MEMORANDUM DECISION
Pursuant to Ind. Appellate Rule 65(D),
this Memorandum Decision shall not be FILED
regarded as precedent or cited before any Dec 11 2019, 9:27 am
court except for the purpose of establishing CLERK
the defense of res judicata, collateral Indiana Supreme Court
Court of Appeals
estoppel, or the law of the case. and Tax Court
ATTORNEY FOR APPELLANT ATTORNEYS FOR APPELLEE
Kyle K. Dugger Curtis T. Hill, Jr.
Bloomington, Indiana Attorney General of Indiana
Katherine A. Cornelius
Deputy Attorney General
Indianapolis, Indiana
IN THE
COURT OF APPEALS OF INDIANA
In the Matter of: December 11, 2019
N. P. (Minor Child) Court of Appeals Case No.
19A-JC-1706
And
Appeal from the Monroe Circuit
J. O. (Father), Court
Appellant-Respondent, The Honorable Holly M. Harvey,
Judge
v. Trial Court Cause No.
53C06-1902-JC-99
The Indiana Department of
Child Services,
Appellee-Petitioner.
Riley, Judge.
Court of Appeals of Indiana | Memorandum Decision 19A-JC-1706 | December 11, 2019 Page 1 of 17
STATEMENT OF THE CASE
[1] Appellant-Respondent, J.O. (Father), appeals the trial court’s Order declaring
his minor child, N.P. (Child), to be a Child in Need of Services (CHINS) but
returning Child to Father’s care.
[2] We affirm.
ISSUE
[3] Father presents two issues on appeal, which we consolidate and restate as the
following single issue: Whether the trial court’s findings and conclusions that
Child is an in-home CHINS were clearly erroneous.
FACTS AND PROCEDURAL HISTORY
[4] Prior to February 18, 2019, both Mother1 and Father abused opioids and had
sought treatment at Transitions in Bloomington, Indiana. Father received daily
doses of Suboxone. Father and Mother are both learning disabled. Child was
born on February 18, 2019. Although Mother had other children, this was
Father’s first child.
[5] After Child’s birth, the nurse attending to the family provided Father with
education on how to properly feed and hold the newborn. In the nurse’s
experience, most parents were able to learn these skills after being told once or
1
The trial court found Child to be a CHINS as to Mother and Father. Mother does not participate in this
appeal. We will confine our analysis as much as possible to the facts and issues which concern Father,
although the trial court entered many of the same findings and conclusions as to both parents.
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twice. Despite repeatedly providing Father with this information, the nurse
observed Father feeding Child too frequently, holding Child’s bottle at too
acute an angle such that Child could not breathe properly, and holding Child
such that his head was not adequately supported. On February 20, 2019, the
Department of Child Services (DCS) received a report of possible neglect due to
Mother’s drug use and Mother and Father’s inability to properly care for Child.
DCS Family Case Manager Hannah Nunn (FCM Nunn) investigated. FCM
Nunn interviewed Mother and Father in the hospital, and both denied active
drug use. FCM Nunn drug tested Mother and Father and, after the test, offered
them substance abuse treatment, therapy, and home-based case management
services. Mother and Father declined the offered services. Although FCM
Nunn had developed a safety plan for Child with Mother and Father’s input,
based on their refusal of services and what FCM Nunn had observed, FCM
Nunn was concerned that the safety plan for Child would not be followed.
[6] FCM Nunn determined that Child should be detained to ensure his safety.
When FCM Nunn re-entered the hospital room to inform Mother and Father
that Child would be detained, Mother was holding Child. Upon learning that
Child was to be detained, Father removed Child from Mother’s arms and held
Child with one arm while using the other arm to attempt to keep FCM Nunn
and the police officers escorting her from removing Child. Father cursed FCM
Nunn and the officers and yelled at them to “get out.” (Transcript p. 27).
Father did not have full control of Child’s body, and he again allowed Child’s
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head to be unsupported while this incident occurred. Child was eventually
safely detained and was placed outside of Father and Mother’s care.
[7] On February 22, 2019, DCS filed a petition, alleging Child to be a CHINS
based on its allegations that Child’s
physical or mental condition is seriously impaired or seriously
endangered as a result of the inability, refusal, or neglect of
[Child’s] parent . . . to supply [Child] with necessary food,
clothing, shelter, medical care, education, or supervision[.]
(Appellant’s App. Vol. II, p. 19). DCS more specifically alleged that Father
was currently on Suboxone treatment and had engaged in the physically
aggressive incident at the hospital while holding Child; Father had failed to
demonstrate that he could meet Child’s basic needs, as he overfed and
improperly fed Child, did not know how to properly hold Child, did not know
how to secure Child in his car seat, and was not successful in receiving
parenting instructions despite repetition of instruction; and Father had a prior
substantiated allegation of sexual abuse of a child in 2014. DCS provided
Father supervised visitation with Child for two hours at a time, twice a week.
Father was to be drug tested by DCS as he continued treatment through
Transitions. DCS provided Father with home-based counseling to work on
parenting skills and completing an application for “BDDS”. 2 (Tr. p. 87).
2
Although the precise nature of BDDS is unclear from the record, it appears to be a long-term service
provider for those with disabilities.
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[8] On April 17, 2019, the trial court began a two-day hearing on the CHINS
petition. Father had been consistently exercising supervised parenting time and
came adequately prepared. None of the service providers who testified at the
hearing had concerns that Father did not know how to feed and hold Child or
put Child in his car seat. On the Monday preceding the CHINS hearing, DCS
had moved supervised parenting time from a public facility to Father and
Mother’s home. The parenting-time supervisor testified that, if Father were to
receive more parenting-time with Child, it would be beneficial for him to
receive more services to work on his parenting skills. Father had participated in
two sessions totaling under two hours of parenting education classes. The
home-based case manager assigned to Child testified that one of the goals for
Father was to increase the amount of parenting education he was receiving.
[9] Father’s home-based counselor provided the following updates on Father’s
progress in services. Father had not provided a sample for four of the eight
DCS requested drug screens, even though he was aware that a missed screen
was presumed to be positive for illegal substances. Father had missed the last
two sessions in April with his home-based counselor, who felt that progress was
challenging if interrupted by missed sessions. Father’s home-based counselor
had worked with Father to complete his BDDS application, but the application
could not be completed until Father selected a new primary care physician,
which Father had not yet done because he had missed his last two sessions.
The home-based counselor was working with Father on budgeting and
accessing community resources. Father and Mother had decided not to seek
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employment in the hope that Child would be returned to them. Father and
Mother received disability benefits but spent most of their income before mid-
month and were forced to access community food resources. Father’s home-
based counselor felt that Father would benefit from continued services to work
on goals.
[10] Father admitted at the CHINS hearings that he had last abused prescription
medication in December of 2018 and that he was being actively treated at
Transitions at the time of this last use. Father felt that the parenting education
services he was undertaking through DCS were helpful and that he would
continue to learn from them. Father asked the trial court for an “in-home
CHINS.” (Tr. p. 134). The Court Appointed Special Advocate (CASA)
assigned to Child testified that Father continued to need assistance caring for
his young son, the current services offered to him appeared to be assisting him,
and that the CASA saw no reason “not to continue those services.” (Tr. p.
141).
[11] On May 28, 2019, the trial court issued its Order declaring Child to be an in-
home CHINS. The trial court found that Father had initially demonstrated a
lack of ability to properly feed and hold Child and that he had engaged in the
physically aggressive incident in the hospital while holding Child. The trial
court entered the following relevant findings:
a. On 2/20/19, [Father] stated he is currently on a Suboxone
treatment program through Bloomington Transitions. This
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treatment was initiated after the [] parties’ involvement in other
DCS cases.
****
h. [Father] initially denied services from DCS at the hospital.
i. [Father] demonstrate[s] an inability to retain information
pertaining to the care and safety of [Child] in the short term that
has only improved with the provision of services, as observed by
the visit supervisor and home[-]based case managers. [Father]
require[s] additional training, education, and assistance in
budgeting, time management and parent education to ensure
[Child’s] safety in their care. These demonstrated inabilities to
provide adequate care, along with [Father’s] substantiated prior
drug use and current treatment for the same, seriously endangers
[Child’s] physical or mental condition.
j. [Child] needs care that [Father has] not yet demonstrated an
independent ability to provide.
****
o. [Father’s] previous denial of services and lack of insight on the
need for additional training and guidance, in addition to the
likely denial of treatment without court order demonstrates [sic]
that services necessary for [Child’s] care are unlikely to be
provided or accepted without the coercive intervention of the
[c]ourt.
(Appellant’s App. Vol. II, pp. 36, 37). The trial court found that it was in
Child’s best interests to place Child back in Mother and Father’s home but that
“continued DCS wardship is needed to ensure that both parents maintain
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sobriety, receive necessary mental health care and home based services to
ensure the safety of [Child.]” (Appellant’s App. Vol. II, p. 38). The trial court
also entered a number of findings regarding Father’s participation in substance
abuse treatment, his demonstration of love and affection for Child, his ability to
learn parenting skills “with guidance,” the lack of ongoing concerns regarding
Father’s ability to feed and hold Child, and the appropriateness of Father’s
home for Child. The trial court concluded that
[a]dditional home based care management is required to improve
[Father’s] ability to maintain [his] budget and time management
skills necessary to fully care for a child, in absence of other
disability services that may ultimately take the place of DCS
services.
(Appellant’s App. Vol. II, p. 38).
[12] On June 18, 2019, the trial court held a dispositional hearing after which it
entered an order directing that Child should remain in-home with supervision
by DCS to ensure that Child had a home free from substance abuse and neglect.
The trial court also ordered that participation by Father in a plan for the care of
Child was necessary to ensure Child’s safety.
[13] Father now appeals. Additional facts will be provided as necessary.
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DISCUSSION AND DECISION
I. Standard of Review
[14] Father challenges the evidence supporting the trial court’s findings of fact and
conclusions of law that Child is a CHINS. Our standard of review of a trial
court’s CHINS determination is well-settled: we do not reweigh the evidence or
judge witness credibility. In re S.D., 2 N.E.3d 1283, 1286 (Ind. 2014). We
consider only the evidence which supports the trial court’s decision and the
reasonable inferences to be drawn from that evidence. Id. at 1287. In addition,
where, as here, the trial court has entered findings of fact and conclusions of
law, we exercise a two-tiered review. Matter of K.P.G., 99 N.E.3d 677, 681 (Ind.
Ct. App. 2018), trans. denied. First, we consider whether the evidence supports
the findings, and, second, we determine whether the findings support the
judgment. Id. We will reverse a trial court’s CHINS determination only if it is
clearly erroneous and a review of the record leaves us firmly convinced that a
mistake was made. Id. A CHINS determination is clearly erroneous “if the
record facts do not support the findings or if it applies the wrong legal standard
to properly found facts.” Yanoff v. Muncy, 688 N.E.2d 1259, 1262 (Ind. 1997)
(internal quotation marks omitted). DCS was required to prove that Child was
a CHINS by a preponderance of the evidence. See Ind. Code § 31-34-12-3.
II. Findings of Fact
[15] Father asserts that DCS did not prove various factual allegations contained in
the CHINS petition, which we will address as challenges to the evidence
supporting the factual findings entered by the trial court. Because Mother is not
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a party to this appeal, we will not address Father’s claims pertaining to her,
such as his argument that DCS failed to prove that Mother had tested positive
for methamphetamine, amphetamines and cannabinoids. Father asserts that he
“challenges every finding the trial court entered in its order.” (Appellant’s Br.
12). We agree with DCS that the majority of this argument is waived for failure
to make a cogent argument. See Ind. Appellate Rule 46(A)(8)(a) (requiring that
each argument advanced must be supported by citation to authority and the
part of the Record on Appeal relied upon); see also N.C. v. Ind. Dep’t of Child
Servs., 56 N.E.3d 65, 69 (Ind. Ct. App. 2016) (holding that a party waives issues
that are not supported by cogent argument including citations to the record and
to legal authority), trans. denied.
[16] Father specifically challenges the trial court’s findings that he allowed Child’s
head to “bobble around and drop,” that Child “spit up profusely” as a result of
Father’s overfeeding, that he had a prior DCS history, and that he had
“substantiated prior drug use and current treatment for the same[.]”
(Appellant’s App. Vol. II, p. 37). These findings were supported, respectively,
by testimony by FCM Nunn that she had witnessed Father leave Child’s head
unsupported which allowed his head to bobble and drop, the attending nurse’s
testimony that she had observed Child spit up abnormally large amounts which
was a sign of overfeeding, a family case manager’s testimony that Father had a
prior DCS substantiation in 2014, and Father’s admissions to FCM Nunn and
at trial that he had abused prescription medication and was currently
undergoing Suboxone treatment at Transitions. Because evidence in the record
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supported these findings, we conclude that they were not clearly erroneous. See
Yanoff, 688 N.E.2d at 1262.
[17] Father also specifically challenges the evidence supporting the trial court’s
findings regarding his alleged inability to place Child securely in his car seat
and inability to use proper swaddling techniques. The trial court entered the
following finding that mentioned car seat use and swaddling:
d. [Father] received bedside training in regards to proper bottle
feeding, swaddling, safe sleep and car seat procedures. When
holding [Child], [Father] allowed his head to bobble around and
drop. [Father was] not able to apply training information to
caring for [Child] and could not repeat back information given to
[him].
(Appellant’s App. Vol. II, p. 37). FCM Nunn testified that Father received
training by hospital staff on how to use Child’s car seat but that he was unable
to place Child properly in the seat and had asked her to do it. Thus, the finding
regarding the use of the car seat was also supported by the evidence and was not
clearly erroneous. See Yanoff, 688 N.E.2d at 1262. However, we agree with
Father that there is no evidence in the record regarding anyone instructing
Father on swaddling or that it was an issue in this case whatsoever. Be that as
it may, the trial court’s mention of swaddling was part of a larger finding that
Father demonstrated an inability to retain instruction on Child’s care, a finding
that was supported by other evidence that Father was initially unable to learn
from instruction on feeding Child, holding Child, and car seat use. We
conclude, therefore, that given the other findings supporting the judgment, this
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one unsupported aspect of the trial court’s finding does not undermine the trial
court’s CHINS determination.
III. Conclusions of Law
[18] Father next challenges the trial court’s conclusions of law supporting its
determination that Child is a CHINS. DCS sought to have Child adjudicated a
CHINS under Indiana Code section 31-34-1-1, which provides as follows:
A child is a child in need of services if before the child becomes
eighteen (18) years of age:
(1) the child’s physical or mental condition is seriously impaired
or seriously endangered as a result of the inability, refusal, or
neglect of the child’s parent, guardian, or custodian to supply the
child with necessary food, clothing, shelter, medical care,
education, or supervision . . . and
(2) the child needs care, treatment, or rehabilitation that:
(A) the child is not receiving; and
(B) is unlikely to be provided or accepted without the coercive
intervention of the court.
Thus, an adjudication under this section “requires three basic elements: that the
parent’s actions or inactions have seriously endangered the child, that the
child’s needs are unmet, and (perhaps most critically) that those needs are
unlikely to be met without State coercion.” In re S.D., 2 N.E.3d at 1287.
Requiring that DCS show that a child’s needs are unlikely to be met without the
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intervention of the court “guards against unwarranted State interference in
family life, reserving that intrusion for families ‘where parents lack the ability to
provide for their children,’ not merely where they ‘encounter difficulty in
meeting a child’s needs.’” Id. (quoting Lake Cnty. Div. of Family & Children Servs.
v. Charlton, 631 N.E.2d 526, 528 (Ind. Ct. App. 1994)). In rendering a CHINS
determination, the trial court considers the family’s condition not just when the
petition was filed, but also when the petition is heard. In re S.D., 2 N.E.3d at
1290.
[19] We begin by observing that at the CHINS fact-finding hearing, in response to a
question from his counsel about what he would like the trial court to do in this
case, Father responded, “I want to do an in-home CHINS.” (Tr. p. 134).
Father also stated during his testimony that he had learned from the parenting
education that he had received and that he felt that he would continue to learn
from those services. The trial court granted Father’s request, finding Child to
be a CHINS but returning Child to Father’s care prior to the June 18, 2019,
dispositional hearing. Although we acknowledge that Father did not formally
admit the allegations contained in the CHINS petition, we find that, under the
circumstances of this case, the doctrine of invited error militates in favor of
upholding the trial court’s conclusion that Child is a CHINS. See C.T. v. Marion
Cnty. Dep’t of Child Servs., 896 N.E.2d 571, 588 (Ind. Ct. App. 2008) (holding
that the doctrine of invited error provides that a party may not take advantage
of an error that she commits or invites), trans. denied.
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[20] We also find that, contrary to the arguments that Father now offers on appeal,
sufficient evidence supported the trial court’s conclusions that at the time of the
CHINS hearing, Child was endangered and the coercive intervention of the
State was necessary to ensure Child’s proper care. The trial court ultimately
concluded that “[Father’s] demonstrated inabilities to provide adequate care,
along with [Father’s] substantiated prior drug use and current treatment for the
same, seriously endangers [Child’s] physical or mental condition.” (Appellant’s
App. Vol. II, p. 37). In support of this conclusion, the trial court found that
Father had demonstrated an inability to retain parenting information that had
only improved with supervised parenting time and home-based counseling,
Father required additional services in budgeting and parenting to ensure Child’s
safety, and Father had not yet demonstrated an independent ability to provide
care for Child.
[21] Although we agree with Father’s assertion that many of DCS’s initial concerns
regarding Father’s ability to parent, primarily the holding and feeding of Child,
had been addressed by the time of the CHINS hearing, we cannot conclude that
the trial court’s conclusion that Child continued to be endangered at the time of
the CHINS hearing was clearly erroneous. As Child grew, his needs would
also change. Father was to be evaluated for his learning disability as part of the
services offered to him after the CHINS determination. Father’s demonstrated
inability to retain parenting information and his poor impulse control, as shown
by his conduct when DCS attempted to remove Child, supported a conclusion
that he required supervision and instruction to continue to parent Child
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effectively and to ensure Child’s care. In addition, Father had elected not to
pursue employment but was unable to budget his disability benefits
appropriately to cover expenses, which placed his financial ability to provide for
Child’s basic needs in jeopardy. Father had also missed four drug screens in the
two months between the filing of the CHINS petition and the CHINS hearings.
Because these missed screens were presumed to be positive, there was evidence
to support an inference that Father’s drug use was ongoing, further endangering
Child.
[22] Father argues that the trial court’s conclusions were not supported by the
evidence because he had participated in services, had addressed DCS’s
concerns, he did not injure Child during the incident in the hospital in which he
attempted to thwart removal, and he had demonstrated that he was caring and
loving toward Child. However, these arguments merely invite us to consider
evidence and inferences that do not support the trial court’s determination,
which is contrary to our standard of review. See In re S.D., 2 N.E.3d at 1286.
[23] We similarly find that the trial court’s conclusion that State intervention
continued to be necessary was supported by the evidence. Father was only
partially compliant on his substance abuse treatment, as he missed four of the
eight screens offered to him before the CHINS hearings. Father had also
missed his last two sessions with his home-based counselor, who felt that this
inconsistency in attendance prevented progress. For example, Father had
completed some of his BDDS application but had yet to select a primary care
physician, a necessary last step to finish the application which had not taken
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place because Father had missed his last two sessions. Father’s home-based
counselor opined at the CHINS hearing that Father continued to need the
counselor’s involvement to work on goals. The parenting-time supervisor also
expressed her opinion at the hearing that, if Father were to receive additional
parenting time with Child, he would benefit from additional parenting
education. Child’s CASA felt that continued State intervention was necessary
for Father and beneficial to Child. Father himself stated during his testimony at
the CHINS hearing that he had learned from the parenting education that he
had received and that he felt that he would continue to learn from those
services.
[24] Father likens his case to In re D.J., 68 N.E.3d 574, 580-81 (Ind. 2017), in which
our supreme court found insufficient evidence supporting the trial court’s
conclusion that continued State intervention was necessary due to parents’
progress in services and their demonstrated willingness to be compliant.
However, we find that case to be readily distinguishable from the instant case
because in In re D.J., the parents had satisfactorily completed all DCS-offered
services by the time of the fact-finding hearing. Id. at 581. As set forth above,
Father was not entirely compliant with either his substance abuse or his home-
based services prior to the fact-finding hearings. In light of the fact that Father
was not entirely compliant with his substance abuse and home-based services,
the need for continued State intervention expressed by the home-based
counselor, the parenting-time supervisor, and the CASA, and Father’s own
statements, we conclude that there was evidence supporting the trial court’s
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conclusion that continued State intervention was necessary, and, therefore, that
conclusion was not clearly erroneous. See Yanoff, 688 N.E.2d at 1262.
CONCLUSION
[25] Based on the foregoing, we conclude that the trial court’s findings and
conclusions that Child was an in-home CHINS were supported by the evidence
and, therefore, were not clearly erroneous.
[26] Affirmed.
[27] Baker, J. and Brown, J. concur
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