Chavis v. Garrett

UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT
FOR THE DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA

LOREEN CHAVIS,
Plaintiff,
v.
TYRONE GARRETT, in his official capacity
as Executive Director of THE DISTRICT OF
COLUMBIA HOUSING AUTHORITY, Civil Action No. 19-708 (CKK)

and

DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA HOUSING
AUTHORITY,
Defendants.

MEMORANDUM OPINION
(December 30, 2019)

Pending before the Court is Defendants Tyrone Garrett and the District of Columbia

Housing Authority’s Motion to Dismiss, ECF No. 26. Defendants have moved to dismiss various

claims in the Amended Complaint, ECF No. 24, under Federal Rules of Civil Procedure 12(b)(1)

and 12(b)(6) for lack of subject-matter jurisdiction and for failure to state a claim. In particular,

Defendants contend that Ms. Chavis’s claims seeking injunctive and declaratory relief are moot in

light of Defendants’ post-filing actions. Moreover, Defendants argue that Ms. Chavis has failed

to state a claim for a Fifth Amendment due process violation. Ms. Chavis opposes Defendants’

Motion, except, in part, to the extent that Defendants seek to dismiss Ms. Chavis’s claims against

Defendant Tyrone Garrett.

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 Upon consideration of the briefing, 1 the relevant legal authorities, and the record as a

whole, the Court GRANTS Defendants’ Motion. Insofar as Ms. Chavis’s claims seek injunctive

or declaratory relief, they are DISMISSED due to their mootness. Because Ms. Chavis has failed

to state a due process claim, that claim is DISMISSED. Lastly, as Ms. Chavis concedes that the

suit against Mr. Garrett should be dismissed without prejudice, that suit is DISMISSED

WITHOUT PREJUDICE.

I. BACKGROUND

Ms. Chavis married Roger Avent on February 15, 2000 and they have three children

together. Am. Compl. ¶ 23. On or about December 1, 2017, Ms. Chavis and Mr. Avent received

an enhanced voucher under the Housing and Urban-Rural Recovery Act of 1983 (“HVCP”). Id.

¶ 24. Mr. Avent listed himself as the “head of household” on the voucher without Ms. Chavis’s

knowledge. Id. ¶ 25. While they lived together, Mr. Avent’s income accounted for one-third of

the household income and Ms. Chavis’s accounted for the remaining two-thirds. Id. ¶ 26.

On September 2, 2018, Ms. Avent verbally threatened Ms. Chavis’s life in the presence of

their children. Id. ¶ 27. Ms. Chavis subsequently contacted the police, filed a police report, and

obtained a Civil Protection Order against Mr. Avent. Id. Mr. Avent vacated the household while

Ms. Chavis and her children remained tenants. Id. ¶ 28. In the wake of this event, Ms. Chavis

became concerned that she might lose her housing voucher, and become unable to pay her rent,

because Mr. Avent was listed as the head of household. Id. ¶ 29.

1
The Court’s consideration has focused on the following:
• Defs.’ Mot. to Dismiss, ECF No. 26;
• Opp’n to Defs.’ Mot. to Dismiss (“Pl.’s Opp’n”), ECF No. 27; and
• Defs.’ Reply in Supp. of Its Mot. to Dismiss (“Defs.’ Reply”), ECF No. 28.
In an exercise of its discretion, the Court finds that holding oral argument would not be of
assistance in rendering a decision. See LCvR 7(f).
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 A brief primer on the relevant federal and D.C. laws provides context for Ms. Chavis’s

concerns and actions. Under the federal Violence Against Women Act (“VAWA”), 34 U.S.C.

§ 12291 et seq., tenants that otherwise qualify for assistance under HVCP may not be denied that

assistance on the basis that they are or have been victims of domestic violence, id. § 12491(b)(1).

The implementing regulations specify that if an assisted family breaks up due to “an occurrence

of domestic violence,” the local housing authority “must ensure that the victim retains assistance.”

24 C.F.R. § 982.315(a)(2). The D.C. Housing Authority Administrative Plan further guarantees

that when families break up due to occurrences of domestic violence, the “victim of the violence

or offense shall continue to receive assistance.” 14 D.C.M.R. § 5317.6(b)(1); see id. § 5317.6.

The Administrative Plan also provides specific procedures for when it receives

documentation that the head of household committed domestic violence against another member

of the household. If the Housing Authority “receives conflicting certification documents of

domestic violence” from members of the household alleging that one or more other members was

the perpetrator, the Housing Authority undertakes a certain process to determine who will retain

assistance. See id. § 5317.6(c)(1)–(4). Before it can make any determination, the Housing

Authority must notify both individuals that only one part of the family will retain assistance, of

the process by which the Housing Authority will make its decision, and of what information the

involved persons can provide. Id. 5317.6(c)(1)–(2). Once it has made its determination, the

Housing Authority must notify both individuals in writing of its decision as well as the basis for

its decision. Id. § 5317.6(c)(3). The adult family member who will not receive assistance can

challenge the decision in an informal hearing. Id. § 5317.6(c)(4).

The D.C. Municipal Regulations independently provide that when the Housing Authority

takes adverse action against individuals, including decisions terminating assistance under HVCP,

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the individuals adversely affected are entitled to notice and can challenge the adverse action in an

informal hearing. Id. § 8902.1. On November 29, 2018, the Housing Authority issued new

regulations that govern the family break-up process in the context of domestic violence and

clarifying the process for removing the head of household. Am. Compl. ¶ 34.

So, on October 10, 2018, Ms. Chavis, through counsel, contacted the Housing Authority to

initiate the family break-up process. Id. ¶ 30. On October 26, 2018, she and her counsel met with

three Housing Authority officials. Id. ¶ 31. They provided the officials with the copy of the Civil

Protection Order and a letter that Ms. Chavis had obtained from D.C. Survivors and Advocates for

Empowerment attesting that she was a victim of domestic violence and that she had sought relevant

services. Id. The Housing Authority said it would be in touch, but it did not contact Ms. Chavis

or her counsel for the next month. Id. ¶ 32.

On November 29, 2018, Ms. Chavis, through counsel, sent a letter to the Housing Authority

to confirm that Ms. Chavis would continue to receive assistance, but she received no response. Id.

¶ 33. She sent another letter, through counsel, on December 13, 2018, requesting that the Housing

Authority comply with the new regulations issued on November 29, 2018. Id. ¶ 35. She requested

a response by December 19, 2018 but received none. Id. Then, on December 21, 2018, Ms.

Chavis, again through counsel, sent a letter to Watson Fennell, who was the Director of the Office

of Fair Hearings at the Housing Authority, requesting an informal resolution or hearing regarding

the Housing Authority’s failure to act on her request. Id. ¶ 36.

On December 26, 2018, an official at the Housing Authority informed Ms. Chavis that she

was going to be issued a temporary voucher because she met “the VAWA definition.” Id. ¶ 37.

The Housing Authority specified that the voucher could be revoked based on a future hearing that

Mr. Avent had a right to request. Id. ¶ 38. It also explained that it would not initiate voucher

4
payments to her landlord due to the voucher’s temporary status. Id. After Ms. Chavis’s counsel

communicated further with the Housing Authority, the Housing Authority also stated that it would

not begin the recertification process to establish Ms. Chavis as temporary head of household so

that Mr. Avent’s income could be excluded for the purposes of calculating the assistance that Ms.

Chavis received. Id. ¶ 39. Ms. Chavis explains that this put her at risk of eviction due to

nonpayment of rent. Id. ¶¶ 40–43.

Subsequently, on January 9, 2019, Ms. Chavis requested a hearing with the Housing

Authority. Id. ¶ 43. The Housing Authority’s Fair Hearings Administrator issued a letter denying

her request for a hearing. Id. ¶ 44. The letter included the following:

[Y]our request for an informal hearing . . . [is denied because] . . . it has been
determined according to our records that your client (Loren Avent) is not the head-
of-household and therefore, not entitled to an administrative review.

The regulations governing the grievance process specifies that the head-of-
household serves as the basis for income eligibility and rent determination as well
as assumes legal responsibility for the household. For that reason, your client does
not have standing to initiate the Housing Choice Voucher Program Informal
Hearing Procedures under 14 DCMR § 8999.

While I am sympathetic to your client’s circumstances, the administrative
grievance process does not entitle individual members of a household composition
to request a hearing except, the head of household. Although an administrative
review cannot be granted through DCHA’s grievance process, this decision does
not affect your client’s rights to due process through the judicial system.

Id. The Housing Authority soon after denied Ms. Chavis’s request that she receive continued

assistance and halted sending any payments to Ms. Chavis’s landlord. Id. ¶ 46. On March 8, 2019,

Ms. Chavis’s landlord filed a Verified Complaint for Possession of her apartment because she had

failed to pay the full rent for January, February, and March 2019. Id. ¶¶ 47–48. Ms. Chavis filed

the first Complaint in this action on March 13, 2019, along with a Motion for Preliminary

Injunction. Id. ¶ 50.

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 After the suit was filed, the Housing Authority paid back rent due to the landlord; the

landlord consequently dismissed the action for possession of the apartment. Id. ¶ 51. The Housing

Authority also issued a voucher to Ms. Chavis. Joint Status Report, ECF No. 19, at 2. The parties

continued to dispute the amount that Ms. Chavis would receive going forward, but ultimately, by

April 18, 2019, the parties agreed that the Housing Authority “had issued Ms. Chavis a housing

voucher in a legally sufficient amount.” Am. Compl. ¶ 51; see also Joint Status Report, ECF No.

22. Ms. Chavis withdrew her Motion for a Preliminary Injunction. Am. Compl. ¶ 51; Joint Status

Report, ECF No. 22.

Ms. Chavis filed an Amended Complaint on May 16, 2019. See ECF No. 24. Her

Complaint alleges violation of the Fifth Amendment’s due process clause (Count I), violation of

VAWA (Count II), and violation of Title 14 of the District of Columbia Municipal Regulations

(Count III). Am. Compl. at 13–18. She requests several types of relief. First, she requests a

permanent injunction requiring the Housing Authority “to maintain Ms. Chavis’s permanent

participation in the HVCP as required by law and to ensure that the amount of assistance is based

on her income as required by law.” Id. at 18. Second, she seeks a permanent injunction requiring

the Housing Authority to adopt policies and procedures consistent with the regulations it issued

on November 29, 2018 and its obligations under VAWA and related regulations. Id. Third, fourth,

and fifth, she requests that the Court issue declaratory judgments declaring that the Housing

Authority’s actions violated the Fifth Amendment’s Due Process clause, VAWA and related

implementing regulations, and Title 14 of the District of Columbia Municipal Regulations. Id. at

18–19. She also requests compensatory damages for emotional distress and nominal damages for

the alleged violations. Id. at 19.

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 II. LEGAL STANDARDS

Defendants move to dismiss portions of Ms. Chavis’s Amended Complaint under both Rule

12(b)(1) for lack of subject-matter jurisdiction and Rule 12(b)(6) for failure to state a claim.

A. Subject Matter Jurisdiction under Rule 12(b)(1)

A court must dismiss a case pursuant to Federal Rule 12(b)(1) when it lacks subject matter

jurisdiction. In determining whether there is jurisdiction, the Court may “consider the complaint

supplemented by undisputed facts evidenced in the record, or the complaint supplemented by

undisputed facts plus the court’s resolution of disputed facts.” Coal. for Underground Expansion

v. Mineta, 333 F.3d 193, 198 (D.C. Cir. 2003) (internal quotation marks omitted) (quoting Herbert

v. Nat’l Acad. of Scis., 974 F.2d 192, 197 (D.C. Cir. 1992)); see also Jerome Stevens Pharm., Inc.

v. Food & Drug Admin., 402 F.3d 1249, 1253 (D.C. Cir. 2005) (“[T]he district court may consider

materials outside the pleadings in deciding whether to grant a motion to dismiss for lack of

jurisdiction.”)

In reviewing a motion to dismiss pursuant to Rule 12(b)(1), courts must accept as true all

factual allegations in the complaint and construe the complaint liberally, granting plaintiff the

benefit of all inferences that can be drawn from the facts alleged. See Settles v. U.S. Parole

Comm’n, 429 F.3d 1098, 1106 (D.C. Cir. 2005) (“At the motion to dismiss stage, counseled

complaints as well as pro se complaints, are to be construed with sufficient liberality to afford all

possible inferences favorable to the pleader on allegations of fact.”); Leatherman v. Tarrant Cty.

Narcotics Intelligence & Coordination Unit, 507 U.S. 163, 164 (1993) (“We review here a

decision granting a motion to dismiss, and therefore must accept as true all the factual allegations

in the complaint.”); Koutny v. Martin, 530 F. Supp. 2d 84, 87 (D.D.C. 2007) (“[A] court accepts

7
as true all of the factual allegations contained in the complaint and may also consider ‘undisputed

facts evidenced in the record.’” (internal citations omitted) (quoting Mineta, 333 F.3d at 198)).

Despite the favorable inferences that a plaintiff receives on a motion to dismiss, it remains

the plaintiff’s burden to prove subject matter jurisdiction by a preponderance of the evidence. Am.

Farm Bureau v. United States Envtl. Prot. Agency, 121 F. Supp. 2d 84, 90 (D.D.C. 2000).

“Although a court must accept as true all factual allegations contained in the complaint when

reviewing a motion to dismiss pursuant to Rule 12(b)(1), [a] plaintiff[’s] factual allegations in the

complaint . . . will bear closer scrutiny in resolving a 12(b)(1) motion than in resolving a 12(b)(6)

motion for failure to state a claim.” Wright v. Foreign Serv. Grievance Bd., 503 F. Supp. 2d 163,

170 (D.D.C. 2007) (internal citations and quotation marks omitted) (quoting Grand Lodge of

Fraternal Order of Police v. Ashcroft, 185 F. Supp. 2d 9, 13–14 (D.D.C. 2001)), aff’d, 2008 WL

4068606 (D.C. Cir. Mar. 17, 2008). A court need not accept as true “a legal conclusion couched

as a factual allegation” or an inference “unsupported by the facts set out in the complaint.”

Trudeau v. Fed. Trade Comm’n, 456 F.3d 178, 193 (D.C. Cir. 2006) (internal quotation marks

omitted) (quoting Papasam v. Allain, 478 U.S. 265, 286 (1986)).

B. Failure to State a Claim under Rule 12(b)(6)

Pursuant to Rule 12(b)(6), a party may move to dismiss a complaint on grounds that it

“fail[s] to state a claim upon which relief can be granted.” Fed. R. Civ. P. 12(b)(6). A complaint

is not sufficient if it “tenders ‘naked assertion[s]’ devoid of ‘further factual enhancement.’”

Ashcroft v. Iqbal, 556 U.S. 662, 678 (2009) (quoting Bell Atl. Corp. v. Twombly, 550 U.S. 544,

557 (2007)). To survive a motion to dismiss under Rule 12(b)(6), a complaint must contain

sufficient factual allegations that, if accepted as true, “state a claim to relief that is plausible on its

face.” Twombly, 550 U.S. at 570. “A claim has facial plausibility when the plaintiff pleads factual

8
content that allows the court to draw the reasonable inference that the defendant is liable for the

misconduct alleged.” Iqbal, 556 U.S. at 678. “In evaluating a motion to dismiss, the Court must

accept the factual allegations in the complaint as true and draw all reasonable inferences in favor

of plaintiff.” Nat’l Postal Prof’l Nurses v. U.S. Postal Serv., 461 F. Supp. 2d 24, 27 (D.D.C. 2006).

When considering a Rule 12(b)(6) motion, courts may consider “the facts alleged in the

complaint, documents attached as exhibits or incorporated by reference in the complaint” or

“documents upon which the plaintiff’s complaint necessarily relies even if the document is

produced not by the plaintiff in the complaint but by the defendant in a motion to dismiss.” Ward

v. District of Columbia Dep’t of Youth Rehab. Servs., 768 F. Supp. 2d 117, 119 (D.D.C. 2011)

(internal quotation marks and citations omitted) (quoting Gustave–Schmidt v. Chao, 226 F. Supp.

2d 191, 196 (D.D.C. 2002); Hinton v. Corr. Corp. of Am., 624 F. Supp. 2d 45, 46 (D.D.C. 2009)).

The court may also consider documents in the public record of which the court may take judicial

notice. Abhe & Svoboda, Inc. v. Chao, 508 F.3d 1052, 1059 (D.C. Cir. 2007).

III. DISCUSSION

Defendants advance two main arguments supporting why many of Ms. Chavis’s claims

should be dismissed. First, Defendants argue that her claims seeking injunctive and declaratory

relief are moot because Defendants have provided her the requested relief. Second, Defendants

propose that Ms. Chavis has failed to state a due process claim because she did not avail herself of

process available to her under District of Columbia law. Defendants lastly contend that the claims

against Mr. Garrett in his official capacity should be dismissed because they mirror the claims

brought against the Housing Authority. The Court will consider each argument in turn.

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A. Mootness

To begin with, Defendants argue that Ms. Chavis’s claims, insofar as they seek injunctive

and declaratory relief related to her voucher, are moot. Defendants advance that they have issued

Ms. Chavis “the precise subsidy voucher she wanted in a ‘legally sufficient amount,’” and that as

a result, she has received the relief she sought and her claims seeking injunctive relief have been

mooted. See Defs.’ Mot. to Dismiss at 14–15. Moreover, Defendants argue that her claims seeking

declaratory relief are also moot, as any declaratory judgment at this stage would be an advisory

opinion. Id. at 15–17. Lastly, Defendants contend that neither set of claims fall into the exceptions

for mootness. Id. at 17–21. The Court agrees with Defendants on these points. 2

1. General Mootness Principles

The jurisdiction of federal courts is limited by Article III of the Constitution to the

adjudication of actual, ongoing cases or controversies. This limitation “gives rise to the doctrines

of standing and mootness.” Foretich v. United States, 351 F.3d 1198, 1210 (D.C. Cir. 2003); see

Sierra Club v. Jackson, 648 F.3d 848, 852 (D.C. Cir. 2011) (“Article III of the Constitution limits

the federal courts to adjudication of actual, ongoing controversies.”). Pursuant to the mootness

doctrine, it “is not enough that the initial requirements of standing and ripeness have been satisfied;

the suit must remain alive throughout the course of litigation, to the moment of final appellate

disposition. If events outrun the controversy such that the court can grant no meaningful relief;

the case must be dismissed as moot.” People for the Ethical Treatment of Animals, Inc. v. United

States Fish & Wildlife Serv., 59 F. Supp. 3d 91, 95 (D.D.C. 2014) (“PETA I”) (internal quotation

2
At times, Defendants appear to challenge Ms. Chavis’s due process claim under this same
reasoning. See, e.g., Def.’s Mot. to Dismiss at 15 (including claim seeking declaratory relief
regarding due process rights). However, because the Court finds that Ms. Chavis has failed to
plausibly state a due process claim, it does not reach whether her claims requesting injunctive
and declaratory relief regarding her due process rights are moot.
10
marks and citations omitted) (quoting 13B Charles Alan Wright & Arthur R. Miller, Federal

Practice and Procedure § 3533 (3d ed. 2014); McBryde v. Comm. to Review Circuit Council

Conduct and Disability Orders of the Judicial Conference of the U.S., 264 F.3d 52, 55 (D.C. Cir.

2001)). “A case is moot when the challenged conduct ceases such that there is no reasonable

expectation that the wrong will be repeated in circumstances where it becomes impossible for the

court to grant any effectual relief whatever to the prevailing party.” United States v. Philip Morris

USA Inc., 566 F.3d 1095, 1135 (D.C. Cir. 2009) (internal quotation marks omitted) (quoting City

of Erie v. Pap’s A.M., 529 U.S. 277, 287 (2000)).

Mootness is often described as “the doctrine of standing set in a time frame: The requisite

personal interest that must exist at the commencement of the litigation (standing) must continue

throughout its existence (mootness).” Friends of the Earth, Inc. v. Laidlaw Envtl. Servs. (TOC),

Inc., 528 U.S. 167, 189–90 (2000) (internal quotation marks omitted) (quoting Arizonans for

Official English v. Arizona, 520 U.S. 43, 68 n.22 (1997)). “Typically, an end to offending behavior

moots a case.” People for the Ethical Treatment of Animals v. United States Dep’t of Agric. &

Animal & Plant Health Inspection Serv. (“PETA II”), 918 F.3d 151, 157 (D.C. Cir. 2019).

Nevertheless, two important exceptions to the mootness doctrine distinguish it from standing. See

id. Both allow a district court to retain jurisdiction over a dispute if the halt in offending conduct

is more of a temporary reprieve than a bona fide resolution of the matter. These are the voluntary

cessation and the capable of repetition yet evading review exceptions. Ms. Chavis argues only

that Defendants’ actions fail to qualify for the first exception. See Pl.’s Opp’n at 14–25.

Under the voluntary cessation doctrine, if a defendant chooses to terminate the challenged

conduct after a lawsuit is filed, the defendant “bears the formidable burden of showing that it is

absolutely clear the allegedly wrongful behavior could not reasonably be expected to recur.”

11
Laidlaw, 528 U.S. at 190. The voluntary cessation doctrine ensures “that a defendant is not ‘free

to return to his old ways’ after it takes unilateral action that moots a case.” PETA I, 59 F. Supp.

3d at 96 (citing U.S. v. W.T. Grant Co., 345 U.S. 629, 633 (1953)). When the defendant claims

that it has terminated the challenged conduct, the “heavy burden of persuading the court that the

challenged conduct cannot reasonably be expected to start up again lies with the party asserting

mootness[.]” PETA II, 918 F.3d at 157. This “principle must be read in light of the ‘presumption

of legitimacy accorded to the Government’s official conduct[.]’” Id. at 157 (quoting Nat’l

Archives & Records Admin. v. Favish, 541 U.S. 157, 174 (2004)). The “presumption of regularity

supports the official acts of public officers and, in the absence of clear evidence to the contrary,

courts presume that they have properly discharged their official duties.” Favish, 541 U.S. at 174

(quoting United States v. Chemical Found., Inc., 272 U.S. 1, 14–15 (1926)).

2. The Claims Seeking Injunctive Relief

Defendants argue that the offending behavior has concluded here and that, as a result, her

claims for injunctive relief are now moot. Ms. Chavis acknowledges that her landlord has been

paid back rent and that the amount of the housing voucher issued to her is correct. See Joint Status

Report, ECF No. 22 (“Defendants have increased the amount of the subsidy to $997 per month,

and Plaintiff agrees that the new subsidy amount is correct under the current facts and applicable

legal requirements.”); Pl.’s Opp’n at 13 (acknowledging that landlord was paid back rent); id.

(agreeing that on April 18, 2019, Ms. Chavis was issued “a housing voucher in a legally sufficient

amount”). She does not argue that this relief afforded to her is insufficient. Instead, she contends

that Defendants have failed to show that the alleged violations will not recur, and that Defendants

have failed to eradicate the violations’ effects. Defendants have, however, met their heavy burden

as to Ms. Chavis’s claims seeking injunctive relief.

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 When the voluntary cessation analysis is at issue, “the court must define the wrong that the

defendant is alleged to have inflicted.” Larsen v. U.S. Navy, 887 F. Supp. 2d 247, 252 (D.D.C.

2012) (internal quotation marks and alterations omitted) (quoting Clarke v. United States, 915 F.2d

699, 703 (D.C. Cir. 1990 (en banc))). “The opportunities for manipulation are great. The more

broadly [the Court] define[s] the wrongful conduct, the more numerous are the possible examples,

and the greater the likelihood of repetition.” Clarke, 915 F.2d at 703. Ms. Chavis has alleged two

relevant wrongs. The Court considers both alleged wrongs and the corresponding relief.

First, she has alleged that her own rights were violated. For this wrong, she requests that

this Court issue “a permanent injunction requiring the Housing Authority to maintain Ms. Chavis’s

permanent participation in the HCVP as required by law and to ensure that the amount of assistance

is based on her income as required by law.” Am. Compl. at 18 ¶ A. To the extent that Ms. Chavis

seeks this relief, her claim is moot. Defendants have demonstrated that the conduct outlined in the

Complaint will not reasonably be expected to recur. The sequence of events leading to the alleged

violation was unique, and the circumstances underlying those events no longer exist and are

extremely unlikely to occur again. For one, Ms. Chavis is head of household and currently in

possession of the most permanent voucher that the Housing Authority can provide, and the subsidy

is for what both parties acknowledge to be a legally sufficient amount. See Pl.’s Opp’n at 13; see

also Pl.’s Opp’n at 18 n.5 (explaining that Ms. Chavis understands that voucher issued to Ms.

Chavis is permanent and not temporary, and that it is subject to other conditions).

Moreover, while Ms. Chavis argues that the series of missteps underlying the Housing

Authority’s conduct shows that the conduct may reoccur, see Pl.’s Opp’n at 16 (citing Am. Compl.

¶¶ 36–46), it actually shows how implausible it is to claim that Ms. Chavis could lose access to

her voucher for the same reasons related VAWA protections again. For example, the declaration

13
submitted by Defendants lists a series of events and communications with both Mr. Avent and Ms.

Chavis that are unlikely to arise again, as Ms. Chavis is in possession of a non-temporary voucher,

is designated head of household, and is no longer married to Mr. Avent. See Decl. of Caleb

Raymond, ECF No. 26-2. Defendants even admit that they made errors in handling Ms. Chavis’s

voucher situation. See, e.g., id. ¶ 21 (stating that letter sent to Plaintiff denying her informal

hearing was sent in error). It is nearly impossible to imagine that a similar series of events could

unfold again.

Accordingly, because she obtained the relief she asked for, because the effects of that relief

addressed by her request for injunctive relief have been eradicated, and because it is clear that the

alleged behavior will not recur as to her, this claim is moot. See Isenbarger v. Farmer, 463 F.

Supp. 2d 13, 23 (D.D.C. 2006) (finding that although there had been one violation, and although

defendant maintained “that other future events could theoretically affect” plaintiff’s rights, there

was no “sufficient basis for placing th[e] case within the voluntary cessation exception” when

requested relief had been provided).

Ms. Chavis’s second alleged wrong hinges on her “continuing policy or practice” theory.

In short, Ms. Chavis argues that the alleged events further evidence “a complete breakdown in

Defendants’ processes” and constitute a “continuing policy or practice of DCHA to deny domestic

violence victims” not designated as heads of household their “right to continued housing assistance

following a family breakup, including their right to a fair hearing.” See Pl.’s Opp’n at 17 (citing

Am. Compl. ¶ 45). Defendants’ actions, she claims, have done “nothing to reassure Ms. Chavis

or this Court that the systemic breakdowns” will not recur again to her or “similarly situated

victims of domestic violence.” Id. To redress this alleged wrong, she requests that this Court

issue:

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 a permanent injunction requiring the Housing Authority to adopt policies and
procedures that are consistent with (1) the regulations it issued on November 29,
2018 governing the family breakup process in cases of domestic violence, and
detailing the process for removing the head of household; and (2) its obligations
under the Violence Against Women Reauthorization Act of 2013, 34 U.S.C.
§ 12291 et seq. and regulations promulgated thereunder at 24 C.F.R. part 5; and 24
C.F.R. part 982[.]

Am. Compl. at 18 ¶ B. It is unclear whether the voluntary cessation doctrine squarely applies

under these circumstances, as Ms. Chavis has brought a suit solely on her own behalf; she does

not allege to represent a class of similarly situated people. See Toor v. Holder, 717 F. Supp. 2d

100, 106 (D.D.C. 2010) (“The voluntary cessation exception is typically invoked when there is a

threat that the defendant will reestablish the challenged and ceased practice against the plaintiff

after dismissal of the suit.”). Nor does she bring a claim under FOIA. See Ctr. for Biological

Diversity v. Tidwell, 239 F. Supp. 3d 213, 226 (D.D.C. 2017) (“[Plaintiff’s pattern and practice]

allegation is based on Payne Enterprises, Inc. v. United States, a case brought pursuant to the

Freedom of Information Act, and therefore of questionable applicability to Plaintiff’s claims

pursuant to FACA and the APA.”). Regardless, without deciding whether such a claim could be

brought in these circumstances, the Court finds that there is no pattern or practice of violations

apparent from the record and that Ms. Chavis has failed to plausibly allege that there is such a

pattern or practice.

Ms. Chavis bases her argument, in part, on language in the letter sent to her. In this letter,

the Housing Authority’s Fair Hearings Administrator stated that “[t]he regulations concerning the

grievance process specifies that the head-of-household serves as the basis for income eligibility

and rent determination as well as assumes legal responsibility for the household.” Am. Compl.

¶ 44. According to Ms. Chavis, the “letter stated a continuing policy or practice of the Housing

Authority to deny hearings” to “all victims of domestic violence who are not listed on vouchers as

the head of household prior to a family breakup.” Id. ¶ 45. She also claims that the series of
15
actions in her case were not “isolated incidents” but instead evidence of this pattern or practice.

Pl.’s Opp’n at 16–17.

These allegations, however, are insufficient to demonstrate a continuing pattern or practice

that qualifies for the voluntary cessation exception to mootness. So too does the record lack indicia

of a pattern or practice. The Amended Complaint does not include allegations about any other

victims of domestic violence who have encountered the same alleged policy as Ms. Chavis did.

The events included in the Amended Complaint also only span a few short months; in other words,

the violation occurred in a specific and discrete circumstance, and not continually or repeatedly.

While Ms. Chavis relies upon the quoted portion of the letter, the actual language in the letter does

not address that Ms. Chavis was a victim of domestic violence. Nor does it state that this is the

policy specifically applicable to domestic violence victims. See Am. Compl. ¶ 44. This letter

alone is therefore insufficient to support a plausible claim that there is a continuing pattern or

practice here, especially in light of the “general presumption that a federal agency will follow its

own regulations,” Theodore Roosevelt Conservation P’ship v. Salazar, 661 F.3d 66, 79 (D.C. Cir.

2011), including the Housing Authority’s regulations concerning the family break up process,

which Ms. Chavis does not contest align with applicable protections under VAWA and D.C. law.

The cases upon which Ms. Chavis relies do not suggest otherwise. In Young v. District of

Columbia Housing Authority, 31 F. Supp. 3d 90 (D.D.C. 2014), this Court found that the Housing

Authority’s actions were insufficient in light of its previous conduct, id. at 96–99. At issue in the

case was the Housing Authority’s provision of American Sign Language (“ASL”) interpreters to

the plaintiffs in addition to their failing to provide vouchers. See id. The Court found that the

Complaint set forth “a multi-year history of Defendant repeatedly failing to facilitate effective

communication with Plaintiffs despite repeated requests by Plaintiffs for ASL interpreters and

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despite assurances from Defendant on several occasions that ASL interpreters would be provided.”

Id. at 96. Only once the suit had begun did the Housing Authority began to remedy the situation,

which included not only issuing vouchers to the plaintiffs but also implementing a notification

system to notify staff members of needs for ASL interpreters. See id. The Court concluded that

although the vouchers had already been issued, the notification system could have “easily be[en]

undone.” Id. Because the plaintiffs would continue to have ongoing contact with the Housing

Authority, the fact that the notification system could be undone was enough to keep the case from

being moot. See id. at 96–97.

Young is inapposite here. Ms. Chavis has not alleged a multi-year pattern of misbehavior.

Instead, she alleged a single series of events that she claims amounted to a violation of her rights.

That past series of events, as explained above, will not affect her future contact with the Housing

Authority, unlike in Young. There is no system here that could be easily undone as to Ms. Chavis

that would result in a lack of effective communication, as in Young. Nor is there a chance that a

violation could inadvertently occur as to Ms. Chavis again, as was the case with the plaintiffs in

Young in the case of unscheduled visits to the Housing Authority. See id. at 98–99. Moreover,

this Court in Young actually suggested that providing a voucher wrongfully withheld may moot a

case that was solely about being denied a voucher. See id. at 97 (finding case was not moot “even

though DCHA has given Plaintiffs the Vouchers they sought and provided ASL interpreters so that

Plaintiffs could access information related to those specific Vouchers”); id. at 98 (explaining that

complaint included claims not just relating to vouchers, but also to persistent violations regarding

effective means of communication).

Ms. Chavis also relies upon DL v. District of Columbia, 187 F. Supp. 3d 1 (D.D.C. 2016).

DL was a case brought under the Individuals with Disabilities Education Act (“IDEA”),

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Rehabilitation Act, and other statutes in which numerous plaintiffs alleged that the district had

failed to abide by those statutes with respect to their children’s education. Id. at 4. Like the

defendant in Young, the District in DL had an ongoing responsibility with respect to ensuring that

the children were able to receive the appropriate education under the relevant statutes. See id. at

11–12. The court in Young determined that the District was aware of its behavior and only

“changed its conduct during th[e] litigation in an effort to escape liability.” Id. at 12. In fact, “the

District’s period of prior non-compliance with the Rehabilitation Act span[ned] over a decade.”

Id. The case itself had been pending for ten years. Id. (discussing how District fought liability for

“the ten years that these claims have been pending”). These attributes are absent from the present

case, in which the alleged violation was with respect to one person—Ms. Chavis—and in which

the alleged violation only spanned a few months. The DL court even distinguished cases in which

there is “a single infraction or isolated occurrence.” Id. at 13. At bottom, neither Young nor DL

convince this Court that Defendants’ conduct has not met their burden here.

Accordingly, as the Court cannot afford Ms. Chavis meaningful relief, this Court finds that

certain of Ms. Chavis’s claims are moot. These are specifically her claims that seek the relief in

Paragraphs A and B of the relief portion of her Complaint. See Am. Compl. at 18 ¶¶ A–B; see

also Tidwell, 239 F. Supp. 3d at 226 (finding insufficient conclusory assertion that future violations

would occur when just one violation was in front of court); PETA I, 59 F. Supp. 3d at 98 (finding

that bare assertions of pattern or practice in complaint were insufficient); Sharp v. Rosa Mexicano,

D.C., LLC, 496 F. Supp. 2d 93, 99 (D.D.C. 2007) (finding that ADA claim was moot when there

was single violation and defendant claimed that it had resolved the alleged violation). Her claims

are therefore dismissed to the extent that they seek this injunctive relief.

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 3. The Claims Seeking Declaratory Relief

Defendants also challenge Ms. Chavis’s related claims seeking declaratory relief regarding

the same violations, which are in Paragraphs D and E of the Prayer for Relief Portion of Ms.

Chavis’s Amended Complaint. Am. Compl. at 18–19 ¶¶ D–E. The Court agrees that these claims

are also moot. “[T]he D.C. Circuit has indicated that where a plaintiff seeks both declaratory and

injunctive relief pertaining to unlawful agency action, and where the latter has been mooted, an

outstanding request for the former will not operate to bar mootness[.]” Cierco v. Lew, 190 F. Supp.

3d 16, 27 (D.D.C. 2016), aff’d on other grounds sub nom. Cierco v. Mnuchin, 857 F.3d 407 (D.C.

Cir. 2017). The D.C. Circuit has found that there are “three potential outcomes to a request for

declaratory relief” when “a plaintiff’s specific claim is moot.” City of Houston v. Dep’t of Hous.

& Urban Dev., 24 F.3d 1421, 1429 (D.C. Cir. 1994). The first of those three outcomes is the

relevant outcome here. 3 As the D.C. Circuit has explained:

if a plaintiff has made no challenge to some ongoing underlying policy, but merely
attacks an isolated agency action, then the mooting of the specific claim moots any
claim for a declaratory judgment that the specific action was unlawful, unless the
specific claim fits the exception for cases that are “capable of repetition, yet evading
review,” or falls within the “voluntary cessation” doctrine.

Id. at 1429–30 (citations omitted). This is because declaring that an agency’s past conduct that

has since been rectified was illegal would “accomplish nothing—amounting to exactly the type of

advisory opinion Article III prohibits.” Larsen v. U.S. Navy, 525 F.3d 1, 4 (D.C. Cir. 2008).

3
The second outcome applies when “a plaintiff challenges an ongoing agency policy by seeking
declaratory relief, but lacks standing to attack future applications of that policy.” City of Houston,
24 F.3d at 1429–30. The third outcome applies to pattern and practice claims and related
declaratory relief. See id. The Court found above that there is no such plausible claim in this case.
See Section III.A.2. Moreover, Ms. Chavis has not sought any declaratory relief specifically
related to the alleged policy or practice. Indeed, Ms. Chavis does not seek forward-seeking
declaratory relief here. The only declaratory relief she seeks is in relation to Defendants’ past
conduct. See Am. Compl. at 18 ¶¶ C–E. These two outcomes are therefore inapplicable in this
case.
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 The declaratory relief that Ms. Chavis seeks relates only to the isolated action with respect

to her, and not with respect to her broader pattern and practice claim. See Am. Compl. at 18–19

¶¶ D–E. In particular, she asks for “a declaratory judgment declaring that the Housing Authority’s

actions providing temporary and inadequate assistance have violated Plaintiff’s rights under the

Violence Against Women Act and related implementing regulations.” Id. at 18 ¶ D. She also

requests “a declaratory judgment declaring that the Housing Authority’s actions providing

temporary and inadequate assistance have violated Plaintiff’s rights under Title 14 of the District

of Columbia Municipal Regulations.” Id. at 19 ¶ E. The Court found that her analogous injunctive

relief claims have been mooted and that they do not qualify for the voluntary cessation exception

to mootness. See Section III.A.2. Accordingly, to the extent her claims seeking the declaratory

relief outlined in Paragraphs D and E of her Prayer for Relief, they are similarly moot. These

claims are therefore dismissed to the extent that they seek this declaratory relief.

B. Procedural Due Process Claim (Count I)

Defendants also contend that Ms. Chavis has failed to plausibly state a Fifth Amendment

due process claim because she did not avail herself of available process. See Def.’s Mot. to

Dismiss at 24–25. According to Defendants, Ms. Chavis does not allege that she availed herself

of processes available under state law, including the District of Columbia Municipal Regulations

(“DCMR”) or the District of Columbia Administrative Procedures Act (“DCAPA”). See id. at 24.

In response, Ms. Chavis argues that 42 U.S.C. § 1983, under which she brings her due process

claim, does not require exhaustion of administrative remedies. Pl.’s Opp’n at 25. This response

misunderstands Defendants’ argument. Rather than arguing that Ms. Chavis failed to exhaust her

remedies, they argue that she cannot plausibly state a claim for a violation of her due process rights

when she failed to avail herself of the process available to her under District of Columbia law.

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 The Second Circuit’s opinion in New York State National Organization for Women v.

Pataki, 261 F.3d 156 (2d Cir. 2001), illustrates the difference. In Pataki, the Second Circuit found

that in conducting its analysis under Matthews v. Elbridge, 424 U.S. 319 (1976), the district court

had “failed to consider the availability of other procedures that could have prevented” the

procedural violation (delay) alleged by the claimants. 261 F.3d at 168. In particular, the Second

Circuit highlighted that New York law empowered New York state courts to issue writs of

certiorari, mandamus, and prohibition. Id. The claimants had failed to use those procedures when

the alleged delay became apparent, which could have “substantially reduced, if not eliminated, the

risk of prejudice to their claims from further delay.” See id. The claimants could have even

brought a suit under those state laws before prejudice was apparent, unlike with § 1983. See id. at

168–69. The Second Circuit found that those procedures were sufficient to afford the claimants

due process and that their claim could not succeed because they had failed to avail themselves of

available procedural remedies. Id. at 169. Moreover, the Second Circuit explained that it was “not

contravening the general rule that exhaustion is not required for § 1983 claims.” Id. Rather,

exhaustion was “analytically distinct from the requirement that the harm alleged has occurred.”

Id. (internal quotation marks omitted) (quoting Alvin v. Suzuki, 227 F.3d 107, 116 (3d Cir. 2000)).

Under prevailing law, “a procedural due process violation cannot have occurred when the

governmental actor provides apparently adequate procedural remedies and the plaintiff has not

availed himself of those remedies.” Id. (internal quotation marks omitted) (quoting Alvin, 227 F.3d

at 116)).

This Court, like other courts in this circuit, finds this reasoning to be persuasive and adopts

it here. See Badgett v. District of Columbia, 925 F. Supp. 2d 23, 32 (D.D.C. 2013) (“However,

where, as here, procedural safeguards exist to obviate prejudice from delay and a plaintiff fails to

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take advantage of those measures, no such constitutional violation occurs.” (citing Pataki,

261 F.3d at 169)); Medina v. District of Columbia, 517 F. Supp. 2d 272, 284 (D.D.C. 2007) (“This

Court agrees with the reasoning of the Second Circuit. Plaintiff still had avenues of relief open to

him in the D.C. Court of Appeals through a writ of mandamus or DCAPA proceeding.”).

This Court agrees with Defendants. Because Ms. Chavis has not alleged that she availed

herself of available procedures under District of Columbia law, she cannot plausibly state a claim

under § 1983 for violation of her due process rights. In her Amended Complaint, Ms. Chavis

alleges that she asked for a hearing and was improperly denied one. See Am. Compl. ¶¶ 53–61

(outlining Fifth Amendment due process claim). At no point does she allege that she availed

herself of relevant procedures available to her under District of Columbia law. There are at least

two avenues that she could have accessed. The first is through DCAPA. The District of Columbia

Court of Appeals has jurisdiction under DCAPA to hear contested cases arising from the Housing

Authority’s denial of a voucher, even if no trial-type hearing was ever actually held. See Mathis

v. D.C. Hous. Auth., 124 A.3d 1089, 1100 (D.C. 2015). Ms. Chavis therefore could have requested

judicial review to “compel agency action unlawfully withheld or unreasonably delayed.” D.C.

Code § 2-510(a)(2); see D.C. Code § 11–722 (granting District of Columbia court of Appeals

jurisdiction in accordance with DCAPA). Second, Ms. Chavis could have sought a writ of

mandamus under Rule 21 of the Rules of the District of Columbia Court of Appeals. See D.C.

Court of Appeals Rule 21(a); Yeager v. Greene, 502 A.2d 980, 981 n.3 (D.C. 1985) (“[T]he writ

of mandamus is technically used as a form to require an official to perform an affirmative[.]”).

Ms. Chavis, however, pursued neither of these procedural alternatives, which afforded her

sufficient procedural safeguards.

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 Accordingly, Ms. Chavis’s Fifth Amendment due process claim cannot survive

Defendants’ Motion. See Badgett, 925 F. Supp. 2d at 32 (“Plaintiffs failed to avail themselves of

either of these procedural safeguards. The Court cannot find the OEA’s delay amounted to a

violation of Plaintiffs’ procedural due process rights where Plaintiffs had at their disposal state

procedural remedies to mitigate the prejudice of delay but failed to employ those safeguards.”);

Medina, 517 F. Supp. 2d at 284 (“These procedures afforded plaintiff all the process he was due

under the Due Process Clause of the Fifth Amendment of the Constitution. Plaintiff’s choice not

to pursue these matters in a D.C. court means plaintiff cannot support a claim for a violation of

procedural due process.”). It is therefore dismissed.

C. Claims Against Mr. Garrett

Lastly, Defendants seek to have dismissed Ms. Chavis’s claims against Mr. Garrett on the

basis that the suit is against Mr. Garrett in his official capacity and that the suits are identical. See

Def.’s Mot. to Dismiss at 26; see also Jefferies v. District of Columbia, 917 F. Supp. 2d 10, 29

(D.D.C. 2013) (dismissing claims against official in official capacity because it was “redundant”

and “inefficient”). Ms. Chavis does not oppose this portion of Defendants’ Motion “on the sole

ground that such claims are duplicative of the claims against DCHA, and on the specific condition

that such dismissal has no effect on the claims asserted against DCHA and is without prejudice.”

Pl.’s Opp’n at 14 n.4. Accordingly, with Ms. Chavis’s consent, this claim is dismissed without

prejudice.

IV. CONCLUSION

For the foregoing reasons, the Court GRANTS Defendants’ Motion to Dismiss. In

particular, the Court DISMISSES Ms. Chavis’s claims insofar as they seek the injunctive and

declaratory relief listed in Paragraphs A, B, D, and E of her Prayer for Relief. The Court further

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DISMISSES the Fifth Amendment due process claim in Count I of her Complaint, and also

DISMISSES WITHOUT PREJUDICE her claims against Mr. Garrett with her consent. As

Defendants have not challenged Ms. Chavis’s claims in Count II and Count III to the extent that

they seek nominal or compensatory damages, those claims remain. An appropriate Order

accompanies this Memorandum Opinion.

Date: December 30, 2019 /s/
COLLEEN KOLLAR-KOTELLY
United States District Judge

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