Bob Rush, Brian Meyer, Rick Olson, Mary Mascher, Art Staed, Liz Bennett, Mark Smith, Jo Oldson, Mary Wolfe, Marti Anderson, Leon Spies, and Martin A. Diaz v. Governor Kimberly K. Reynolds, Glen Dickinson, Leslie Hickey and Dan Huitink

IN THE COURT OF APPEALS OF IOWA

No. 19-1109
Filed February 19, 2020

BOB RUSH, BRIAN MEYER, RICK OLSON, MARY MASCHER, ART STAED,
LIZ BENNETT, MARK SMITH, JO OLDSON, MARY WOLFE, MARTI
ANDERSON, LEON SPIES, and MARTIN A. DIAZ,
Plaintiffs-Appellants,

vs.

GOVERNOR KIMBERLY K. REYNOLDS, GLEN DICKINSON, LESLIE HICKEY,
and DAN HUITINK,
Defendants-Appellees.
________________________________________________________________

Appeal from the Iowa District Court for Polk County, Sarah Crane, Judge.

The plaintiffs appeal the district court’s dismissal of their suit challenging

Senate File 638. AFFIRMED.

Bob Rush and Nate Willems of Rush & Nicholson, P.L.C., Cedar Rapids,

for appellants.

Thomas J. Miller, Attorney General, Jeffrey S. Thompson, Solicitor General,

and David M. Ranscht and Thomas J. Ogden, Assistant Attorneys General, Des

Moines, for appellees.

Heard by Bower, C.J., Mullins, J., Greer, J., Danilson, S.J.*, and Potterfield,

S.J.* May, Schumacher, and Ahlers, JJ., take no part.

*Senior judge assigned by order pursuant to Iowa Code section 602.9206

(2020).
 2

MULLINS, Judge.

Plaintiffs Bob Rush, Brian Meyer, Rick Olson, Mary Mascher, Art Staed, Liz

Bennett, Mark Smith, Jo Oldson, Mary Wolfe, Marti Anderson, Leon Spies, and

Martin Diaz appeal the district court’s dismissal of their lawsuit challenging

divisions XIII and XIV of Senate File (SF) 638. The individual plaintiffs are all Iowa

residents and are a mix of lawyers, commissioners serving or who have served on

the State Judicial Nominating Commission (the Commission),1 and legislators—

with some individuals falling into more than one of those categories.

In the underlying suit, the plaintiffs challenged SF 638 as unconstitutional,

maintaining it violated article III, section 29 of the Iowa Constitution because it

contained more than one subject and failed to include in its title the provisions

regarding changes to the Commission (division XIII) and the term length and

election of the Chief Justice of the Iowa Supreme Court (division XIV) and violated

the separation of powers required in article III, section 1 of the Iowa Constitution.

The district court dismissed their suit, finding the plaintiffs lacked standing, and did

not reach the merits of their claims.

On appeal, the plaintiffs assert specific arguments regarding standing for

each group—lawyers, commissioners, and legislators. In the alternative, they

argue we should apply the exception to standing and waive the standing

requirement for all of them because the claimed violations of the state constitution,

which occurred in the passage of the legislation, are of great public importance. If

we determine they have standing and remand to the district court, the plaintiffs ask

1Martin Diaz was a commissioner until his term ended on June 30, 2019, at which
point he was replaced by Leon Spies.
 3

that we grant a temporary injunction to stay the implementation of the challenged

portions of SF 638 until the district court can rule on the underlying merits of their

claims.

The defendants are Governor Kimberly Reynolds, Director of the Legislative

Services Agency Glen Dickinson, Iowa Code Editor Leslie Hickey, and Dan

Huitink, whom Governor Reynolds appointed to the Commission on May 10, 2019,

based on the law change.2 They respond that the district court correctly

determined the plaintiffs lack standing and ask that we affirm.

I. Background Facts and Proceedings

SF 638, an appropriations bill, was introduced in the Iowa Senate on April

23, without divisions XIII and XIV.3 The senate passed the bill a few days later, on

April 26.4 It was then messaged to the Iowa House of Representatives.

At approximately 12:30 a.m. on the morning of April 27, a representative

filed House File (HF) 1321, an amendment to SF 638.5 The amendment included

a division called, “Judicial Nominating Commission Modernization,” which, if

passed, would increase the number of commissioners appointed by the governor

to the Commission from eight to nine, remove a justice from the Iowa Supreme

Court from serving on the Commission, and provide for the Commission to elect

its own chairperson (previously the justice served as the chair). The proposed

2 The plaintiffs sued the defendants in their official capacities.
3 Iowa Sen. J., 88th Gen. Assembly, Reg. Sess., 1073 (Apr. 23, 2019),
https://www.legis.iowa.gov/docs/publications/SJNL/20190423_SJNL.pdf.
4 Iowa Sen. J., 88th Gen. Assembly Reg. Sess., 1142–44 (Apr. 26, 2019),

https://www.legis.iowa.gov/docs/publications/SJNL/20190426_SJNL.pdf.
5 Iowa H.J., 88th Gen. Assembly, Reg. Sess., 1053, 1055–56 (Apr. 26, 2019),

https://www.legis.iowa.gov/docs/publications/HJNL/20190426_HJNL.pdf.
 4

amendment also included a division titled, “Chief Justice Selection.” This division

would shorten the term of the Chief Justice of the Iowa Supreme Court from eight

years to two years and require that the next vote for chief justice occur in January

2021.

The house began debating SF 638 at approximately 9:30 a.m. on April 27.6

At some point during the discussion, the representative who filed HF 1321 offered

the amendment. Representative Wolfe—a named plaintiff and appellant—raised

a point of order that the amendment was not germane to SF 638.7 The speaker of

the house “ruled the point well taken and amendment H-1321 not germane.”8 The

house then voted to suspend the rules and consider the amendment. By

11:25 a.m., the house adopted HF 1321 and passed the amended version of SF

638.9 The title of the bill was not amended. None of the legislator plaintiffs voted

for the suspension of the rules or the amended bill. The bill was immediately

messaged back to the senate.

The senate concurred on the amendments made by the house and passed

SF 638 on or about 2:22 p.m. the same day.10

Governor Reynolds signed SF 638 into law on May 8, 2019. It is titled, “An

Act Relating to State and Local Finances by Making Appropriations, Providing for

Legal and Regulatory Responsibilities, Providing for Other Properly Related

6 Iowa H.J., 88th Gen. Assembly, Reg. Sess., 1057 (Apr. 27, 2019),
https://www.legis.iowa.gov/docs/publications/HJNL/20190427_HJNL.pdf.
7 Id. at 1060.
8 Id.
9 Id. at 1062–63, 1065.
10 Iowa Sen. J., 88th Gen. Assembly, Reg. Sess., 1179–81 (Apr. 27, 2019),

https://www.legis.iowa.gov/docs/publications/SJNL/20190427_SJNL.pdf.
 5

Matters, and including Effective Date, Applicability, and Retroactive Applicability

Provisions.” The signed bill includes divisions regarding appropriations for

nonpublic school transportation, suspending funding for school instructional

support, and decreasing Area Education Agency funding (division I); an

appropriation for training and equipment for fire fighters (division II); a reporting

requirement for the office of the ombudsmen (division III); provisions correcting

other legislation (division IV); an appropriation for flood mitigation and flood

recovery (division V); requirements pertaining to the state budget process (division

VI); the creation of blackout special registration plates (division VII); provisions

regarding the regulation of gambling (division VIII); a section involving public

utilities (division IX); a requirement that the board of regents submit a capital

projects report (division X); a section regarding watershed management authorities

(division XI); amendments to legislation concerning state and local elections

(division XII); changes to the Commission (division XIII); and “Chief Justice

Selection” (division XIV). See generally 2019 Iowa Acts ch. 89.

On May 10, Governor Reynolds implemented the new law and appointed

Huitink to fill the newly created, ninth appointed position on the Commission.

The plaintiffs filed their lawsuit on May 15. They alleged SF 638 violated

article III, section 29 of the Iowa Constitution because the bill contained more than

a single subject and the title failed to include an accurate description of the subject

matter of the bill. They also alleged it violated article III, section 1 of the Iowa

Constitution by “dictating to a separate and co-equal branch of government how

its leadership ([c]hief [j]ustice) should be selected and the term of office” and

maintained it was a “legislative encroachment on judicial powers.” They asked for
 6

injunctive relief invalidating the changes in the law “that affected the selection of

the judicial nominating commissioners and selection and term of office of the [c]hief

[j]ustice” and enjoining the defendants from enforcing or utilizing the provisions.

The defendants responded by filing a motion to dismiss, asserting all

plaintiffs lacked standing “because the petition does not allege facts showing that

the substantive provisions in” divisions XIII and XIV “of SF 638 have injuriously

affected or will injuriously affect any” plaintiff.

A combined hearing on the plaintiffs’ motion for temporary injunction and

the defendants’ motion to dismiss for lack of standing took place June 24. The

plaintiffs generally argued the importance of the constitutional requirement for

single subject matter as a safeguard against surprise, fraud, and deception in the

legislative process.

A few days later, the district court entered a written ruling granting the

defendants’ motion to dismiss and denying the plaintiffs’ motion for a temporary

injunction. The plaintiffs appeal.

II. Discussion

The question before us is whether any subgroup of plaintiffs has standing

to challenge divisions XIII and XIV of SF 638. Alternatively, the plaintiffs ask us to

apply the exception to standing because their claims are ones of “great public

importance.” If we determine a subgroup has standing to pursue the merits of the

issues or we waive the standing requirement, we must then consider whether the

plaintiffs have proven the need for a temporary injunction while the matter is

remanded to the district court for a ruling on the merits.
 7

A. Standing

The district court concluded none of the three subgroups of plaintiffs has

standing to challenge divisions XIII and XIV of SF 638 and granted the defendants’

motion to dismiss. We review questions of standing and rulings denying a motion

to dismiss for correction of errors at law. Homan v. Branstad, 864 N.W.2d 321,

327 (Iowa 2015) (standing); Madden v. City of Iowa City, 848 N.W.2d 40, 44 (Iowa

2014) (motions to dismiss). “A motion to dismiss should only be granted if the

allegations in the petition, taken as true, could not entitle the plaintiff to any relief.”

King v. State, 818 N.W.2d 1, 9 (Iowa 2012) (quoting Sanchez v. State, 692 N.W.2d

812, 816 (Iowa 2005)). Denying a motion to dismiss is appropriate unless the

petition “on its face shows no right of recovery under any state of facts.” Ritz v.

Wapello Cty. Bd. of Supervisors, 595 N.W.2d 786, 789 (Iowa 1999) (quoting

Schaffer v. Frank Moyer Constr., Inc., 563 N.W.2d 605, 607 (Iowa 1997)). “[W]e

accept as true the petition’s well-pleaded factual allegations, but not its legal

conclusions.” Shumate v. Drake Univ., 846 N.W.2d 503, 507 (Iowa 2014).

Standing refers to “[a] party’s right to make a legal claim or seek judicial

enforcement of a duty or right.” Standing, Black’s Law Dictionary (11th ed. 2019).

The doctrine of standing “not only serves to limit which persons may bring a

lawsuit, but it has developed into a larger cultural doctrine, concerned with the role

of the courts in a democratic society.” Godfrey v. State, 752 N.W.2d 413, 417–18

(Iowa 2008) (internal quotation marks and citation omitted). Iowa’s doctrine of

standing “parallels the federal doctrine, even though standing under federal law is

fundamentally derived from constitutional strictures not directly found in the Iowa

Constitution.” Id. at 418.
 8

The issue of standing is wholly distinct from the merits of the underlying

claims. See Alons v. Iowa Dist. Ct., 698 N.W.2d 858, 864 (Iowa 2005) (“Even if

the claim could be meritorious, the court will not hear the claim if the party bringing

it lacks standing.”). Stated another way, “Whether litigants have standing does not

depend on the legal merits of their claims, but rather whether, if the wrong alleged

produces a legally cognizable injury, they are among those who have sustained

it.” Citizens for Responsible Choices v. City of Shenandoah, 686 N.W.2d 470, 475

(Iowa 2004).

Iowa’s “standing inquiry has two distinct prongs, each of which a plaintiff

must satisfy to proceed with a claim. ‘Our cases have determined that a

complaining party must (1) have a specific personal or legal interest in the litigation

and (2) be injuriously affected.’” Horsfield Materials, Inc. v. City of Dyersville, 834

N.W.2d 444, 452 (Iowa 2013) (citation omitted). “The first element—the plaintiff

has a specific personal or legal interest—is aligned with the general concept of

standing that a party who advances a legal claim must have a special interest in

the challenged action, ‘as distinguished from a general interest.’” Godfrey, 752

N.W.2d at 419 (citation omitted). This allows individuals to bring a case “involving

actions to vindicate the public interest through challenges to governmental action”

so long as the litigant “allege[s] some type of injury different from the population in

general.” Id. at 420. “The second requirement—the plaintiff must be injuriously

affected—means the plaintiff must be ‘injured in fact.’” Id. (citation omitted).

“‘Injury in fact’ reflects the statutory requirement that a person be ‘adversely

affected’ or ‘aggrieved,’ and it serves to distinguish a person with a direct stake in

the outcome of a litigation—even though small—from a person with a mere interest
 9

in the problem.” United States v. Students Challenging Regulatory Agency

Procedures, 412 U.S. 669, 689 n.14 (1973). “To satisfy the second element, the

injury cannot be ‘conjectural’ or ‘hypothetical,’ but must be ‘concrete’ and ‘actual

or imminent.’” Hawkeye Foodservice Distrib., Inc. v. Iowa Educators Corp., 812

N.W.2d 600, 606 (Iowa 2012) (altered for readability) (citations omitted).

1. Commissioners

The plaintiffs must “establish a personal injury or stake in the application of

the challenged statute” in order to establish standing. Godfrey, 752 N.W.2d at 424.

The commissioner-plaintiffs maintain they have standing to challenge SF 638

because the act dilutes their vote on the Commission in relation to the appointed

commissioners’ votes. The plaintiffs maintain their stake in the application of the

statute stems from (1) the resulting lack of balance between the two groups of

commissioners and (2) a new voting method, apparently adopted by the newly-

configured Commission (after the law change), which allows the appointed

commissioners to “entirely extinguish the votes of elected attorney members.”

In support of their argument that the numbers of elected and appointed

commissioners are required to be in balance, the plaintiffs rely on article V, section

16 of the Iowa Constitution, which provides in part:

There shall be a state judicial nominating commission. Such
commission shall make nominations to fill vacancies in the supreme
court. Until July 4, 1973, and thereafter unless otherwise provided
by law, the state judicial nominating commission shall be composed
and selected as follows: There shall be not less than three nor more
than eight appointive members, as provided by law, and an equal
number of elective members on such commission, all of whom shall
be electors of the state. The appointive members shall be appointed
by the governor subject to confirmation by the senate. The elective
members shall be elected by the resident members of the bar of the
state. The judge of the supreme court who is senior in length of
 10

service on said court, other than the chief justice, shall also be a
member of such commission and shall be its chairman.

(Emphasis added.) The plaintiffs maintain that balance between the appointed

and elected commissioners is constitutionally mandated and may be changed only

by an amendment to the Iowa Constitution. The defendants argue that the

language, “Until July 4, 1973, and thereafter unless otherwise provided by law,”

allows the legislature to pass laws affecting the balance of the commission.

On this appeal, we will not address plaintiffs’ arguments that the Iowa

Constitution requires the two groups of commissioners be balanced because that

issue goes to the merits of the action rather than to whether plaintiffs have

standing. The determination of whether a recomposition of the commission can

be accomplished by statute or only by an amendment to the constitution lends

nothing to plaintiffs’ claims of standing unless the commissioner-plaintiffs’ second

argument, that their vote has been diluted, serves to establish standing.

So, we next consider the commissioner-plaintiffs’ argument their votes on

the Commission have been diluted because before the law change, each group—

the eight appointed commissioners and the eight elected commissioners—had

8/17 of the possible votes (approximately 47%). They compare this to the current

iteration of the Commission, where the appointed members have 9/17 votes

(approximately 53%) and the elected commissioners have 8/17. They assert

standing as individuals (not as the group of elected commissioners), claiming the

Supreme Court has “long recognized that a person’s right to vote is ‘individual and

personal in nature’” and “[a]ccordingly, individuals must show ‘disadvantage to

themselves as individuals’ to establish standing.” See Gill v. Whitford, 138 S. Ct.
 11

1916, 1929 (2018). But each individual commissioner had one vote both before

and after the law change, and each vote continues to have the same weight or

value as the other sixteen votes on the Commission. No individual

commissioner’s vote has been diluted. Moreover, in the case the plaintiffs cite for

support, in which voter-plaintiffs alleged purposeful partisan gerrymandering was

diluting the strength of their individual votes, the Supreme Court did not find the

plaintiffs had standing to bring their suit. Id. at 1930. The commissioners-

plaintiffs’ claim of vote dilution does not support their arguments for standing.

While claiming they have standing as individuals, the commissioner-

plaintiffs also argue their collective votes have been diluted because of the

Commission’s newly-adopted voting method, which outlines the “successive

voting method” and provides that if nine or more commissioners vote for the same

three applicants, “the Commission’s work is finished.” The claimed injury here

relies on the idea that all nine appointed members—and only those nine

appointed members—will, sometime in the future, vote together and “extinguish”

the votes of all elected members. We need not determine whether this would

result in an injury of the type to confer standing on these plaintiffs; the record

before us is devoid of any evidence this has occurred, and we cannot say with

any certainty that it will occur in the future. The claimed injury is at this point too

“‘conjectural;’ or ‘hypothetical’” rather than “‘concrete’ and ‘actual or imminent.’”

Godfrey, 752 N.W.2d at 423 (citation omitted). “There is nothing to show that the

future injury is not merely theoretical.” Id.

We agree with the district court that the commissioner-plaintiffs have not

established they have standing to challenge the makeup of the Commission.
 12

2. Lawyers

The lawyer-plaintiffs admit their claim of standing “is derivative of [the]

attorney commissioners’ standing.” Their argument for standing is based on the

same injury as the commissioner-plaintiffs alleged. The lawyers argue that while

attorneys in Iowa elected eight of the seventeen commissioners both before and

after the law change, because the balance of elected and appointed

commissioners has changed, the votes of the eight lawyer-commissioners are

worth less than they were before the law change.

For all the same reasons we concluded the commissioners do not have

standing, we also find the lawyers do not have standing.

3. Legislators

The legislator-plaintiffs’ theory of injury is different from that of the

commissioners and lawyers; they do not argue that the enforcement of SF 638

injures them. Rather, they maintain the process of enacting SF 638 injured them

because it “forced [them] to forsake one constitutional right in order to exercise

other constitutional rights and duties.” More specifically, the legislator-plaintiffs

note that article III, section 29 of the Iowa Constitution requires that bills contain a

single subject and that the subject be expressed in the title and argue they were

not afforded an opportunity to vote on SF 638 in a manner that complied with the

Iowa Constitution. Legislator Wolfe raised the issue of germaneness to her

colleagues in the house during the discussion of divisions XIII and XIV (then HF

1321); the speaker of the house agreed that the proposed amendment was not

germane to SF 638. Despite a ruling that the amendments were not germane, the

house continued to debate the amendment and then held a vote to determine if
 13

the amendment should be added to the bill. The amendment passed, and then

the amended SF 638 passed as well. The title was not amended.

We have found only one Iowa case in which a state legislator challenged

the enactment of a bill for violating article III, section 29 of the Iowa Constitution,

and it is silent on the issue of standing. See Miller v. Bair, 444 N.W.2d 487, 487

(Iowa 1989). Also, in Rants v. Vilsack, a handful of legislators challenged the

governor’s exercise of an item veto in a bill they passed; our supreme court

considered the merits of the issue without explicitly considering whether the group

of legislators had standing. See generally 684 N.W.2d 193 (Iowa 2004). We have

found no Iowa case dealing directly with the issue of standing for individual

legislators.

But other “[c]ourts have grappled with the complicated question of when a

legislative body, or a group of legislators from that body, has standing to sue.”

State by & through Tenn. Gen. Assembly v. United States Dep’t of State, 931 F.3d

499, 507 (6th Cir. 2019). “Like all standing questions, that analysis begins with the

requirement of a concrete and particularized injury that is actual or imminent.” Id.

“An injury satisfies these criteria when the injury affects the plaintiff in a personal

and individual way, and actually exists, even if the injury is intangible.” Id.

As the defendants point out, the injury alleged by the legislator-plaintiffs is

not unique or personal to them but instead is true of all members of the Iowa

legislature—each member was ultimately asked to vote on SF 638 after the HF

1321 amendments were added. Thus, the injury alleged by the legislator-plaintiffs

is an institutional injury. See Kerr v. Hickenlooper, 824 F.3d 1207, 1214 (10th Cir.

2016) (“Institutional injuries are those that do not ‘zero in on any individual
 14

member.’ Instead, an institutional injury is ‘widely dispersed’ and ‘necessarily

impacts all members of a legislature equally.’” (altered for readability) (quoting

Arizona State Legislature v. Arizona Indep. Redistricting Comm’n, 135 S. Ct. 2652,

2664 (2015))). “Individual members [of the legislature] lack standing to assert the

institutional interests of a legislature.” Virginia House of Delegates v. Bethune-Hill,

139 S. Ct. 1945, 1953 (2019).11 Though the Supreme Court has found standing

when whole voting blocs, see Coleman v. Miller, 307 U.S. 433, 437–38 (1939), or

when the state house and senate acting together, see Arizona State Legislature,

135 S. Ct. at 2659, 2665, alleged an institutional injury, the Court has not found

standing when individual legislators allege institutional injury. Relying on the

general principle that Iowa’s doctrine of standing parallels the federal doctrine,

Godfrey, 752 N.W.2d at 418, the legislator-plaintiffs’ allegation of an institutional

injury is not sufficient to confer standing.

Still, individual legislators may have standing if their alleged injury is one of

vote nullification. “An apparent exception to the general rule against legislative

standing arises when the legislators are suing on a vote-nullification theory and

allege that if their votes had been given effect, those votes would have been

sufficient to defeat or enact specific legislation.” See Crawford v. United States

Dep’t of Treasury, 868 F.3d 438, 453–54 (6th Cir. 2017); see also Tenn. Gen.

Assembly, 931 F.3d at 501 (“Coleman at most held that ‘legislators whose votes

would have been sufficient to defeat (or enact) a specific legislative Act have

11We recognize “the Court of Appeals for the District of Columbia Circuit “has held
that Members of Congress may have standing when they . . . assert injury to their
institutional power as legislators.” Raines v. Byrd, 521 U.S. 811, 820 n.4 (1997)
(providing cases).
 15

standing to sue if that legislative action goes into effect (or does not go into effect),

on the ground that their votes have been completely nullified.’” (quoting Raines,

521 U.S. at 823)). Here, the legislator-plaintiffs claim we can find “extinguishment

of action taken by a legislative majority” by implication. They rely on the fact that

bills to change the Commission were introduced in both the house (HF 503)12 and

senate (SF 237)13 before the proposed amendment to SF 638 was brought without

either being enacted.

But the failure of an earlier, different bill to pass legislative muster does not

show vote nullification. The legislator-plaintiffs have not alleged facts that would

support a finding their votes were nullified. See Raines, 521 U.S. at 824 (“They

have not alleged that they voted for a specific bill, that there were sufficient votes

to pass the bill, and that the bill was nonetheless deemed defeated. In the vote on

the Act, their votes were given full effect. They simply lost that vote.”).

The legislator-plaintiffs have not established that they have standing.

B. Exception to Standing Requirement

In the alternative, the plaintiffs ask that we apply the exception to the

standing requirement because the constitutional violations in the process of

enacting the legislation rise to the level of great public importance. See Godfrey,

752 N.W.2d at 424. The district court declined to do so, concluding, “Resolution

12 Iowa H. File 503, 88th Gen. Assembly, Reg. Sess. (Feb. 21, 2019),
https://www.legis.iowa.gov/legislation/BillBook?ga=88&ba=HF%20503.
13 Iowa Sen. File 237, 88th Gen. Assembly, Reg. Sess. (Mar. 13, 2019),

https://www.legis.iowa.gov/legislation/BillBook?ga=88&ba=HF%20503.
 16

of the single-subject or title question is not the type of constitutional issue to require

waiver of standing.”

1. Standard of review

The plaintiffs maintain that we should review for correction of errors at law

as that is our general standard to review the court’s ruling on a motion to dismiss.

See, e.g., Turner v. Iowa State Bank & Tr. Co., 743 N.W.2d 1, 3–4 (Iowa 2007).

The defendants argue the court may waive standing and suggest we should review

the court’s exercise of discretion for an abuse thereof. See, e.g., Alcala v. Marriott

Int’l, Inc., 880 N.W.2d 699, 707–08 (Iowa 2016) (clarifying standard of review,

noting that when the court is required to do something, the review is for errors at

law, but when the act has a discretionary component, the review is for an abuse of

discretion). Our court has been asked to review the district court’s decision to not

apply the exception to waive standing a number of times; in reviewing those

decisions, we have never applied an abuse-of-discretion standard. See, e.g.,

George v. Schultz, No. 11-0691, 2011 WL 6077561, at *2 (Iowa Ct. App. Dec. 7,

2011). Here, we review the district court’s decision for correction of errors at law.

Because this appeal is before us following a motion to dismiss, we view the

“well-pled facts of the petition in the light most favorable to the plaintiff[s], resolving

any doubts in the plaintiff’s favor.” Turner, 743 N.W.2d at 3. “[A]ll well-pleaded

facts are taken to be true in deciding the issue.” Mormann v. Iowa Workforce Dev.,

913 N.W.2d 554, 564 (Iowa 2018). Traditionally, a “motion to dismiss can neither

rely on facts not alleged in the petition (except those of which judicial notice may

be taken) nor be aided by an evidentiary hearing.” Berger v. Gen. United Grp.,

Inc., 268 N.W.2d 630, 634 (Iowa 1978). Additionally,
 17

[u]pon the theory that legislative journals are public records, since
they are printed in pamphlet form and published and distributed, . . .
the courts may take judicial notice of legislative proceedings as
recorded therein to the same extent that they take judicial notice of
statutes of the legislative body.

Socony Vacuum Oil Co. v. State, 170 N.W.2d 378, 382 (Iowa 1969) (citation

omitted). Unusually, in the present case, affidavits and other materials were

submitted by the parties, argued before the district court, considered by the district

court, and included in our appeal record without objection. In fact, the case was

briefed and argued to us in the same manner. That is the case before us for

review. We cannot change the record that was presented and considered by the

district court and which the parties—without objection—have asked us to consider

in this appeal. After our review of the record, we have considered the parts of the

record that are relevant to the limited issues before us.

2. Godfrey and plaintiffs’ claims

In Godfrey, the plaintiff challenged legislation as violating the single-subject

rule of article III, section 29 of the Iowa Constitution. 752 N.W.2d at 416. The

substance of the challenged legislation involved a provision that changed workers’

compensation benefits for successive injuries. Id. at 417. On appeal, our supreme

court ruled the plaintiff lacked standing to challenge the law, as her claim that the

enforcement of it would affect her if and when she suffered a successive injury was

too uncertain and lacked immediacy to constitute an injury in fact. Id. at 422–23.

But the court considered the plaintiff’s request that it “create an exception to our

standing doctrine that waives the requirement of standing in exceptional

circumstances involving issues of great public importance” and concluded that “our

doctrine of standing in Iowa is not so rigid that an exception to the injury
 18

requirement could not be recognized for citizens who seek to resolve certain

questions of great public importance and interest in our system of government.”

Id. at 424–25.

The supreme court declined to waive standing in Godfrey, but first it outlined

the principles to consider when a plaintiff asks that the exception be invoked. We

begin with the principle “that the branch of government with the ultimate

responsibility to decide the constitutionality of the actions of the other two branches

of government should only exercise that power sparingly.” Id. at 425. The purpose

of standing is to “ensure litigants are true adversaries, which theoretically allows

the case to be presented to the court in the most effective manner,” “that the people

most concerned with an issue are in fact the litigants of the issue,” and “that a real,

concrete case exists to enable the court to feel, sense, and properly weigh the

actual consequences of its decision.” Id.

Otherwise, we base our determination on whether standing should be

waived on the issue presented by the plaintiffs. See id. at 426. Like in Godfrey,

the plaintiffs here allege a violation of article III, section 29 of the Iowa Constitution,

which provides in part:

Every act shall embrace but one subject, and matters properly
connected therewith; which subject shall be expressed in the title.
But if any subject shall be embraced in an act which shall not be
expressed in the title, such act shall be void only as to so much
thereof as shall not be expressed in the title.

This provision has four requirements. State v Mabry, 460 N.W.2d 472, 474 (Iowa

1990). “First, the act may have only one subject together with matters germane to

it. Second, the title of the act must contain the subject matter of the act.” Id.

(citations omitted). “Third, any subject not mentioned in the title is invalid. Last,
 19

an invalid subject in the act does not invalidate the remaining portions that are

expressed in the title.” Id. (citations omitted).

Unlike in Godfrey, the plaintiffs before us challenge both the single-subject

requirement and the requirement the subject of a bill be expressed in the title. See

752 N.W.2d at 426, 428 (exploring the “two separate provisions derived from

independent historical bases” and noting, “Importantly, [the plaintiff] does not

challenge the title requirement of article III, section 29”). The single-subject

requirement “exists to ‘facilitate concentration on the meaning and wisdom of

independent legislative proposals or provisions.’” Id. at 426 (citations omitted).

This requirement

forces each legislative proposal to stand on its own merits by
preventing the ‘logrolling’ practice of procuring diverse and unrelated
matters to be passed as one ‘omnibus’ due to the consolidated votes
of the advocates of each separate measure, when no single measure
could have passed on its own merits.

Id. (altered for readability) (citation and footnote omitted). The requirement that

the subject of the bill be expressed in the title “is to provide reasonable notice of

the purview of the act to the legislative members and to the public.” Id. at 426–27.

This requirement “ultimately serves to prevent surprise and fraud from being visited

on the legislature and the public.” Id. at 427. “Thus, the title requirement is directed

more to the integrity of the legislative process by preventing laws from being

surreptitiously passed with ‘provisions incongruous with the subject proclaimed in

the title.’” Id. (citation omitted).

Although the plaintiff in Godfrey was unable to fall within the exception to

standing, the court in Godfrey concluded the plaintiff’s limited challenge—the

single-subject requirement but not the title requirement of article III, section 29 of
 20

the Iowa Constitution—“play[ed] a significant role in deciding whether or not to

waive standing.” 752 N.W.2d at 427. The court characterized a challenge to the

single-subject requirement as one seeking “to uphold the internal workings of the

legislative process that promotes and encourages legislators to understand and

debate the merits of each separate subject.” Id. Because the plaintiff in Godfrey

only sought to uphold the internal processes of the legislature, the court relied on

its “hesitan[ce] to act when asked to resolve disputes that require [the court] to

decide whether an act taken by one of the other branches of government was

unconstitutional” in deciding to not waive standing. Id. The court also stated,

“Importantly, Godfrey does not challenge the title requirement of article III, section

29.” Id.

The claims before us differ from those in Godfrey. First, in Godfrey, the

court noted the fact that “there is no allegation that the provisions were purposely

placed into one bill to engage in logrolling.” Id. But here, the plaintiffs do allege

purposeful logrolling. They claim support for their allegation, as earlier bills with

similar changes to the Commission had come before both the house and the

senate without being enacted.14 Plus, one of the named legislator-plaintiffs,

Representative Wolfe, raised the issue with her colleagues in the house when she

objected to the possible addition of divisions XIII and XIV for not being germane to

the bill. The speaker of the house agreed with the objection, but the house voted

14 Iowa H. File 503, 88th Gen. Assembly, Reg. Sess. (Feb. 21, 2019), https://www.
legis.iowa.gov/docs/publications/LGI/88/HF503.pdf; Iowa Sen. File 237, 88th Gen.
Assembly, Reg. Sess. (Mar. 13, 2019),
https://www.legis.iowa.gov/legislation/BillBook? ga=88&ba=sf 237.
 21

to suspend procedure and consider the amendment anyway. 15 The legislature

may suspend enforcement of its rules, but it may not ignore or suspend the Iowa

Constitution.

Second, the plaintiffs here also challenge the title requirement and maintain

they are seeking “to vindicate any perpetration of fraud or deceit on the legislature

or the public.” Cf. id. (noting “Godfrey does not seek to vindicate any perpetration

of fraud or deceit on the legislature or the public that can occur by infirmities in the

title of a bill”). They claim the amendment to SF 638 to include divisions XIII and

XIV, which were not reflected in the title,16 coupled with the short period of time

between the amendment and passing of the bill, prevented constituents from being

informed of and weighing in to their legislators about the provisions regarding the

change to the Commission and term and election of the chief justice.

The court in Godfrey described the purpose of the title provision in the Iowa

Constitution stating, “The provision ultimately serves to prevent surprise and fraud

from being visited on the legislature and the public.” Id. The court also stated,

“Godfrey does not seek to vindicate any perpetration of fraud or deceit on the

legislature or the public that can occur by the infirmities in the title of a bill.” Id.

The court also noted that Godfrey’s lack of an allegation “that implicates fraud,

surprise, personal and private gain, or other such evils . . . diminishes our need to

intervene.” Id. The court added, “The absence of a claimed violation of the title

15 Iowa H.J., 88th Gen. Assembly, Reg. Sess., 1057 (Apr. 27, 2019),
https://www.legis.iowa.gov/docs/publications/HJNL/20190427_HJNL.pdf.
16 As noted, the title of the enacted bill is “An Act Relating to State and Local

Finances by Making Appropriations, Providing for Legal and Regulatory
Responsibilities, Providing for Other Properly Related Matters, and including
Effective Date, Applicability, and Retroactive Applicability Provisions.”
 22

requirement also diminishes the importance of the constitutional issue presented.”

Id. at 428. Godfrey only raised the single-subject rule violation without evidence

of fraud or deceit, and the court stated: “We believe this limited challenge by

Godfrey plays a significant role in deciding whether or not to waive standing.” Id.

at 427.

Contrasted to the allegations raised in Godfrey, the plaintiffs allege the title

requirement violation constituted fraud and deceit upon the public and other

members of the legislature. See id. And the plaintiffs allege there is evidence a

violation of the single-subject rule resulted in logrolling constituting fraud, deceit,

and surprise. The two rule requirements “are separate constitutional principles”

but “they operate together to prevent greater harm than when the single subject

requirement is the only violation claimed.” Id. at 428. The announcements in

Godfrey are persuasive authority that a violation of the title requirement along with

the claimed violation of the single-subject rule could constitute an issue of great

public importance, and, in such circumstance, standing could be waived or an

exception to the standing requirement be recognized. But Godfrey does not say

the plaintiff would have succeeded in obtaining a waiver of standing if she had

simply pled the case differently. The holding is limited to the record and claims the

supreme court had before it.

We have already concluded that no individual plaintiff has standing,

notwithstanding a variety of claims by different groupings of the plaintiffs. Although

the legislator-plaintiffs do not have traditional standing, we will consider one of their

claims in the context of whether it rises to the level of great public importance and
 23

whether we should waive standing requirements. They claim no other relief is

available to the plaintiffs, and thus their claim is of great public importance.

3. Waiver of standing and separation of powers

“[S]tanding is built on a single basic idea—the idea of separation of powers.”

Allen v. Wright, 468 U.S. 737, 752 (1984), abrogated on other grounds by Lexmark,

Int’l, Inc. v. Static Control Components, Inc., 572 U.S.118, 129 (2014). We must

take a measured and careful approach to show “the greatest respect for the other

two branches of government and exercise our power with the greatest of caution.”

Godfrey, 752 N.W.2d at 425. We should exercise our power sparingly and avoid

unnecessary interference “with the policy and executory functions of the two other

properly elected branches of government.” Id. Our authority “to determine the

constitutionality of the acts of the other branches of government does not exist as

a form of judicial superiority, but is a delicate and essential judicial responsibility

found at the heart of our superior form of government.” Id.17

17 During his Condition of the Judiciary address to a joint convention of the Iowa
General Assembly on January 15, 2020, David S. Wiggins, the Acting Chief Justice
of the Iowa Supreme Court repeated that theme:
We have the greatest respect for you and the state’s other public
officials. This respect is not only derived from your devoted service
but because you speak and act for the people of Iowa. Our
government was set up for you to be their voice. Courts are different.
We too were set up to speak, but in a more limited way. We resolve
legal disputes brought to us by Iowans by applying the law, including
the values and principles found in the people’s Constitution. The
independence of the courts from the political branches is not a divide
but our very strength as a state and as a nation.
Iowa H.J., 88th Gen. Assembly, Reg. Sess., 75 (Jan. 15, 2020),
https://www.legis.iowa.gov/docs/publications/HJNL/20200115_HJNL.pdf.
 24

“Relaxation of standing requirements is directly related to the expansion of

judicial power.” United States v. Richardson, 418 U.S. 166, 188 (1974) (Powell,

J., concurring). As the Godfrey court noted,

While standing generally limits the exercise of our powers except as
to matters that are “strictly judicial in nature,” we become especially
hesitant to act when asked to resolve disputes that require us to
decide whether an act taken by one of the other branches of
government was unconstitutional. Without an individual injury by the
complainant under such circumstances, we risk assuming “a position
of authority” over the acts of another branch of government. We
must avoid such a result.

752 N.W.2d at 427 (citations omitted).

In a review of alternative standing approaches in the United States, one

author noted that public interest standing “stands alone in offering no relation to an

injury-in-fact.” M. Ryan Harmanis, States’ Stances on Public Interest Standing, 76

Ohio St. L.J. 729, 738 (2015). He continued,

There is an inherent danger in allowing the judiciary to create
jurisdiction for itself as a way to check the other branches of
government. When used to enforce a public duty, public interest
standing functions as a mechanism to hold elected officials
accountable to the people. Such a function is redundant and
unnecessary for one obvious reason: elected officials are
accountable to citizens at the polls. Thus, for a general grievance
harming all of the public, the public itself should be charged with
holding officials accountable. All state officials take an oath to uphold
their state’s constitution, and if citizens believe these officials fail in
their duties, the next election provides an appropriate and adequate
forum to voice their complaints.

Id. at 743 (footnotes omitted).

Justiciability is a concept that covers a number of areas in which the court

declines to resolve questions parties seek to adjudicate. Flast v. Cohen, 392 U.S.
 25

83, 95 (1968).18 Examples include political questions, advisory opinions, issues

that are moot, and lack of standing. Id.; see also Alons, 698 N.W.2d at 867. In the

end, these plaintiffs focus on the political question of how judges and the Chief

Justice of the Iowa Supreme Court should be selected.19

Another author discussed many of the tensions involved with addressing

the actions of the legislature. William J. Yost, Note, Before a Bill Becomes a Law—

Constitutional Form, 8 Drake L. Rev. 66 (1958).

The purposes of such a constitutional provision [such as the single-
subject rule], according to writers and courts, are to prevent ‘log-
rolling’ and unfavorable legislation riding in with more favorable
legislation, . . . to prevent surprise or stealth when legislators are not
informed, and to fairly apprise the people of the subjects being
considered.

Id. at 67 (footnote omitted). “Such objectives are very laudable but, in individual

cases, they are counterbalanced by a lack of desire by courts to declare laws

unconstitutional, to make validity turn on a somewhat ritualistic and technical

argument.” Id. Such restraint was summarized by an early Iowa court:

To sustain the objection in the case at bar, would be to hold a
doctrine which would render null a large portion of the legislation of
the state, and render future legislation so inconvenient as to make it
nearly impracticable. Such a construction, we think, is neither
demanded nor warranted.

State ex rel. Weir v. Cty. Judge of Davis Cty., 2 Iowa 280, 285 (1855); accord Cook

v. Marshall Cty., 93 N.W. 372, 378 (Iowa 1903) (holding void for unconstitutionality

18 Justiciability is the term of art employed to give expression to the dual limitation
placed upon federal courts by the case-and-controversy doctrine. See, e.g., Flast,
392 U.S. at 95 (discussing the concept of jusiticiability).
19 It is worth noting there are no requests to overturn the other topics included in

SF 638, such as the blackout registration plate act, only the divisions related to the
courts.
 26

“is a power which will not be resorted to unless the case be clear, decisive, and

unavoidable”), aff’d, 196 U.S. 261 (1905).

With our branches of government, everyone has their role. As Justice

Kennedy commented,

It must be remembered that, even where parties have no standing to
sue, members of the Legislative and Executive Branches are not
excused from making constitutional determinations in the regular
course of their duties. Government officials must make a conscious
decision to obey the Constitution whether or not their acts can be
challenged in a court of law and then must conform their actions to
these principled determinations.

Hein v. Freedom From Religion Found., Inc., 551 U.S. 587, 618 (2007) (Kennedy,

J., concurring).

4. Analysis

The title of SF 638 is “An Act Relating to State and Local Financing by

Making Appropriations, Providing for Legal and Regulatory Responsibilities,

Providing for Other Properly Related Matters,” and effective dates and applicability

provisions. The subheadings throughout the fourteen divisions of the legislation

reveal a number of subjects that arguably do not appear to be appropriations but

seem to fall under the portion of the title “Providing for Legal and Regulatory

Responsibilities” or “Providing for Other Properly Related Matters.” SF 638 does

not appear to be a single-subject bill, and the second and third clauses of the title

are vague categorical descriptions that do not disclose specific subject matters of

various divisions of the bill. But, our supreme court has explained:

In determining whether the single subject requirement has been
complied with, we construe the enactment liberally in favor of its
constitutionality. As a result, to be held unconstitutional, an act must
encompass two or more dissimilar or discordant subjects that have
no reasonable connection or relation to each other. Further, when
 27

matters grouped as a single subject might more reasonably be
classified as separate subjects, no violation occurs if these matters
are nonetheless relevant to some single more broadly stated
subject.

State v. Iowa Dist. Ct., 410 N.W.2d 684, 686 (Iowa 1987) (internal citations

omitted).

There are no factual allegations or claims that the amendment to SF 638

was offered and adopted to “consolidate[] votes of the advocates of each separate

[division of SF 638], when no single measure [of SF 638] could have been passed

on its own merits,” nor that it was an “undesirable rider” attached to SF 638

because of its popularity or desirability. See Godfrey, 752 N.W.2d at 426 (citations

omitted). Regardless of whether the title to SF 638 suggests more than a single

subject, plaintiffs’ claims of logrolling, fraud, and deceit are legal conclusions, but

they have made no allegations of facts that have historically resulted in a finding

of logrolling as that term is characterized in our case law. See id. at 426–27. While

notice pleading would not normally require such allegations for a plaintiff with

standing, the unique circumstances of this case and the request to waive standing

require us to consider the omissions of such allegations.

As to the article III, section 29 provision requiring the subject of the bill to be

in the title, and the suggestion the addition of HF 1321 to SF 638 required an

amendment to the title, we consider the context. The introduction of HF 1321 was

a substantially scaled-back version of the earlier bills that had failed to advance.20

20 Iowa H. File 503, 88th Gen. Assembly, Reg. Sess. (Feb. 21, 2019), https://ww
w.legis.iowa.gov/docs/publications/LGI/88/HF503.pdf; Iowa Sen. File 237, 88th G
en. Assembly, Reg. Sess. (Mar. 13, 2019), https://www.legis.iowa.gov/legislation/
BillBook?ga=88&ba=sf 237.
 28

The headings on HF 1321 clearly identified that one provision was about “Judicial

Nominating Commission Modernization,” and the other “Chief Justice Selection.”

The legislator-plaintiffs argue surprise, but the alleged surprise was the timing of

the introduction of HF 1321, not the failure to adequately disclose its content. By

the time the house approved SF 638, there is no allegation of surprise as to the

contents of the bill. Upon the return of SF 638 to the senate, the headings of HF

1321 were divisions XIII and XIV clearly identifying the subject of each division,

although the title to SF 638 was not amended to include those headings. To the

extent the title of SF 638 did not precisely identify the Commissions and chief

justice divisions, there were several divisions of SF 638 that arguably were not

separately identified in the title of SF 638.21 We know of no challenge to the

divisions other than divisions XIII and XIV that were not separately identified in the

title. It appears obvious this lawsuit, focusing only on those divisions, seeks court

intervention to ultimately address the political issues surrounding certain aspects

of the selection of judicial officers who serve in the judicial branch of our

government resulting from the alleged constitutional violations.

21 It would appear several divisions were intended to be encompassed in the title
clause “Providing for Legal and Regulatory Responsibilities.” For example, the
creation of blackout special registration plates, gambling regulation, public utilities,
and watershed management authorities are not reasonably categorized as
appropriations or related matters but arguably fit under the legal and regulatory
responsibilities clause. See 2019 Iowa Acts ch. 89, divs. VII, VIII, IX, XI. Thus, if
the divisions concerning the Commission and the chief justice were also
considered as “providing for legal and regulatory responsibilities,” the divisions
were not “surreptitiously passed with ‘provisions incongruous with the subject
proclaimed in the title.’” Godfrey, 752 N.W.2d at 427 (citation omitted). And, if so,
the title to SF 638 would not have required amendment.
 29

As illustrated above, Godfrey provides substantial guidance on how cases

seeking a waiver of the ordinary standing requirements should be analyzed.22 See

752 N.W.2d at 424–28; see also Alons, 698 N.W.2d at 864–65; Exira Cmty. Sch.

Dist. v. State, 512 N.W.2d 787, 790 (Iowa 1994). The court’s discussion in that

case was focused on the facts of that case and why the court chose to not waive

standing. It was not an advisory opinion instructing lower courts on when they

must waive traditional standing requirements. The simple fact is no Iowa appellate

case has ever waived traditional standing requirements because of an issue of

great public importance.

We disagree with the claim that no other relief is available to the plaintiffs.

Legislators are elected and operate in a political environment: they typically employ

political remedies or responses to votes with which they disagree. When faced

with issues that are heavy-laden with politics in which a plaintiff satisfies traditional

standing requirements, our duty is to exercise our jurisdiction and decide the

issues appropriate for adjudication. But when plaintiffs do not have standing, we

should consider whether to avoid becoming embroiled in a case by exercising a

waiver of standing requirements to reach an issue that might be better left to the

political environment.

Under the facts of this case, there are other reasons to consider restraint.

In a traditional standing analysis, a “plaintiff must establish a causal connection

between the injury and the conduct complained of and that the injury is likely, as

22Waiver of traditional standing requirements requires consideration of numerous
factors as outlined in Godfrey, and by implication requires the exercise of
discretion—i.e., a judgment call, balancing a variety of factors, including judicial
restraint.
 30

opposed to merely speculative, to be redressed by a favorable decision.” Horsfield

Materials, 834 N.W.2d at 457–58 (citation omitted). When considering whether to

waive standing, there is no requirement that the plaintiff has an injury. In fact, the

point is that the injury is to the public and the plaintiff is allowed to proceed for the

greater good in somewhat of a representative capacity. But, in the present case

we should consider whether the court can redress the claimed injury to the public.

Two judges on the court of appeals and one justice on the supreme court were

appointed by Governor Reynolds pursuant to the provisions of SF 638. The

Commission is in the process of preparing to nominate candidates from which

Governor Reynolds will select another justice. If we were to waive traditional

standing requirements after finding the issue is of great public importance, we

would remand the case for further proceedings. Depending on the timing of

existing variables, including further appeals, there could be additional members of

the court of appeals and supreme court appointed before final resolution of this

case. In the event plaintiffs ultimately prevailed, what would then be a meaningful

redress? Would we be advancing the cause of the rule of law or only muddying

the waters of highly political issues? How would the confidence of the public be

impacted?

In the present case, we are being asked to waive longstanding requirements

for standing to permit plaintiffs to have a court from the judicial branch of

government rule on whether the legislative branch of government violated the

constitution when it approved legislation directly impacting the judicial branch.23

23 By contrast, in Godfrey, the plaintiff was seeking to protect individual rights of
injured workers.
 31

The impact on the plaintiffs, if any, is indirect and speculative. Furthermore, waiver

of standing in this case would require the district court to resolve a conflict arising

out of a challenge to the internal procedural workings of elected legislative bodies.

The court in Godfrey identified judicial policies that “drive our application of

standing and must be kept at the forefront as we consider circumstances to support

an exception or waive of the standing requirement.” 752 N.W.2d at 425–26.

Among those policies are the need to ensure “that a real, concrete case exists to

enable the court to feel, sense, and properly weigh the actual consequences of its

decision.” Id. at 425 (emphasis added).

We have carefully reviewed applicable case law, the record presented to

us, and the arguments made. We have considered the balance between our

constitutional responsibilities to decide legal issues properly presented to us and

the discipline necessary to exercise restraint to interfere with the other two

branches of government. After weighing the competing roles and interests of all

three branches of government and the actual consequences of our decision, we

determine this is not the case in which we should first find an issue of such great

public importance as to waive traditional standing requirements and allow plaintiffs

to proceed. We agree with the district court that the standing requirement should

not be waived in this case.

IV. Conclusion.

We agree with the district court that the plaintiffs have not established any

group has standing. We conclude the issues raised by the plaintiffs are not of such

great public importance as to waive traditional standing requirements. We need

not address the temporary-injunction issue. We affirm the district court.
 32

AFFIRMED.

Bower, C.J., and Greer, J., concur; Danilson, S.J., and Potterfield, S.J.,

concur in part and dissent in part.
 33

DANILSON, Senior Judge (concurring in part and dissenting in part).

I respectfully dissent in part. I agree with my colleagues in the majority that

none of the groups before us—commissioners, lawyers, or legislators—have

standing to challenge divisions XIII and XIV of SF 638. However, for the reasons

explained below, I believe the issues raised by these plaintiffs are of great public

importance and would apply the exception to standing.24 I would reverse the

district court’s dismissal of their suit and remand for proceedings on the merits.

I believe we must address the issue of first impression, remain consistent

with the pronouncements in Godfrey, and thereby extend the holding of Godfrey.

I do not believe we should cede to the political overtones of the issue.

The majority correctly states the legislature may suspend their rules to pass

legislation but cannot suspend the Iowa Constitution. Notwithstanding, the

majority’s decision permits it. The majority also suggests a different result would

be “only muddying the waters of highly political issues.” With all due respect, in

my opinion any lower court will find the waters muddied in attempting to reconcile

the principles in Godfrey with the majority’s decision.

A. Constitutional violations. The majority begins by questioning whether

either constitutional provision was violated in the passage of SF 638. In doing so,

it encroaches into the merits of the claim and disregards the standard that we must

consider the allegations in the petition as true. Instead of relying on the allegations

24 I note the defendants acknowledged in their motion, appellate brief, and oral
argument—and otherwise do not dispute—that our supreme court in Godfrey v.
State, 752 N.W.2d 413, 425 (Iowa 2008), has recognized an exception to standing
or that standing may be waived if citizens “seek to resolve certain questions of
great public importance and interest in our system of government.”
 34

of the petition, the majority makes its own judgment on the merits after considering

the various divisions of SF 638 and the title of the bill.

The majority touches upon the petition’s allegations in respect to the

violation of the single-subject rule, claiming the allegations of “logrolling, fraud, and

deceit” are legal conclusions and there are no factual allegations of logrolling.

However, in my view, the defendants make no such argument in their brief. In fact,

the defendants do not raise any of the arguments made by the majority challenging

the existence of the two constitutional violations, although in oral argument they

denied any logrolling. Moreover, the plaintiffs need only claim logrolling, fraud, or

deceit in their petition to bolster the importance of their argument the issue is of

great public importance. See Godfrey, 752 N.W.2d at 427 (stating, “[t]he absence

of an allegation or claim” of “fraud, surprise, personal and private gain, or other

such evils . . . diminishes our need to intervene,” and noting there was “no

allegation that the provisions were purposely placed into one bill to engage in

logrolling”). On the other hand, the facts alleged in the petition must sufficiently

support the two constitutional violations, and the defendants do not claim

otherwise.25

B. Motives of plaintiffs. The majority also criticizes the motives of the

plaintiffs because they only challenged divisions XIII and XIV of SF 638 and no

other potential divisions omitted in the title of the bill. Again, this not an argument

25 The defendants also do not raise the sufficiency of the allegations in the
separate, related appeal, Duff v. Reynolds, No. 19-1789, 2020 WL _____ (Iowa
Ct. App. Feb. 19, 2020), also filed today. Moreover, during oral arguments in Duff,
the defendants’ counsel could not refute that the defendants failed to challenge the
lack of sufficient facts in the petition to support the two constitutional violations.
 35

or issue raised by the defendants and has no impact on the question of whether

there is an issue of great public importance. I suspect but can only speculate that

the plaintiffs opined that divisions XIII and XIV threatened the nature of state

government as guaranteed by the Iowa Constitution more so than, for example,

the division permitting black auto license plates. The only aspect of Godfrey

remotely related to motive is whether the plaintiff is attempting to vindicate fraud

or deceit as opposed to the internal workings of the legislative process. 752

N.W.2d at 427.

C. Purpose of title requirement. In my view, the majority also

misconstrues the purpose of the title requirement in claiming there was only a

timing issue (as opposed to surprise) because the legislators knew what was in

SF 638 at the time of their vote. Although the legislators may have understood

what was in the bill, the failure to identify the subject in the title could have

prevented legislators’ constituents, lobbyists, interested government officials, or

other members of the public from having such knowledge. The purpose of the title

requirement “is to provide reasonable notice of the purview of the act to the

legislative members and to the public.” Id. (emphasis added) (citing Giles v. State,

511 N.W.2d 622, 625 (Iowa 1994)).

D. Concrete case. One of the policies the majority recites from Godfrey is

the need to ensure “that a real, concrete case exists to enable the court to feel,

sense, and properly weigh the actual consequences of its decision.” 752 N.W.2d

at 425. This argument was never raised by the defendants and for good reason.

The parties to this action have thoroughly argued and briefed the issues and are

true adversaries.
 36

E. Other concerns. The majority expresses concerns about the judges

who have been appointed pursuant to the newly-formed commission, a proper

redress to the public, and how a different result may muddy political issues. Yet

the defendants’ brief argues the opposite in stating, “the proper inquiry is not the

underlying policy or its effect on our system or structure of government.” I submit

the proper redress to the public is to invalidate divisions XIII and XIV and require

the legislature to comply with the Iowa Constitution. Certainly the citizens of the

State of Iowa are entitled to the rights expounded in the Iowa Constitution.

F. Issue of first impression. The majority has decided this is an issue best

left to the political environment. The majority also finds solace in the fact that no

Iowa case has yet found the existence of an issue of great public importance to

waive standing. However, the fact the questioned legislation bears upon the

judicial branch does not change our standard of review or our duties to address

the issues and arguments properly presented by the parties. Furthermore, our

court frequently decides issues of first impression. See, e.g., Standard Water

Control Sys., Inc., v. Jones, No. 17-0854, 2018 WL 739330, at *3 (Iowa Ct. App.

Feb. 7, 2018) (“This case involves an extensive procedural history, including a

matter of first impression . . . .”); Rochford v. G.K. Dev., Inc., 845 N.W.2d 715, 718

(Iowa Ct. App. 2014) (finding “no Iowa case that addresses” the issue).

G. Interference with other branches of government. The majority

opinion also warns that courts should “avoid unnecessary interference” with the

other branches of government. As an intermediate appellate court, we have no

say in the cases or issues before us. We do not seek to decide constitutional

questions or embroil ourselves in the roles of the other branches. But when we
 37

are assigned cases that implicate the actions of the other, co-equal branches of

government, we should not shy from the application of sound reasoning in

precedent. See Godfrey, 752 N.W.2d at 425 (noting “our doctrine of self-imposed

restraint was not created to keep us from deciding critical public issues of the day”).

Over forty years ago Justice Uhlenhopp, writing for the court, addressed the

power of the judicial branch in relation to its co-equal branches of government,

stating, “[T]he trend is away from the former completely hands-off doctrine when

the charge is that a legislative body substantially violated a constitutional

guarantee while exercising an express constitutional power.” Luse v. Wray, 254

N.W.2d 324, 328 (Iowa 1977). In Luse, the Iowa Supreme Court concluded the

courts do have the power to determine if the legislature acted contrary to the Iowa

Constitution in resolving an election contest. Id.

Over 100 years ago, the Iowa Supreme Court invalidated a proposed

amendment to the Iowa Constitution because the Iowa House of Representatives

only entered the title and not the full proposed amendment in the House Journal.

In reaching its decision the supreme court stated:

If there are conclusions of the court authoritatively announced in [a]
case which settle the present case, we ought to adhere to them,
unless they are manifestly unsound; for in no class of cases coming
before us ought we to so carefully guard against vacillation and
uncertainty as in cases which involve a construction of the
fundamental law of the state.

State v. Brookhart, 84 N.W. 1064, 1065 (Iowa 1901). Here, the majority’s decision

leads to vacillation and uncertainty in the enforceability of article III, section 29 of

the Iowa Constitution.
 38

H. Principles authoritatively announced. In my view, Godfrey provides

sound principles authoritatively announced that can only lead to one conclusion—

that a challenge based upon a title-requirement violation and a single-subject

violation with allegations of fraud, deceit, and logrolling constitutes an issue of

great public importance.26

First, in Godfrey, the court relied upon the fact that “there [was] no allegation

that the provisions were purposely placed into one bill to engage in logrolling” in

deciding not to apply the exception to standing. 27 752 N.W.2d at 427. But here,

the plaintiffs do allege purposeful logrolling. The majority claims the plaintiffs have

made no allegations of facts to support a claim of logrolling. However as previously

noted, although the two constitutional violations must be supported by factual

allegations, the petition need only “allege” fraud, deceit, surprise, or logrolling.

26 It could be argued that Godfrey does not constitute binding precedent that a
violation of the title requirement constitutes an issue of great public importance
because the supreme court did not have that challenge before it. But there is
additional support for the principle that the announcements in Godfrey constitute
binding authority. The supreme court has observed a distinction between obiter
dictum (mere dictim) and judicial dictum. Perfection Tire & Rubber Co. v. Kellogg-
Mackay Equip. Co., 187 N.W. 32, 35 (Iowa 1922) (citing Chase v. Am. Cartage
Co., 186 N.W. 598, 599 (Wis. 1922)). In Chase, the Wisconsin Supreme Court
explained, “[W]hen a court of last resort intentionally takes up, discusses, and
decides a question germane to, though not necessarily decisive of, the
controversy, such decision is not a dictum, but is a judicial act of the court which it
will thereafter recognize as a binding decision.” 186 N.W. at 599. Thus, judicial
dictum is binding. Perfection Tire & Rubber Co., 187 N.W. at 35 (“The binding
force of a decision is coextensive with the facts upon which it is founded, and if
correlated subject–matter is under discussion and decided, such decision is not
mere obiter dictum.”).
27 Logrolling is the “practice of procuring diverse and unrelated matters to be

passed as one ‘omnibus’ due to the consolidated votes of the advocates of each
separate measure, when no single measure could have been passed on its own
merits.” Godfrey, 752 N.W.2d at 426 (internal quotation marks and citations
omitted).
 39

Here, the plaintiffs specifically allege logrolling by the violation of the single-subject

rule. Moreover, the plaintiffs claim bills similar to division XIII were brought in both

the house and senate without success earlier in the legislative session and noted

that HF 1321, which contained divisions XIII and XIV, was filed as a last-minute

amendment to the unrelated appropriations bill on the last day of the legislative

session.28 Cf. id. at 430 (Wiggins, J., dissenting) (“Logrolling is not only inducive

of fraud, it also makes it difficult to ascertain whether the legislature would have

passed either of the matters had they been voted on separately.”). Unlike Godfrey

where there were no allegations of fraud, deceit, surprise, or logrolling, these

plaintiffs have substantially elevated the need to resolve the critical issue in this

case.

Furthermore, the fact that divisions XIII and XIV were unrelated to the rest

of the appropriations bill did not go unnoticed—at least in the house—as

Representative Wolfe raised the issue with her colleagues and the speaker agreed

with her objection.29

Second, the plaintiffs here, unlike the plaintiff in Godfrey, challenge the title

requirement and maintain they are seeking “to vindicate any perpetration of fraud

or deceit on the legislature or the public.” 752 N.W.2d at 427 (noting “Godfrey

does not seek to vindicate any perpetration of fraud or deceit on the legislature or

the public that can occur by infirmities in the title of a bill”). The plaintiffs claim the

amendment to SF 638 to include divisions XIII and XIV, which were not reflected

28 This conclusion is premised upon the taking of judicial notice of legislative acts
incorporated in footnote twenty-one of the majority’s decision.
29 Iowa H.J., 88th Gen. Assembly, Reg. Sess., 1057 (Apr. 27, 2019),

https://www.legis.iowa.gov/docs/publications/HJNL/20190427_HJNL.pdf.
 40

in the title, coupled with the short period of time between the amendment and

passing of the bill, prevented constituents from being informed of and weighing in

to their legislators about the provisions regarding the change to the commission

and term and election of the chief justice. The court in Godfrey, in refusing to apply

the newly recognized exception to standing, found it significant the plaintiff did not

challenge the title provision. See 752 N.W.2d at 427. The court emphasized:

Importantly, Godfrey does not challenge the title requirement of article
III, section 29. . . . Thus, Godfrey does not seek to vindicate any
perpetration of fraud or deceit on the legislature or the public that can
occur by infirmities in the title of a bill, but seeks to uphold the internal
workings of the legislative process that promotes and encourages
legislators to understand and debate the merits of each separate
subject. We believe this limited challenge by Godfrey plays a
significant role in deciding whether or not to waive standing.
....
The absence of an allegation or claim by Godfrey that
implicates fraud, surprise, personal and private gain, or other such
evils inconsistent with the democratic legislative process diminishes
our need to intervene to determine if the legislature has violated a
constitutional mandate.

Id.

The constitutional claims raised here, coupled with factual allegations that

support them, are much more significant than the allegations raised in Godfrey.

The title-requirement violation by itself alleges fraud and deceit upon the public

and other members of the legislature. See id. And the single-subject rule with the

claim of logrolling also constitutes allegations of fraud, deceit, and surprise. Id. at

427. The two rule requirements “are separate constitutional principles,” but “they

operate together to prevent greater harm than when the single subject requirement

is the only violation claimed.” Id. at 428 (emphasis added).
 41

Additionally, in Godfrey, the legislation was the result of a special legislative

session with a compromise proposal between the governor and General

Assembly. Our facts reflect no joint effort or compromise, and the legislator-

plaintiffs have a strong interest because they were forced to forego a vote on SF

638 to remain consistent with article III, section 29 of the Iowa Constitution.30

I also observe the majority in Godfrey believed it was important to have a

principled approach to resolve the issue of great public importance. 752 N.W.2d

at 425. And the dissent in Godfrey suggested a “principled and workable analysis”

of the exception to standing. 752 N.W.2d at 429 (Wiggins, J., dissenting). As a

part of the dissent’s analysis, the claim must present “a clear threat to the essential

nature of state government as guaranteed by the constitution.” Id. at 430-31

(Wiggins, J., dissenting). The majority in Godfrey also refers to waiving standing

“when the issue is of utmost importance and the constitutional protections are most

needed.” 752 N.W.2d at 427. Here, the legislature’s effort to fix the term of the

chief justice, the head of a co-equal branch of government, has been argued as

an unconstitutional legislative encroachment upon the judicial branch and thus

could constitute a threat to the nature of state government guaranteed to the

citizens of Iowa by the Iowa Constitution.

I. Conclusion. Ordinarily, this court would not hesitate to follow the

pronouncements of a leading case by our supreme court as the best predictor of

how a decision should be reached. I believe this court should resolve this critical

30 For example, Representative Wolfe stated she was “required to relinquish my
rights under article III, section 29 of the Iowa Constitution in order to utilize my
rights under article III, section 15 of the Iowa Constitution.”
 42

issue, as Godfrey does not state an issue of great public importance exists only in

the absence of political overtones or must involve a non-controversial issue.

Thus, I would reverse the district court’s dismissal of the plaintiffs’ suit for

lack of standing and remand for further proceedings on the merits of the plaintiffs’

claims. Such a decision, finding an exception to the standing requirement, assures

access to justice, provides certainty and consistency in the law, and assures our

citizens that we will resolve critical issues regarding the state government

guaranteed to them under the Iowa Constitution.

Potterfield, S.J., joins this partial dissent.