which the Appellants’ allegations will
be judged, we turn now to the Roland and Troice complaints. “The plaintiff is
‘the master of her complaint,’ and, as such, a determination that a cause of
action presents a federal question depends upon the allegations of the plaintiff’s
well-pleaded complaint.” Medina v. Ramsey Steel Co., 238 F.3d 674, 680 (5th
Cir. 2001) (internal quotation marks omitted). The artful pleading doctrine is
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an independent corollary to the well-pleaded complaint rule: “[u]nder this
principle, even though the plaintiff has artfully avoided any suggestion of a
federal issue, removal is not defeated by the plaintiff’s pleading skills in hiding
[a] federal question.” Bernhard v. Whitney Nat’l Bank, 523 F.3d 546, 551 (5th
Cir. 2008). We have stated previously that the artful pleading doctrine “applies
only where state law is subject to complete preemption.” Id. (citing Terrebone
Homecare, Inc. v. SMA Health Plan, Inc., 271 F.3d 186, 188–89 (5th Cir. 2001).
However, as the Second Circuit has noted, there is another situation where the
artful pleading doctrine applies: “when Congress has . . . expressly provided for
the removal of particular actions asserting state law claims in state court.”
Romano, 609 F.3d at 519 (citing Beneficial Nat’l Bank v. Anderson, 539 U.S. 1,
6 (2003)).
Application of the first prong is a bit tricky because SLUSA is a
statute of preclusion, rather than preemption. But its effect is the
same: where plaintiffs proceed as a class of fifty or more, state law
securities claims are no longer available to them and federal law,
which compels the dismissal of those claims, controls. Application
of the second prong is straightforward. Since SLUSA expressly
provides for the removal of covered class actions, it falls under the
“removal” exception to the well-pleaded complaint rule.
Consequently, we are free to look beyond the face of the amended
complaints to determine whether they allege securities fraud in
connection with the purchase or sale of covered securities.
Id. (citations and footnotes omitted); see also Segal, 581 F.3d at 310 (“Courts may
look to—they must look to—the substance of a complaint’s allegations in
applying SLUSA. Otherwise, SLUSA enforcement would reduce to a formalistic
search through the pages of the complaint for magic words . . . and nothing
more.”); Rowinski, 398 F.3d at 298 (“No matter how an action is pleaded, if it is
a covered class action involving a covered security, removal is proper.”
(quotations and alterations omitted)).
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Because of the need to examine the actualities of the alleged schemes, we
find the product approach taken by some district courts, see supra III.C.1, which
focuses its analysis on the type of financial product upon which the alleged
fraudulent scheme centers, to be too rigid. Our conclusion, in accord with the
district court, that the CDs were uncovered securities therefore does not end our
inquiry. We must instead closely examine the schemes and purposes of the
frauds alleged by the Appellants.
A
With respect to the claims against the SEI Defendants and the Willis
Defendants, we find the Appellants’ allegations to be substantially similar such
that they can be analyzed together.
1
The district court found that Appellants’ claims were precluded because
Appellants invested in the CDs, at least in part, because they were backed by
“covered securities.” To be sure, the CDs’ promotional material touted that SIB’s
portfolio of assets was invested in “highly marketable securities issued by stable
governments, strong multinational companies and major international banks.”
This is, however, but one of a host of (mis)representations3 made to the
3
As noted above, see supra I.B, the Roland Plaintiffs alleged that the SEI Defendants
represented to them that the CDs were a good investment because (1) they could be “readily
liquidated”; (2) SEI had evaluated SIB as being “competent and proficient”; (3) SIB “employed
a sizeable team of skilled and experienced analysts to monitor and manage [its] portfolio”; (4)
“independent” auditors “verified” the value of SIB’s assets; (5) the SEI Defendants had
“knowledge” about the companies that SIB invested in and that those companies were
adequately capitalized; (6) the Antiguan government regularly “examined” SIB; (7) the CDs
were a “safe investment vehicle suitable for long term investment with little or no risk”; (8)
SIB had “retained legal counsel” that ensured that the investments were structured so as to
comply with state and federal law; (9) the CDs would produce “consistent, double-digit
returns”; and (10) SIB’s assets were “invested in a well-diversified portfolio of highly
marketable securities issued by stable national governments, strong multinational companies,
and major international banks.” Similarly, the Troice Plaintiffs allege that the Willis
Defendants represented to them that the CDs were a good investment because (1) SIB was
based in the United States and “regulated by the U.S. Government”; (2) SIB was “insured by
Lloyd’s”; (3) SIB was “regulated by the Antiguan banking regulatory commission”; (4) SIB was
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Appellants in an attempt to lure them into buying the worthless CDs. Viewing
the allegations, as we must, from how the advisors at SEI and Willis allegedly
structured their fraudulent scheme, we find the references to SIB’s portfolio
being backed by “covered securities” to be merely tangentially related to the
“heart,”4 “crux,”5 or “gravamen”6 of the defendants’ fraud.
When we look over the complaints against the SEI Defendants and the
Willis Defendants, we find that the heart, crux, and gravamen of their allegedly
fraudulent scheme was representing to the Appellants that the CDs were a “safe
and secure” investment that was preferable to other investments for many
reasons. For example, as alleged by the Roland Plaintiffs, the CDs were
principally promoted as being preferable to other investments because of their
liquidity, consistently high rates of return, and the fact that SEI and other
regulators were keeping a watchful eye on SIB. Similarly, the so-called “safety
and soundness letters” sent by the Willis Defendants focused on the
“professionalism” of SIB and the “stringent” reviews. That the CDs were
marketed with some vague references to SIB’s portfolio containing instruments
that might be SLUSA-covered securities seems tangential to the schemes
advanced by the SEI and Willis Defendants.
“subjected to regular stringent risk management evaluations” conducted by “an outside audit
firm”; (5) the CDs were safe and secure; (6) SIB’s portfolio produced “consistent, double-digit
returns”; (7) the CDs’ “high return rates . . . greatly exceed those offered by commercial banks
in the United States”; and (8) SIB’s assets were “invested in a well-diversified portfolio of
highly marketable securities issued by stable national governments, strong multinational
companies, and major international banks.”
4
In re Kingate Mgmt., 2011 WL 1362106, at *9 (“Madoff’s fraud is at the heart of the
case.”).
5
Levinson I, 2009 WL 5184363, at *11 (“[T]he crux of [the p]laintiffs’ allegations is that
[the defendants’] fraudulent statements caused [the p]laintiffs to make poor investment
decisions.”).
6
Backus, 2009 WL 5184360, at *11 (“The gravamen of the Amended Complaint is a
fraudulent scheme in connection with the purchase and sale of securities.”).
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Our conclusion that the allegations do not amount to being “in connection
with” transactions in covered securities is bolstered by the distinction between
the present cases and the Madoff feeder fund cases. Comparing the allegations
in the uncovered securities cases we surveyed, we find the most similarity with
the allegations in the Montreal Pension case. The CDs, like the uncovered hedge
funds in Montreal Pension, were not mere “ghost entities” or “cursory
pass-through vehicles” to invest in covered securities. The CDs were debt assets
that promised a fixed rate of return not tied to the success of any of SIB’s
purported investments in the “highly marketable securities issued by stable
national governments, strong multinational companies, and major international
banks.” Unlike in the Madoff feeder fund cases, “plaintiffs could [not] claim that
they deposited their money in the bank for the purpose of purchasing covered
securities.” Montreal Pension, 750 F. Supp 2d at 455 n.27. Finally, as was the
case in Anwar II, there are “multiple layers of separation” between the CDs and
any security purchased by SIB. Anwar II, 728 F. Supp. 2d at 398.
Therefore, we find that the fraudulent schemes of the SEI Defendants and
the Willis Defendants, as alleged by the Appellants, are not more than
tangentially related to the purchase or sale of covered securities and are
therefore not sufficiently connected such purchases or sales to trigger SLUSA
preclusion.
2
The district court also justified its decision based on the fact that “at least
one of the [Roland] Plaintiffs acquired SIB CDs with the proceeds of selling
SLUSA-covered securities in their IRA portfolios” and that those transactions
brought the action within the ambit of SLUSA preclusion. While we do not
quarrel with the district court’s finding that some plaintiffs sold covered
securities to buy the CDs, we think that the way the district court approached
this alleged connection was incorrect. The appropriate inquiry under SLUSA is
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whether the fraudulent scheme, as alleged by the Appellants, was connected
with a transaction in a covered security. While the fact that covered securities
were in fact traded as a part of the fraud is evidence of the defendants’ intent,
it is not dispositive.
Appellants argue that “[t]he source of funds used to buy uncovered
securities is irrelevant.” In response, the defendants posit that this cannot be
the case in light of the Supreme Court’s decisions in Superintendent of Insurance
v. Bankers Life & Casualty Co. and Zandford. In Bankers Life, the Court dealt
with a company president who allegedly conspired to acquire the company’s
stock using the company’s assets and caused the company to liquidate its bond
portfolio and to invest the proceeds in a worthless certificate of deposit. 404 U.S.
6, 8–9 (1971). The Court held that the scheme was “in connection with” the
purchase or sale of securities such that suits by defrauded investors of the
company could be maintained under Section 10(b). Id. at 12–13. In Zandford,
the Court found that where a broker took over a customer’s portfolio to
purportedly manage and invest the assets but in fact, liquidated covered
securities in order to steal the customer’s funds, 535 U.S. at 815–16, the fraud
was “in connection with” transactions in securities because “[t]he securities sales
and respondent’s fraudulent practices were not independent events” and “each
sale was made to further respondent’s fraudulent scheme.” Id. at 820.
Based on our reading of the allegations in the Appellants’ complaints, the
connection between the fraud and sales of covered securities is not met here.
Unlike Bankers Life and Zandford, where the entirety of the fraud depended
upon the tortfeasor convincing the victims of those fraudulent schemes to sell
their covered securities in order for the fraud to be accomplished, the allegations
here are not so tied with the sale of covered securities.7 To be sure, it was
7
Construing SLUSA to depend on the source of funds where the defendant does not
care leads to absurd results. For example, if two putative class members buy adjacent parcels
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necessary for fraud for the defendants to have the Appellants invest their assets
into the CDs, but based on the allegations, there is no similar focus to Bankers
Life and Zandford on the sale of covered securities. Therefore, we find that the
fact that some of the plaintiffs sold some “covered securities” in order to put their
money in the CDs was not more than tangentially related to the fraudulent
scheme and accordingly, provides no basis for SLUSA preclusion.
B
We view the claims against the Proskauer Defendants as different in kind
from those alleged against the other defendants. Unlike the claims against the
SEI Defendants and the Willis Defendants, the Troice Plaintiffs’ claims against
the Proskauer Defendants are solely for aiding and abetting the Stanford Ponzi
scheme. That is to say, the allegations against the SEI and Willis Defendants
were, inter alia, that they made misrepresentations to the Appellants about the
liquidity, soundness, and safety of investing in the CDs whereas the Troice
Plaintiffs do not allege that the Proskauer Defendants made any
misrepresentations to them. The core allegation is that without the aid of the
Proskauer Defendants the Stanford Ponzi could not have been accomplished.
However, when we examine the substance of the claims against the Proskauer
Defendants, it is clear that there are misrepresentations involved.
Specifically, the Proskauer Defendants allegedly misrepresented to the
SEC the Commission’s ability to exercise its oversight over Stanford and SIB.
By telling the SEC that it could not investigate the operations of Stanford and
SIB, the Proskauer Defendants obstructed any chance of an SEC investigation
of fraudulently-marketed Texas ranch land (clearly not a covered security) and one pays for
his land out of his checking account but the other pays for his by selling some
nationally-traded stock, then the first’s claim is not precluded by SLUSA but the second’s is,
even though their claims and actions are identical. Therefore, absent allegations about the
defendant’s focus on the source of the funds, the fact that a purchaser may have sold covered
securities does not make the injury suffered “in connection with” the purchase or sale of
covered securities.
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uncovering the fraud, thereby allowing it to continue and harm the Troice
Plaintiffs to occur. These alleged misrepresentations were one level removed
from the misrepresentations made by SIB or the SEI and Willis Defendants.
The connection that the Proskauer Defendants would have us find is that the
misrepresentations to the SEC about its regulatory authority allowed SIB to
recruit the Willis Defendants to sell CDs, who in turn misrepresented to the
Troice Plaintiffs a host of things in order to convince them that the CDs were
good investments, including vague references to SIB’s portfolio containing
instruments that might be SLUSA-covered securities. Like with the SEI and
Willis Defendants, the misrepresentations made by the Proskauer Defendants
are not more than tangentially related to the purchase or sale of covered
securities and therefore, SLUSA preclusion does not apply.
VI
For the foregoing reasons, the judgments are REVERSED. The Troice
cases are remanded to the district court, and the Roland case is remanded to the
state court.
REVERSED.
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