IN THE COMMONWEALTH COURT OF PENNSYLVANIA
William Vottero, :
Petitioner :
:
v. : No. 612 C.D. 2019
: SUBMITTED: September 13, 2019
Workers' Compensation Appeal :
Board (Softboss and Safeguard :
Systems and State Workers' :
Insurance Fund (SWIF)), :
Respondents :
BEFORE: HONORABLE PATRICIA A. McCULLOUGH, Judge
HONORABLE ANNE E. COVEY, Judge
HONORABLE ELLEN CEISLER, Judge
OPINION NOT REPORTED
MEMORANDUM OPINION
BY JUDGE CEISLER FILED: January 9, 2020
William Vottero (Claimant) petitions this Court for review of the April 23,
2019 order of the Workers’ Compensation Appeal Board (Board), affirming the
decision of a workers’ compensation judge (WCJ) which determined Softboss and
Safeguard Systems and the State Workers’ Insurance Fund (SWIF), Employer’s
workers’ compensation insurance carrier, (collectively Employer) were entitled to
subrogation against Claimant’s third-party recovery pursuant to Section 319 of the
Workers’ Compensation Act (Act).1 The issues before this Court are whether the
1
Act of June 2, 1915, P.L. 736, as amended, 77 P.S. § 671. Section 319 of the Act
relevantly provides that, where a claimant’s injury is caused by the act or omission of a third party,
the employer “shall be subrogated to the right of the employe . . . against such third party to the
extent of the compensation payable under this article by the employer[.]”
Board erred in concluding Claimant’s recovery under Employer’s uninsured
motorist (UM) policy was subject to a subrogation lien and whether the Board
correctly applied Pennsylvania law in reaching this conclusion. After careful
review, we affirm.
I. Background
The facts of this case are not in dispute. Claimant, a resident of Havertown,
Pennsylvania, was injured in a motor vehicle accident (MVA) on August 26, 2011,
while driving Employer’s motor vehicle in the scope and course of his employment.2
WCJ Decision, 4/13/18, Finding of Fact (F.F.) No. 3. Employer, a Delaware
corporation which maintains a business address in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania,
accepted Claimant’s injuries as work-related and issued a Notice of Compensation
Payable (NCP). Certified Record (C.R.), Item No. 13; Reproduced Record (R.R.) at
23a. Thereafter, Claimant received Pennsylvania workers’ compensation benefits
for medical expenses and wage losses paid at a rate of $341.14 per week.3 Id.
On March 28, 2013, the WCJ approved a Compromise and Release
Agreement (C&R)4 executed by Claimant and Employer. C.R., Item No. 18. Per
the terms of the C&R, Claimant accepted a lump sum of $70,000 “[a]s full and final
2
Although the record does not disclose the precise location of the MVA, both Claimant
and Employer acknowledge in their respective appellate briefs that the accident took place in
Pennsylvania.
3
In a decision circulated on March 22, 2012, the WCJ adopted a stipulation of facts that
amended Claimant’s average weekly wage to $486.42, with a corresponding compensation rate of
$429. C.R., Item No. 17.
4
Section 449(a) of the Act, added by the Act of June 24, 1996, P.L. 350, 77 P.S. §
1000.5(a), allows the parties interested to compromise and release any and all liability which is
claimed to exist under the Act.
2
satisfaction of all claims made[.]” Id. at 6. Employer retained all rights to a
subrogation lien under Section 319 of the Act. Id.
In addition to filing a claim for benefits under the Act, Claimant filed an action
in Delaware against Employer’s UM carrier for injuries sustained in the August 26,
2011 MVA. WCJ Decision, F.F. No. 6; WCJ Hearing, 10/30/17, at 5. In connection
with that action, Claimant received an arbitration award in the amount of $325,000.
WCJ Hearing Transcript, 12/11/17, Ex. D-1. In recognition of Employer’s lien in
the amount of $149,627.58, a portion of Claimant’s arbitration award was placed in
an escrow fund.5 Id.
On December 16, 2016, Employer filed a Petition to Review Compensation
Benefit Offset (Petition), in which it asserted a right to satisfaction of its lien from
Claimant’s third-party recovery. C.R., Item No. 2. In a brief filed in opposition to
the Petition, Claimant asserted that any right to subrogation of his third-party award
was governed by the laws of Delaware, not Pennsylvania, as Employer’s UM policy
was issued pursuant to Delaware law. R.R. at 42a. Claimant argued that Employer’s
Petition must be denied, as Delaware law provides that an employer may not assert
a subrogation lien against an employee’s receipt of UM benefits. 6 Id. at 45a-46a.
5
The amount in escrow, $94,776.55, represents 60 percent of Employer’s lien plus $5,000
for “[b]ad faith proceedings/additional legal expenses.” WCJ Hearing Transcript, 12/11/17, Ex.
D-1.
6
In Delaware, an employer’s statutory right to subrogation and reimbursement for workers’
compensation benefits paid to a claimant traditionally extended to an employee’s recovery from a
third-party’s UM benefits. Harris v. New Castle Cty., 513 A.2d 1307, 1309 (Del. 1986) (an
employer’s subrogation rights under Delaware workmen’s compensation law includes damages a
third-party tortfeasor would be required to pay “but for his lack of insurance”). This right of
subrogation could not be asserted against proceeds received pursuant to a UM policy purchased
by the injured employee. Adams v. Delmarva Power & Light Co., 575 A.2d 1103, 1107-08 (Del.
1990).
3
Claimant further argued that no right to subrogation of his UM benefits existed, as
the strict language of Section 319 of the Act only permits subrogation against the
third party that caused the injury. Id. at 45a.
In a decision circulated April 13, 2018, the WCJ determined that Pennsylvania
law governed Claimant’s resolution of the subrogation issue. WCJ Decision,
Conclusion of Law No. 8. The WCJ based this conclusion on Claimant’s status as
a Pennsylvania resident employed in Pennsylvania by an employer that conducted
business in Pennsylvania. Id. All litigation related to payment and receipt of
workers’ compensation benefits took place in Pennsylvania pursuant to the
provisions of the Act. Id. Furthermore, Claimant entered into a C&R under the Act
which affirmed the existence of a subrogation lien. Id. As Employer was entitled
to subrogation under Section 319 of the Act, the WCJ granted the Petition. WCJ
Decision at 5.
Claimant appealed to the Board, arguing the WCJ erred in concluding
Pennsylvania law controlled, as Employer is incorporated in Delaware and chose to
At the time Harris and Adams were decided, Section 2363(e) of the Delaware Workmen’s
Compensation Act (Delaware Act) relevantly provided that any recovery against a third party for
damages resulting from personal injury or death “shall first reimburse the employer or its
workmen’s compensation insurance carrier for any amounts paid or payable under the [Delaware
Act] to date of recovery, and the balance shall forthwith be paid to the employee . . . .” 50 Del.
Laws (1955), ch. 339, § 21; Delaware Code Online, Laws of Delaware.
https://delcode.delaware.gov/sessionlaws/ga118/chp339.shtml (last visited January 2, 2020).
The 1993 amendments to Section 2363(e) provided that “reimbursement shall be had only
from the third-party liability insurer and shall be limited to the maximum amounts of the third
party’s liability insurance coverage awarded for the injured party, after the injured party’s claim
has been settled or otherwise resolved.” 19 Del.C. § 2063; 69 Del. Laws (1993), ch. 116, § 1. The
Delaware Supreme Court, in Simendinger v. National Union Fire Insurance Company, 74 A.3d
609, 611 (Del. 2013), held that the 1993 amendments eliminated the ability of a workers’
compensation insurer to assert a lien against UM benefits received by an injured employee.
4
insure its vehicles under Delaware state law. C.R., Item No. 5. Claimant maintained
that Employer could not contravene the laws of Delaware solely because it chose to
provide workers’ compensation benefits through a Pennsylvania workers’
compensation insurer. Id. The Board rejected Claimant’s argument and affirmed
the WCJ, reasoning that the dispute at issue was the extent of Employer’s
subrogation rights under Pennsylvania law.7 C.R., Item No. 7.
II. Issues
On appeal,8 Claimant argues that Section 319 of the Act is not applicable, as
the benefits recovered under Employer’s UM policy did not constitute a recovery
against the third party that caused Claimant’s injuries. Consequently, the Board
erred when it concluded Employer was entitled to subrogation against Claimant’s
UM benefits. In the alternative, Claimant argues the Board should have applied the
laws of Delaware to resolve the issue of Employer’s right to subrogation of
Claimant’s UM benefits.
III. Analysis
Section 319 of the Act relevantly provides that:
Where the compensable injury is caused in whole or in
part by the act or omission of a third party, the
employer shall be subrogated to the right of the
employe, his personal representative, his estate or his
7
Claimant’s appeal to the Board also argued the WCJ’s findings regarding the existence
and amount of SWIF’s lien were not supported by substantial, competent evidence. C.R., Item
No. 5. The Board did not address this issue in its opinion and Claimant declined to raise it further
in his appeal to this Court.
8
Our review is limited to determining whether the necessary findings of fact are supported
by substantial evidence, whether Board procedures were violated, whether constitutional rights
were violated, or whether an error of law was committed. Walter v. Workers’ Comp. Appeal Bd.
(Evangelical Cmty. Hosp.), 128 A.3d 367, 371 n.5 (Pa. Cmwlth. 2015).
5
dependents, against such third party to the extent of the
compensation payable under this article by the employer[.]
77 P.S. § 671 (emphasis added).
This Court has construed this language to permit subrogation from both
“direct recoveries from third-party tortfeasors as well as recoveries paid on behalf
of or for the liability of that third party.” Hannigan v. Workers’ Comp. Appeal
Bd. (O’Brien Ultra Serv. Station), 860 A.2d 632, 639 (Pa. Cmwlth. 2004) (emphasis
added). The purpose of subrogation is three-fold: 1) it prevents a claimant’s double
recovery for the same injury; 2) it insures an employer is not compelled to pay
benefits made necessary by the negligence of a third party; and 3) it prevents a third
party from escaping liability for his negligence. City of Meadville v. Workers’
Comp. Appeal Bd. (Kightlinger), 810 A.2d 703, 704 (Pa. Cmwlth. 2002) (citing Dale
Mfg. Co. v. Bressi, 421 A.2d 653, 654 (Pa. 1980)).
As to the first issue presented, Claimant recognizes the existence of legal
precedent which permits subrogation in circumstances such as those presented here.
However, he suggests those decisions must be reexamined, as the strict language of
Section 319 only authorizes subrogation against the third party whose act or
omission caused a claimant’s injury. Here, Claimant’s recovery came from
Employer’s UM carrier, which did not cause Claimant’s injuries. As such Claimant
argues Employer may not assert a subrogation lien against his UM benefits.
Unfortunately, Claimant did not raise this issue in his appeal to the Board.
Rather, Claimant asserted the following:
Findings of Fact Nos. 2, 7-8 are not supported by
substantial, competent evidence and are in contravention
of the law as [E]mployer was incorporated in the state of
Delaware, chose to insure its motor vehicles under
Delaware state law and elected to provide Delaware UM
6
coverage to its employees. Employer cannot contravene
Delaware state law and the terms of the Delaware UM
endorsement solely because [E]mployer chose to satisfy
its obligation under both Delaware and Pennsylvania state
law to provide workers[’] compensation benefits to its
employees by selecting a Pennsylvania workers[’]
compensation insurer and paying WC benefits under
Pennsylvania law.
C.R., Item No. 5.
Claimant also asserted the following errors of law:
Conclusions of Law Nos. 2-8 are in error, as [sic]
[E]mployer was incorporated in the state of Delaware,
chose to insure its motor vehicles under Delaware state
law and elected to provide Delaware UM coverage to its
employees. Employer cannot contravene Delaware state
law and the terms of the Delaware UM endorsement solely
because [E]mployer chose to satisfy its obligation under
both Delaware and Pennsylvania state law to provide
workers[’] compensation benefits to its employees by
selecting a Pennsylvania workers[’] compensation insurer
and paying WC benefits under Pennsylvania law.
Id.
Claimant neither raised concerns over the WCJ’s interpretation of Section 319
nor argued for the invalidation of jurisprudence which established a right of
subrogation for “recoveries paid on behalf of or for the liability of” a third party.9
Hannigan, 860 A.2d at 639. The law is well settled that issues not raised before the
Board are waived and cannot be raised for the first time before this Court. Myers v.
9
Claimant would not prevail on this issue even had he raised it with the Board, as it was
addressed nearly two decades ago in City of Meadville, wherein this Court determined that an
employer was entitled to a subrogation lien against a claimant’s UM benefits paid by the
employer’s motor vehicle insurance carrier. Claimant has not posited a compelling argument for
overturning this decision, or any that followed in its wake.
7
Workers’ Comp. Appeal Bd. (Family Heritage Rest.), 728 A.2d 1021, 1023 (Pa.
Cmwlth. 1999). Accordingly, we conclude Claimant’s first issue has been waived.
Next, we address whether Pennsylvania law, or that of Delaware, governs
Employer’s assertion of a subrogation lien against Claimant’s UM benefits.
When faced with the issue of which state’s law should govern disposition of
a matter, a court may apply the policy of the jurisdiction most intimately concerned
with the outcome of the particular litigation. Griffith v. United Air Lines, Inc., 203
A.2d 796, 806 (Pa. 1964). A state’s contacts must not be simply counted, but should
rather be measured on a qualitative scale. Cipolla v. Shaposka, 267 A.2d 854, 856
(Pa. 1970). In the context of workers’ compensation litigation, and an employer’s
right to subrogation against a claimant’s third-party recovery, the main aspect of the
case is “the recaptur[e] of monies paid in accordance with the [workers’]
compensation law.” Allstate Ins. v. McFadden, 595 A.2d 1277, 1280 (Pa. Super
1991).10 The state with the most significant interest in determining an employer’s
subrogation rights is the one in which workers’ compensation benefits were paid to
an injured employee. Id. at 1279. Therefore, in weighing a state’s contacts in a
given matter, “the most significant, and likely determinative, contact is the [workers’
compensation] law the parties have utilized.” Young v. Workers’ Comp. Appeal Bd.
(Chubb Corp.), 88 A.3d 295, 301 (Pa. Cmwlth. 2014). Moreover, the state with the
most significant contacts is that which regulated the employer’s insurance policy
under which workers’ compensation benefits were paid pursuant to that state’s
workers’ compensation law. Id. That state’s workers’ compensation law should
apply to matters arising in that context. Id.
This Court adopted the Superior Court’s reasoning in Allstate in Byard F. Brogan, Inc.
10
v. Workmen’s Compensation Appeal Board (Morrissey), 637 A.2d 689, 693 (Pa. Cmwlth. 1994).
8
Claimant argues that Employer elected to purchase and provide UM benefits
through an insurance contract issued under Delaware law, which prohibits an
employer from seeking subrogation against an employee’s recovery of UM benefits.
By purchasing an insurance contract governed by Delaware law, Claimant asserts,
Employer waived its right to seek subrogation against Claimant’s UM benefits.
In refuting Claimant’s arguments, Employer maintains that Delaware contacts
are limited to the state of Employer’s incorporation, and the state under which
Employer’s automobile insurance policy may have been issued. By way of contrast,
Claimant resides in Pennsylvania, is employed here, and received workers’
compensation benefits pursuant to the laws of Pennsylvania. Employer conducts
business in Pennsylvania and holds a Pennsylvania workers’ compensation
insurance policy issued by a Pennsylvania workers’ compensation insurance carrier.
All litigation concerning Claimant’s receipt of workers’ compensation benefits
under the Act took place in Pennsylvania. As such, Employer contends,
Pennsylvania has the most significant contacts to the underlying litigation and its
law must apply.
Having reviewed the contacts with both Delaware and Pennsylvania as they
relate to this matter, we conclude that Pennsylvania’s law must govern its
disposition, as Pennsylvania regulated the workers’ compensation insurance policy
under which benefits were paid to Claimant pursuant to the Act. Such a disposition
is consistent with our decision in Young, which presents facts similar to the present
controversy.
Relevantly, the claimant in Young, a Pennsylvania resident, suffered a work
injury in an MVA that occurred in Delaware. Young, 88 A.3d at 297. Accordingly,
she received benefits pursuant to the Act. Id. The claimant and her employer
9
executed a C&R under the Act that settled the claimant’s right to receive future
workers’ compensation benefits in exchange for $85,000. Id. at 298. Thereafter, the
claimant filed an action in Delaware against the Delaware driver and received a
settlement in the amount of $160,000, from which her employer and its workers’
compensation insurance carrier asserted a subrogation lien under Section 319 of the
Act. Id. The claimant’s argument that Delaware law should govern her employer’s
request for subrogation was rejected by a WCJ, who found that Pennsylvania had
more significant contacts with the workers’ compensation matter. Id. Consequently,
the WCJ directed the claimant to pay her employer $101,381.94 in satisfaction of its
lien. Id. The Board affirmed the WCJ. Id. at 298-99.
On appeal to this Court, the claimant argued the WCJ erred in applying
Pennsylvania law as Delaware, not Pennsylvania, had more significant contacts. Id.
at 299. This Court disagreed, noting that the claimant was a Pennsylvania resident
and her employer, a New Jersey corporation, conducted business in Pennsylvania
and held a Pennsylvania workers’ compensation policy. Id. at 301. Importantly, the
claimant availed herself of the Act through receipt of workers’ compensation
benefits and all litigation concerning those benefits took place in Pennsylvania
pursuant to the Act. Id. Furthermore, the claimant recognized her employer’s right
to a subrogation lien through execution of a C&R under the provisions of the Act.
Id. This Court recognized that the claimant’s employer conducted business in
Delaware, and the MVA – as well as the subsequent litigation against the third-party
tortfeasor (a Delaware resident) – took place in Delaware. Id. Regardless, this Court
concluded that Pennsylvania law applied, as it was the state with the most significant
interest in determining the employer’s right to subrogation where it made payments
to the claimant under the Act. Id. at 301-02.
10
The Young Court relied in part on our Superior Court’s decision in Allstate, in
which the claimant, a Pennsylvania resident, suffered injuries in an MVA that took
place in New Jersey. Allstate, 595 A.2d at 1277. The claimant’s employer, a
Pennsylvania corporation, paid the claimant workers’ compensation benefits under
the Act. Id. at 1277-78. An action filed against the other driver, a resident of New
Jersey, was settled for an undisclosed sum. Id. at 1278-79. The claimant’s employer
and workers’ compensation carrier subsequently sought reimbursement of workers’
compensation benefits paid. Id. at 1278. In determining whether Pennsylvania or
New Jersey law should govern its analysis of the subrogation issue, the Superior
Court noted that “the state having the most interest in the problem, and which is the
most intimately concerned with the outcome, is the forum whose law should apply.”
Id. at 1279. The Court opined that Pennsylvania had a significant interest in
payments made under the Act and the subrogation of monies paid to its employees
by a third party. Accordingly, as New Jersey’s contacts were limited to the location
of the MVA and the residential status of the third-party tortfeasor, Pennsylvania law
applied as it had the most interest in determining the rights of an employer to
subrogation following the payment of benefits to an injured employee. Id. at 1279.
In Byard F. Brogan, this Court, having adopted the reasoning in Allstate,
applied Pennsylvania law to a subrogation matter involving a Pennsylvania resident
injured in an MVA in West Virginia while in the course and scope of employment
with a Pennsylvania corporation. Byard F. Brogan, 637 A.2d at 693. West
Virginia’s contacts were limited to the site of the MVA and residence of the
individual operating the other vehicle. Id. As the claimant received workers’
compensation benefits under the Act, Pennsylvania had the most significant interest
11
in determining whether the employer was entitled to subrogation against the
claimant’s third-party recovery. Id.
Here, all litigation related to Claimant’s receipt of workers’ compensation
benefits was governed by the Act, with the sole exception of the Delaware civil
action which resulted in Claimant’s receipt of UM benefits. Employer conducts
business in Pennsylvania and engaged the services of SWIF, a Pennsylvania
workers’ compensation insurance carrier. Claimant resides and works in
Pennsylvania. Delaware’s contacts in the present matter – Employer’s state of
incorporation and purchase of a UM policy in Delaware – are even more tenuous
than those related in Young. Such contacts simply cannot defeat Pennsylvania’s
overriding interest in determining Employer’s right to subrogation for workers’
compensation payments made pursuant to the Act.
As this matter is governed by Pennsylvania law, we discern no error in the
Board’s conclusion that, pursuant to Section 319 of the Act, Employer is entitled to
assert a subrogation lien against Claimant’s third-party recovery. Accordingly, we
affirm the Board.11
__________________________________
ELLEN CEISLER, Judge
Judge Fizzano Cannon did not participate in the decision of this case.
11
Employer filed a “Motion to Strike [Claimant’s] Supplemental Reproduced Record and
Reply Brief” on the basis those documents contained evidence not of record and, with regard to
Claimant’s Reply Brief, merely reiterated the arguments set forth in Claimant’s principal brief.
Given our disposition of this matter, we need not address this Motion further and dismiss it as
moot.
12
IN THE COMMONWEALTH COURT OF PENNSYLVANIA
William Vottero, :
Petitioner :
:
v. : No. 612 C.D. 2019
:
Workers' Compensation Appeal :
Board (Softboss and Safeguard :
Systems and State Workers' :
Insurance Fund (SWIF)), :
Respondents :
ORDER
AND NOW, this 9th day of January, 2020, the April 23, 2019, order of the
Workers’ Compensation Appeal Board is hereby affirmed. The Motion to Strike
William Vottero’s Supplemental Reproduced Record and Reply Brief is dismissed
as moot.
__________________________________
ELLEN CEISLER, Judge