FILED
United States Court of Appeals
UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS Tenth Circuit
FOR THE TENTH CIRCUIT January 9, 2020
_________________________________
Christopher M. Wolpert
Clerk of Court
CHRISTOPHER E. THOMPSON,
Thompson - Appellant,
v. No. 19-3004
(D.C. No. 5:17-CV-03203-HLT-KGG)
OLUWATOSIN ORUNSOLU; MARIA (D. Kan.)
BOS; TIM SMITH; DAN SCHNURR;
JOE NORWOOD,
Defendants - Appellees.
_________________________________
ORDER AND JUDGMENT*
_________________________________
Before PHILLIPS, McHUGH, and EID, Circuit Judges.
_________________________________
Christopher Thompson, a Kansas inmate appearing pro se,1 commenced this
action under 42 U.S.C. § 1983 against various officials with the Kansas Department
of Corrections (KDOC). The district court granted summary judgment for the
defendants. Exercising jurisdiction under 28 U.S.C. § 1291, we affirm.
*
After examining the briefs and appellate record, this panel has determined
unanimously that oral argument would not materially assist in the determination of
this appeal. See Fed. R. App. P. 34(a)(2); 10th Cir. R. 34.1(G). The case is therefore
ordered submitted without oral argument. This order and judgment is not binding
precedent, except under the doctrines of law of the case, res judicata, and collateral
estoppel. It may be cited, however, for its persuasive value consistent with
Fed. R. App. P. 32.1 and 10th Cir. R. 32.1.
1
“Because [Thompson] is pro se, we liberally construe his filings, but we will
not act as his advocate.” James v. Wadas, 724 F.3d 1312, 1315 (10th Cir. 2013).
BACKGROUND
On July 2, 2017, KDOC Correctional Officers Oluwatosin Orunsolu and
Samantha Higbee were distributing meal trays to inmates in the El Dorado
Correctional Facility (EDCF). When Orunsolu and Higbee approached Thompson’s
cell, Thompson and his cellmate, Terry Fine, were standing at the door. Fine reached
through the food slot and grabbed Orunsolu. After Fine resisted orders to step back,
Orunsolu deployed a two- to three-second burst of pepper spray through the food slot
and into the cell, striking Fine in his midsection. The parties dispute whether
Thompson also was attempting to grab Orunsolu. But they agree Thompson was at
the back of the cell and no longer near the food slot when Orunsolu deployed the
pepper spray—either because, as the defendants alleged, he ran to the back of the cell
upon realizing Orunsolu intended to use pepper spray or because, as Thompson
alleges, he had already received his meal and was sitting on his top bunk.
Immediately following the incident, Thompson and Fine were removed from
the cell, taken to the showers for decontamination, and checked by medical
staff. Thompson did not display or report any injuries. However, in a medical
request eighteen days later, he alleged his exposure to pepper spray on July 2 caused
him to fall out of his bunk and hurt his lower back. Medical staff scheduled an
appointment for him for the following day, but Thompson refused to attend.
Over the next seven weeks, Thompson submitted numerous medical requests,
none of which referenced back pain or the July 2 incident. It was not until a medical
examination on September 8 that Thompson renewed his complaint about back pain
2
or his allegation about falling from his bed. During this examination, Thompson
evidenced no gait dysfunction or radiation of pain to his lower extremities. On
October 2, Thompson returned to the clinic, complaining of back pain stemming from
an incident he said occurred “[a]pproximately one month” prior. R. Vol. 2 at 87.
During this examination, Thompson again denied having pain radiating to his lower
extremities, and he exhibited a normal range of motion. He also was able to walk
into the office and get on and off the exam table without assistance. Over the next
few months, Thompson returned to the clinic multiple times for alleged back pain.
He also filed a personal injury claim, which KDOC denied.
In connection with the July 2 incident, both Thompson and Fine received
disciplinary reports charging them with battery and were placed in segregation.
KDOC found Fine guilty of battery for grabbing Orunsolu but dismissed Thompson’s
charge following a hearing on July 10. Thompson then sought to be removed from
segregation, but he was kept in segregation after officials “review[ed] [his]
disciplinary history” and “observ[ed] his behavior.” R. Vol. 1 at 34.
Thereafter, Thompson filed an action against the defendants in their individual
capacities, claiming: (1) Orunsolu used excessive force in violation of the Eighth
Amendment; and (2) the other defendants violated his due process rights under the
Fourteenth Amendment by keeping him in segregation after the disciplinary report
was dismissed. The district court granted defendants’ motion for summary judgment
based on qualified immunity, finding Thompson failed to show either a constitutional
violation or clearly established law for either claim. Thompson timely appealed.
3
DISCUSSION
I. Standard of Review
“We review the district court’s grant of qualified immunity on summary
judgment de novo.” Nelson v. McMullen, 207 F.3d 1202, 1205 (10th Cir. 2000). To
overcome a qualified immunity defense at the summary judgment phase, a plaintiff
must show: “(1) that the defendant violated his constitutional . . . right[], and (2) that
the constitutional right was clearly established at the time of the alleged unlawful
activity,” such that “every reasonable official would have understood that what he is
doing violates that right.” Estate of Reat v. Rodriguez, 824 F.3d 960, 964 (10th Cir.
2016) (internal quotation marks omitted). The latter “inquiry must be undertaken in
light of the specific context of the case, not as a broad general proposition.”
Mullenix v. Luna, 136 S. Ct. 305, 308 (2015) (internal quotation marks and citation
omitted). “If, and only if, plaintiff meets this two-part test does a defendant then bear
the traditional burden of the movant for summary judgment—showing that there are
no genuine issues of material fact and that he or she is entitled to judgment as a
matter of law.” Gutteridge v. Oklahoma, 878 F.3d 1233, 1238 (10th Cir. 2018)
(internal quotation marks omitted).
II. Analysis
A. Eighth Amendment Claim
Thompson first contends the district court erred in granting summary judgment
to Orunsolu on his Eighth Amendment excessive-force claim. We disagree.
4
“[C]laims of excessive force involving convicted prisoners arise under the
Eighth Amendment.” Estate of Booker v. Gomez, 745 F.3d 405, 419 (10th Cir.
2014). But not “every malevolent touch by a prison guard gives rise to a federal
cause of action.” Hudson v. McMillian, 503 U.S. 1, 9 (1992). Rather, an inmate
must satisfy “(1) an objective prong that asks if the alleged wrongdoing was
objectively harmful enough to establish a constitutional violation, and (2) a
subjective prong under which the plaintiff must show that the officials acted with a
sufficiently culpable state of mind,” such that the officials used the “force
maliciously and sadistically for the very purpose of causing harm, rather than in a
good faith effort to maintain or restore discipline.” Redmond v. Crowther, 882 F.3d
927, 936 (10th Cir. 2018) (internal quotation marks omitted). Relevant factors
include: (1) “the need for the application of force”; (2) “the relationship between the
need and the amount of force that was used”; (3) “the extent of injury inflicted”;
(4) “the extent of the threat to the safety of staff and inmates”; and (5) “any efforts
made to temper the severity of a forceful response.” Whitley v. Albers, 475 U.S. 312,
321 (1986) (internal quotation marks omitted).
In assessing excessive-force claims, we have recognized that “a prison guard,
to maintain control of inmates, must often make instantaneous, on-the-spot decisions
concerning the need to apply force without having to second-guess himself.”
Sampley v. Ruettgers, 704 F.2d 491, 496 (10th Cir. 1983) (internal quotation marks
omitted). Therefore, “review of a claim of the use of excessive force in a prison is to
be deferential to the prison.” Green v. Branson, 108 F.3d 1296, 1300 (10th Cir.
5
1997). In particular, “when prison officials must act to preserve internal order and
discipline, we afford them wide-ranging deference.” Redmond, 882 F.3d at 938
(internal quotation marks omitted). Although “[t]his deference does not insulate
from review actions taken in bad faith and for no legitimate purpose,” neither does it
permit courts to “freely substitute their judgment for that of officials who have made
a considered choice.” Id. (internal quotation marks omitted).
Accepting, solely for summary judgment purposes, Thompson’s claim that the
effects of the pepper spray caused him to fall and injure his back,2 the undisputed
evidence shows that Orunsolu administered pepper spray “in a good faith effort to
maintain or restore discipline,” not “maliciously and sadistically for the very purpose
of causing harm.” Id. at 936 (internal quotation marks omitted). In particular, the
district court found—and Thompson has not challenged—that: (1) “Fine (Plaintiff’s
cellmate) reached through the cell’s food pass, grabbing Orunsolu,” R. Vol. 1 at 298;
and (2) Orunsolu responded first by “verbally instruct[ing] Fine to stop” and then,
when “Fine ignored Orunsolu’s orders,” “deploy[ing] a two to three second burst of
mace into Plaintiff’s cell, striking Fine in his midsection,” id. at 299.
As we have recognized, “prisoners cannot be permitted to decide which orders
they will obey, and when they will obey them.” Redmond, 882 F.3d at 938 (internal
quotation marks omitted). Based on Fine’s conduct, the district court properly found
that Orunsolu’s use of force was justified and that the amount of force was not
2
The district court found “any injury . . . was minimal.” R. Vol. 1 at 299.
And as outlined above, the record on Thompson’s back injury is mixed, at best.
6
disproportionate to the need. Thompson’s secondhand exposure to the pepper spray
does not alter that calculus. The court, therefore, properly concluded that Thompson
failed to satisfy his burden under the first prong of qualified immunity of showing a
constitutional violation. We, therefore, need not reach the second prong. See Hinton
v. City of Elwood, 997 F.2d 774, 780 (10th Cir. 1993).
Thompson advances several procedural arguments in an effort to defeat
summary judgment, including: (1) the defendants’ reply brief was untimely and, thus,
the material facts he listed in his response should have been deemed admitted;
(2) Orunsolu committed “purjury” [sic] and, therefore, “any claim to immunity
automatically fails,” Aplt. Opening Br. at 2; and (3) the defendants submitted as
exhibits several medical records pertaining to a different inmate. Because Thompson
offers no authority for these arguments, we need not address them. See United States
v. Banks, 451 F.3d 721, 728 (10th Cir. 2006). Accordingly, the court properly
granted summary judgment in favor of Orunsolu based on qualified immunity.
B. Fourteenth Amendment Claim
Thompson next contends the defendants other than Orunsolu violated his due
process rights under the Fourteenth Amendment by keeping him in segregation after
his discipline related to the July 2 incident was dismissed. We disagree.
KDOC Corrections Managers Tim Smith and Maria Bos approved Thompson’s
initial placement in segregation following the July 2 incident and disciplinary report
charging him with battery. After his disciplinary report was dismissed, Thompson
submitted grievances to various KDOC officials regarding his continued placement in
7
segregation, insisting he should be returned to the general population. Thompson
alleged both Smith and Bos used their respective positions “to keep [him] in
segregation after the initial reason for placement became moot.” R. Vol. 1 at 10, 11.
He also brought his due-process claim against Joe Norwood, then Secretary of
KDOC, and Dan Schnurr, then Acting Warden at EDCF. Thompson insists KDOC
“chose to punish [him]” for the July 2 incident even though the disciplinary report
was dismissed. Aplt. Opening Br. at 2. He contends they kept him in segregation for
past actions for which his punishment had already been served and that his
placement, therefore, was “arbitrary and capricious.” Id. at 3.
“Individual liability under § 1983 must be based on personal involvement in
the alleged constitutional violation.” Gallagher v. Shelton, 587 F.3d 1063, 1069
(10th Cir. 2009) (internal quotation marks omitted)). The district court correctly
determined Thompson failed to show personal participation by any of the defendants.
The undisputed evidence showed Bos and Smith approved Thompson’s initial
placement in segregation, but there was no evidence they participated in the decision
to keep him there after the discipline was dismissed. And although he sued Norwood
and Schnurr based on their supervisory positions and “Respondeat Superior,”
R. Vol. 1 at 11 (emphasis omitted), § “1983 does not authorize liability under a
theory of respondeat superior,” Brown v. Montoya, 662 F.3d 1152, 1164 (10th Cir.
2011). Instead, he needed to “show an affirmative link between the supervisor and
the constitutional violation,” requiring: “(1) personal involvement, (2) sufficient
causal connection, and (3) culpable state of mind.” Cox v. Glanz, 800 F.3d 1231,
8
1248 (10th Cir. 2015) (internal quotation marks omitted). Thompson produced no
such evidence. Although he correctly notes both the Warden’s Office and the
Secretary of Corrections were involved in the denial of his grievance,3 “a denial of a
grievance, by itself without any connection to the violation of constitutional rights
alleged by plaintiff, does not establish personal participation under § 1983.”
Gallagher, 587 F.3d at 1069; see, e.g., Stewart v. Beach, 701 F.3d 1322, 1328
(10th Cir. 2012) (finding the warden’s knowledge of the alleged violation when he
denied a grievance was insufficient to show personal participation). Accordingly, the
court properly granted summary judgment on Thompson’s due-process claim.4
CONCLUSION
We affirm the district court’s judgment. We grant Thompson’s motion to
proceed without prepayment of fees but remind him of his continuing obligation to
make partial payments until the filing fee has been paid in full.
Entered for the Court
Gregory A. Phillips
Circuit Judge
3
Thompson also notes his personal injury claim was denied by both the
Warden and the Secretary. But the personal injury claim related solely to his alleged
back injury from the July 2 incident, not his continued confinement in segregation.
4
The court also found: (1) “the evidence regarding Plaintiff’s criminal and
institutional history support[ed] the decision to keep Plaintiff in segregation even
after the charges related to the use of force were dismissed,” R. Vol. 1 at 303; and
(2) Thompson failed to show the law was clearly established “that the Fourteenth
Amendment was violated by the particular facts presented here,” id. at 304. Because
he failed to demonstrate personal participation, we need not reach these issues.
9