NOT FOR PUBLICATION FILED
UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS DEC 11 2019
MOLLY C. DWYER, CLERK
U.S. COURT OF APPEALS
FOR THE NINTH CIRCUIT
A. T., individually, No. 18-35033
Plaintiff-Appellant, D.C. No. 2:16-cv-01536-JLR
v.
MEMORANDUM*
EVERETT SCHOOL DISTRICT, a public
corporation; et al.,
Defendants-Appellees.
Appeal from the United States District Court
for the Western District of Washington
James L. Robart, District Judge, Presiding
Argued and Submitted November 4, 2019
Seattle, Washington
Before: GOULD and NGUYEN, Circuit Judges, and R. COLLINS,** District
Judge.
Plaintiff-Appellant A.T. appeals the district court’s order granting summary
judgment in favor of the Everett School District. We have jurisdiction under 28
U.S.C. § 1291. Reviewing the grant of summary judgment de novo, see Gravelet-
*
This disposition is not appropriate for publication and is not precedent
except as provided by Ninth Circuit Rule 36-3.
**
The Honorable Raner C. Collins, United States District Judge for the
District of Arizona, sitting by designation.
Blondin v. Shelton, 728 F.3d 1086, 1090 (9th Cir. 2013), we affirm.
1. The district court properly dismissed A.T.’s negligence claim as time
barred because A.T. connected her injuries to her teacher’s sexual abuse by May
2013, and realized she had a negligence claim against the Everett School District
by this time. Therefore, her October 2016 complaint was beyond the three-year
statute of limitations. Under Washington statute, an action “for recovery of
damages for injury suffered as a result of childhood sexual abuse” must be filed
within three years of an event that triggers the commencement of the statute of
limitations period. Wash. Rev. Code § 4.16.340. The three-year period begins to
run when: (a) the act causing the alleged injury occurred; (b) “the victim
discovered or reasonably should have discovered that the injury or condition was
caused by said act;” or (c) “the victim discovered that the act caused the injury for
which the claim is brought.” Id. When viewed in the light most favorable to A.T.,
the record shows that beginning in 2006, A.T. discussed the power differential in
her sexual relationship with her high school teacher and the damage that resulted
from it. In 2010, A.T. was diagnosed with Adjustment Disorder with Mixed
Anxiety and Depressed Mood, and she admitted that she sought counseling for the
emotional issues she suffered from her relationship with a “married man.” By
2012, she believed the relationship was coercive and acknowledged that her
teacher had “groomed” her. She admitted to a counselor that she felt as if she was a
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victim, and her relationship caused symptoms of depression, thoughts of self-harm,
shame, and fear. While working through what she later perceived as an abusive
relationship, she described experiencing anxiety, fear, nervousness, lack of
concentration, depression, sleep disturbances, as well as identity and sexuality
issues. Counseling was meant to address these “ongoing issues” surrounding her
sexual relationship with her teacher.
A.T.’s statements also show that A.T. knew the Everett School District had a
duty to protect her from the teacher’s sexual abuse but failed to do so. She was
aware that she could and should report the sexual abuse to the Everett School
District, and that in doing so the School District would be required to put a stop to
the teacher’s behavior. A.T. decided not to do so to maintain her privacy. A.T. also
knew that the School District had breached its duty to protect her. A.T. admits that
she was aware at the time of the abuse that it was common knowledge among the
teachers in the School District that there was inappropriate conduct occurring
between A.T. and her teacher. In fact, in one incident, another Everett District
employee caught A.T. and the teacher in a “compromised position” in the teacher’s
classroom. Thus, by May 2013, A.T. was aware of the elements necessary for her
negligence claim.
The only evidence A.T. offers to support her contention that she did not
realize she had a claim against the School District until she met with an attorney is
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her conclusory, self-serving statement. The declaration, which runs counter to the
overwhelming weight of the evidence, is insufficient to withstand summary
judgment. See F.T.C. v. Publ’g Clearing House, Inc., 104 F.3d 1168, 1171 (9th
Cir. 1997). A.T. has not supported the alleged accrual date with evidence outside
of her statements; therefore, her claim is distinguishable from other cases in which
the Washington courts have found there was a genuine issue of material fact as to
the discovery date. See, e.g., Korst v. McMahon, 148 P.3d 1081, 1086 (Wash. Ct.
App. 2006) (three family members testified victim had not made connection
between abuse and injury); see also Hollmann v. Corcoran, 949 P.2d 386, 389
(Wash. Ct. App. 1997) (therapist testified that victim had not made causal
connection between the sexual abuse and his resulting Post Traumatic Stress
Disorder).
2. Moreover, the district court did not err in deciding A.T.’s claim was
time barred because a plain reading of the statute suggests that accrual is based on
the discovery of the intentional sexual abuse, not the date the victim realizes the
negligent failure to prevent such abuse. See Wash. Rev. Code § 4.16.340(1).
Courts should interpret statutory language by its plain meaning and construe
individual provisions as interrelated. Hollmann, 949 P.2d at 391; Food Marketing
Inst. v. Argus Leader Media, 139 S. Ct. 2356, 2364 (2019) (“In statutory
interpretation disputes, a court’s proper starting point lies in careful examination of
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the ordinary meaning and the structure of the law itself.”). Under a plain reading of
Washington Revised Code § 4.16.340, the state statute encompasses all cause of
actions “based on intentional conduct.” Wash. Rev. Code § 4.16.340(1) (emphasis
added). The statute also includes claims of negligence against individuals who
were not the perpetrators of sexual abuse, but who failed to prevent it. C.J.C. v.
Corp. of the Catholic Bishop of Yakima, 985 P.2d 262, 267–68 (Wash. 1999). Yet,
accrual is calculated from the “date of discovery of the last act by the same
perpetrator which is part of a common scheme or plan of sexual abuse or
exploitation.” Wash. Rev. Code § 4.16.340(2) (emphasis added). To engage in
childhood sexual abuse, the act must constitute a violation of defined statutory sex
offenses. Id. Negligence is not one of the listed offenses.
A plain reading of the statute indicates that a cause of action accrues when there is
an act intended to further a plan of sexual abuse, and all claims arising from the intentional
act by the perpetrator—including the negligence claim—must accrue at the time that the
victim makes a causal connection between this intentional act and the victim’s injury. It is
the intentional act of sexual abuse—not the negligent failure to report childhood sexual
abuse—which causes the statute of limitations to run on the cause of action against the
School District. Because any reasonable jury would conclude that A.T. discovered the
causal connection between the teacher’s abuse and her injury by May 2013, and the
commencement of the limitations period under Wash. Rev. Code § 4.16.340 begins when
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the victim discovers the causal connection between the abuse and her injury, A.T.’s claims
accrued by May 2013 and her complaint was beyond the three-year statute of limitations
and time barred.
3. In addition, the district court properly concluded that A.T.’s claims were
untimely because A.T.’s PTSD diagnosis was a quantitative, not qualitative difference
from earlier injuries she connected to the sexual abuse, and therefore the statute of
limitations did not reset. The three-year statute of limitations may restart if (1) there is an
injury that is “qualitatively different” from the injury previously experienced, or (2) the
victim did not discover the causal connection of the abuse to the injury until later.
Carollo v. Dahl, 240 P.3d 1172, 1174 (Wash. Ct. App. 2010). However, a diagnosis is
not a separate “injury” under the statute; instead, the “problems associated with” the
diagnosis determine whether the harm is qualitatively different. Id. at 1175. Despite the
subsequent PTSD diagnosis and the alleged alteration in brain chemistry resulting from
PTSD, A.T.’s injury is not qualitatively different because the problems associated with
the PTSD are the same as before diagnosis–nightmares, anxiety, thoughts of self-harm,
depression, concentration difficulties, and hypervigilance. Finally, A.T. does not connect
her decision to undergo a mastectomy to the sexual abuse she suffered. A.T.’s
mastectomy cannot, therefore, sustain her claim.
AFFIRMED.
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