Opinion filed February 21, 2020
In The
Eleventh Court of Appeals
__________
Nos. 11-18-00001-CR & 11-18-00002-CR
__________
THE STATE OF TEXAS, Appellant
V.
TERRY DARYL WHITMAN, Appellee
On Appeal from the 385th District Court
Midland County, Texas
Trial Court Cause Nos. CR49338 & CR49339
OPINION
In Cause No. 11-18-00001-CR (Trial Court Cause No. CR49338), Appellee,
Terry Daryl Whitman, was charged with the offense of possession of a controlled
substance. In Cause No. 11-18-00002-CR (Trial Court Cause No. CR49339), he
was charged with the offense of forgery of a government record. In each cause,
Appellee filed a motion to suppress the evidence obtained as a result of the search
of his vehicle that occurred after his arrest for theft. After conducting a hearing on
the motion to suppress, the trial court granted the motion. In a single issue, the State
appeals the trial court’s ruling on the motion to suppress. We affirm.
Background Facts
On February 18, 2017, Midland Police Detective Derrick Whitefield
responded to a report of a shoplifting in progress at Kohl’s in Midland. Dispatch
informed him that there were two suspects, a male in a white shirt (Appellee) and a
female in a pink shirt. Detective Whitefield testified that dispatch informed him that
the male was concealing items in a bag and that the female was working with the
male. When Detective Whitefield arrived at the store’s parking lot, he observed a
female in a pink shirt exit the store and get into a red car. Dispatch informed
Detective Whitefield that this was the female that was suspected of shoplifting.
Dispatch then informed Detective Whitefield that the male subject concealed
a bag of merchandise under a chair in the electronics section. Detective Whitefield
observed Appellee exit the store a short time later and enter the red car.
Detective Whitefield pulled his patrol vehicle behind the red car, and he made
contact with its occupants. The loss prevention officer at Kohl’s, Reno Moffett, then
told Detective Whitefield what he had observed inside the store, including the fact
that he was able to retrieve all of the “stolen” merchandise, which totaled $1,447.45
and which remained inside the store.
Detective Whitefield made the decision to arrest Appellee and the female
suspect for theft based on the matters reported to him by Moffett. As a result of a
subsequent search of the red car incident to Appellee’s arrest, police officers found
methamphetamine, a methamphetamine pipe, and a fraudulent temporary driver’s
license for Appellee.
Appellee filed a motion to suppress all evidence seized by the police. At the
hearing on the motion to suppress, the State called Detective Whitefield and Midland
Police Officer Hannah Yoxsimer as witnesses. Appellee took the position at the
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hearing that the police officers did not have probable cause to arrest him for theft.
Appellee focused on the lack of verification by Detective Whitefield of the
information relayed to him by the loss prevention officer. Appellee also asserted
that his motive was subject to speculation since he did not remove any items from
the store.
In response, the State asserted that the officers did not have to personally
observe the offense being committed but that they could rely on reasonably
trustworthy information provided by others to make a probable cause determination.
The State additionally asserted that merchandise did not have to leave the store in
order for a theft to occur. The trial court expressed a concern at the hearing that the
items had not been appropriated if they had not been removed from the store. The
hearing on the motion to suppress concluded with the trial court inviting the
attorneys to submit authority for the trial court to consider. The trial court
subsequently entered an order granting Appellee’s motion to suppress.
Analysis
We note at the outset that the State has limited rights of appeal in criminal
cases. See TEX. CODE CRIM. PROC. ANN. art. 44.01 (West 2018). The State is
entitled to appeal a court order that grants a motion to suppress if jeopardy has not
attached and the elected prosecutor certifies to the trial court that the appeal is not
taken for the purpose of delay and that the suppressed evidence is of substantial
importance to the case. Id. art. 44.01(a)(5). The elected district attorney for Midland
County personally signed the notice of appeal certifying the matters required to
invoke this court’s jurisdiction to review the trial court’s interlocutory order granting
the motion to suppress. See State v. Redus, 445 S.W.3d 151, 154–55 (Tex. Crim.
App. 2014).
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In its sole issue in each cause, the State challenges the trial court’s
determination that Officer Whitefield lacked probable cause to arrest Appellee. The
State’s issue on appeal is as follows:
The police officer received information from a credible source
that the Appellee was hiding items within the store to be taken out later
without purchase. A completed theft does not require that items must
be taken out of the store. Probable cause exists when there is a
reasonable ground for belief of guilt. Did the trial court err in finding
no probable cause to arrest?
The State’s challenge to the trial court’s finding of no probable cause is
understandable because probable cause to arrest was the focus of the hearing on the
motion to suppress. Furthermore, the trial court’s determination that there was no
probable cause was the basis for the order granting the motion to suppress. As set
forth below, Appellee has presented an alternative legal contention premised on
Article 14.01 of the Texas Code of Criminal Procedure. See CRIM. PROC. art. 14.01
(West 2015). Appellee asserts that this provision supports the trial court’s decision
to grant the motion to suppress.
The State relies on State v. Ford, 537 S.W.3d 19 (Tex. Crim. App. 2017), to
support its argument that Appellee’s arrest was supported by probable cause. Ford
also involved an alleged shoplifting. 537 S.W.3d at 20–21. A police officer received
a report from a Dollar General employee that a customer was concealing
merchandise in her purse and jacket. Id. The officer made contact with the customer
inside of the store while she was still shopping. Id. The trial court in Ford
determined that the officer did not have probable cause to arrest the defendant for
theft because the defendant was still shopping when the officer encountered her. Id.
at 21–22.
The Texas Court of Criminal Appeals concluded in Ford that the officer had
probable cause to arrest the defendant for theft. Id. at 24–25. The court cited cases
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for the proposition that a store customer can commit a theft before leaving the store
with the property. Id. (citing Hill v. State, 633 S.W.2d 520, 521 (Tex. Crim. App.
1981); Groomes v. United States, 155 A.2d 73, 75 (D.C. App. 1959)). The court
concluded that the defendant’s act of placing items in her purse constituted an
appropriation. Id. at 24 (citing TEX. PENAL CODE ANN. §§ 31.01(4), .03(a) (West
2019)). Further, the court determined that the defendant possessed the requisite
intent to deprive. Id. at 24–25. The State relies on Ford to assert that the officers in
this case had probable cause to arrest Appellee for theft because he had completed a
theft inside the store.
When reviewing a trial judge’s ruling on a suppression motion, the trial
judge’s factual determinations are afforded almost total deference, provided that
those determinations are supported by the record. State v. Woodard, 341 S.W.3d
404, 410 (Tex. Crim. App. 2011) (citing Guzman v. State, 955 S.W.2d 85, 89 (Tex.
Crim. App. 1997)). As a general rule, appellate courts view the evidence in the light
most favorable to the trial judge’s ruling, regardless of whether the judge granted or
denied the suppression motion. Id. (citing State v. Garcia–Cantu, 253 S.W.3d 236,
241 (Tex. Crim. App. 2008)). Thus, courts afford the prevailing party “the strongest
legitimate view of the evidence and all reasonable inferences that may be drawn
from that evidence.” Id. (quoting Garcia–Cantu, 253 S.W.3d at 241). Courts afford
great deference to the trial judge’s rulings on issues that involve mixed questions of
law and fact, provided that those rulings depend upon evaluations of credibility and
demeanor. Id. (citing Guzman, 955 S.W.2d at 89). But when credibility and
demeanor are irrelevant, courts conduct a de novo review, and all purely legal
questions are reviewed de novo. Id. (citing Kothe v. State, 152 S.W.3d 54, 62–63
(Tex. Crim. App. 2004)). Whether the facts, as determined by the trial court add up
to probable cause is a question to be reviewed de novo. Ford, 537 S.W.3d at 23
(citing Byram v. State, 510 S.W.3d 918, 923 (Tex. Crim. App. 2017)).
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The trial court entered detailed findings of fact and conclusions of law, which
provided as follows:
1. On February 18, 2017 at approximately 4:22 p.m., Midland
Police Officer Whitefield and Officer Yoxsimer were dispatched to
Kohl’s regarding a shoplifting in progress.
2. While [en] route to Kohl’s, dispatch advised that 2 people were
involved, a male in a white shirt and a female in a pink shirt.
3. Dispatch also advised that merchandise was staged by the
north fire exit.
4. As Officer Whitefield was approaching Kohl[’]s, Officer
Whitefield observe[d] a female in a pink shirt was exiting the store.
5. Dispatch further advised the female had gotten into a red car.
6. Officer Whitefield observed the female in the pink shirt who
had exited Kohl’s get into a red car.
7. Dispatch advised the male had concealed merchandise under
a chair in the electronics area and then Officer Whitefield observed a
male wearing a white shirt exit the store and enter the same red car.
8. Neither suspect appeared to be carrying merchandise out of
Kohl’s.
9. Officer Whitefield had reasonable suspicion to believe the
female in the pink shirt and the male in the white shirt who entered the
red car were the people who had been reported to be shoplifting, and
thereby Officer Whitefield had reasonable suspicion to detain them.
10. Officer Whitefield parked his vehicle behind the red car.
11. Officer Whitefield identified the female as Michelle
Whitman; she was identified by driver’s license.
12. The male identified himself as Terry Whitman and gave his
date of birth, but stated he did not have an ID.
13. Both Michelle and Terry appeared nervous, and both asked
why they were being detained by police[.]
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14. Kohl’s loss prevention employee Reno Moffett then came out
of the store and told Officer Whitefield that he believed Terry and
Michelle Whitman had used their cell phones inside the store to
communicate and coordinate their efforts. Moffett said that, based on
Terry Whitman’s actions inside the store after Michelle’s departure, he
believed that Michelle had alerted Terry to police presence in the
parking lot.
15. The loss prevention employee of Kohl[’]s, Reno Moffit [sic],
identified Terry and Michelle Whitman as the people who were
suspected of shoplifting and said the value of the property was
$1447.45.
16. Moffett also told Officer Whitefield that all the merchandise
had been recovered inside the store, and that it was valued at $1,447.45.
17. Neither Officer Whitefield nor Officer Yoxsimer conducted
any independent investigation of the alleged theft.
18. Neither officer attempted to examine the cell phones of the
Whitman’s [sic]. Neither officer entered Kohl’s or viewed where the
merchandise had been left by the Whitman’s [sic], or photographed the
merchandise, or watched videos from Kohl’s security cameras.
19. After visiting with Moffett, the officers removed Michelle
Whitman and Terry Whitman from their vehicle.
20. Terry and Michelle Whitman were under arrested [sic] for
theft. Terry Whitman was handcuffed and placed in Officer
Whitefield’s car. Michelle was handcuffed and placed in Officer
Yoxsimer’s car.
21. Officer Whitefield searched the red vehicle based on search
incident to arrest and inventory.
22. A black bag containing scales and methamphetamine was
found in the driver’s side map pocket[.]
23. A temporary driver’s license for Terry Whitman was found
in the driver’s side map pocket.
24. The number on the temporary driver’s license did not return
to Terry Whitman.
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25. Michelle had been sitting in the driver’s seat and Terry had
been seated in the front passenger’s seat.
26. A methamphetamine smoking pipe was found under the front
passenger seat.
27. The evidence is that the merchandise had not been moved
through any checkout.
28. Officer Whitefield and Officer Yoxsimer lacked probable
cause to believe that Michelle Whitman and Terry Whitman
“unlawfully appropriated” property of Kohl’s, with the intent to
“deprive” Kohl’s of its property, within the meaning of Sections 31.01
and 31.03, Texas Penal Code.
29. Because the officers lacked probable cause to arrest, the
arrests of Michelle Whitman and Terry Whitman were unlawful, in
violation of the Fourth, Fifth, and Fourteenth Amendments of the
United States Constitution, and Article 1, Sections 9 and 19 of the
Texas Constitution, and Art. 1.04, 1.06, and 14.01 Texas Code of
Criminal Procedure.
30. Because the arrests were unlawful, the attendant search and
impound inventory of the Whitman vehicle was likewise unlawful.
31. As a result of the unlawful arrest and search, all evidence
obtained as a result thereof is inadmissible, and must be suppressed,
pursuant to Art. 38.23, Texas Code of Criminal Procedure.
When a defendant seeks to suppress evidence on the basis of a Fourth
Amendment violation, the defendant initially bears the burden of proof. State v.
Martinez, 569 S.W.3d 621, 623–24 (Tex. Crim. App. 2019) (citing Russell v. State,
717 S.W.2d 7, 9–10 (Tex. Crim. App. 1986), disavowed on other grounds by
Handy v. State, 189 S.W.3d 296, 299 n.2 (Tex. Crim. App. 2006)). The defendant
meets his initial burden of proof by establishing that a search or seizure occurred
without a warrant. Id. at 624 (citing Russell, 717 S.W.2d at 9–10). If the defendant
meets this burden, the burden then shifts to the State to show the reasonableness of
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the search or seizure. Id. It is undisputed in this case that Appellee was arrested
without a warrant.
“A police officer may arrest an individual without a warrant only if probable
cause exists with respect to the individual in question, and the arrest falls within one
of the exceptions set out in the Code of Criminal Procedure.” Id. at 628 (emphasis
added) (citing Torres v. State, 182 S.W.3d 899, 901 (Tex. Crim. App. 2005); State v.
Steelman, 93 S.W.3d 102, 107 (Tex. Crim. App. 2002)). Thus, the State must show
compliance with one of the statutory exceptions for a warrantless arrest in addition
to the requirement that the warrantless arrest is supported by probable cause. See id.
at 628–30.
As noted previously, the State relies on Ford to assert that Detective
Whitefield had probable cause to arrest Appellee for theft. The Texas Court of
Criminal Appeals described the concept of probable cause in the following terms:
For an arrest to be justified under the Fourth Amendment, a
police officer must have “probable cause to believe that the suspect has
committed or is committing an offense.” Probable cause is a fluid
concept that cannot be readily reduced to a neat set of legal rules.
Although the concept evades precise definition, it involves “a
reasonable ground for belief of guilt” that is “particularized with respect
to the person to be searched or seized.” It is a greater level of suspicion
than “reasonable suspicion” but falls far short of a preponderance of the
evidence standard. If an officer has probable cause to arrest, a search
incident to arrest is valid if conducted immediately before or after a
formal arrest.
Ford, 537 S.W.3d at 23–24 (footnotes omitted). Probable cause for a warrantless
arrest may be based on an officer’s prior knowledge and personal observations, and
an officer may rely on reasonably trustworthy information provided by another
person in making the overall probable cause determination. Martinez, 569 S.W.3d
at 628 (citing Woodard, 341 S.W.3d at 412). Thus, the officer in Ford was permitted
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to rely upon the information provided to him by the store employee to determine that
probable cause existed to arrest the defendant for theft. 537 S.W.3d at 25–26.
While the circumstances in Ford are similar to the facts in this case, we
conclude that Ford is distinguishable. The defendant in Ford placed some items in
her purse and other items in her shopping cart. Id. at 24. The court concluded that
“[t]he fact that some items were visible in the cart while others were concealed in
[the defendant’s] purse caused the arresting officer to infer that [the defendant]
intended to pay for some items while concealing others.” Id. at 25.
In this case, there is no evidence that Appellee placed items in a shopping cart
separate from the merchandise that he “staged” by an exit or concealed under a chair.
Furthermore, there is no evidence that Appellee placed the items in anything other
than “a bag.” There is no evidence that the bag belonged to Appellee or if it was
provided by the store to customers for shopping. Unlike the circumstances in Ford,
there is no evidence in this case of Appellee placing merchandise in an enclosure
that he owned so as to be sufficient to show an exercise of control and constitute an
appropriation, and there is no evidence that he intended to pay for some items but
not others to show an intent to deprive. While there is evidence of concealment,
there is no evidence to support why Moffett reported to dispatch that he believed
that Appellee and the female were shoplifting. On this record, there is no evidence
to support that Detective Whitefield had probable cause to believe that Appellee
committed theft.
Moreover, Chapter Fourteen of the Code of Criminal Procedure sets out the
statutory exceptions for an officer to make a warrantless arrest. Appellee asserts on
appeal that the police officers in this case were not permitted to make a warrantless
arrest of Appellee under Article 14.01 because Appellee did not commit an offense
in the presence or in view of the police officers. See CRIM. PROC. art. 14.01 (West
2015). Appellee’s reliance on Article 14.01 is understandable because it appears to
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be the statutory exemption for a warrantless arrest that is most applicable to the facts
in this case.1 We further note that the State did not cite any of the statutory
exemptions at the hearing on the motion to suppress. See Martinez, 569 S.W.3d at
630 (noting that the State has the burden to show a statutory exception to the warrant
requirement).
Appellee did not cite Article 14.01 in his motion to suppress, and it was not
discussed at the hearing on the motion to suppress. Appellee cited Article 14.01 for
the first time in his appellate brief. If Appellee had lost on the motion to suppress,
he likely would have been precluded from relying on Article 14.01 as a basis for
challenging the trial court’s order because he would not have preserved error on the
complaint as required by TEX. R. APP. P. 33.1. See Douds v. State, 472 S.W.3d 670,
674 (Tex. Crim. App. 2015) (Fourth Amendment complaint not preserved for
appellate review as required by Rule 33.1). However, a different rule applies
because Appellee prevailed on the motion to suppress. If the trial court’s ruling is
correct on any theory of law applicable to that ruling and is reasonably supported by
the record, we uphold that decision. State v. Ross, 32 S.W.3d 853, 856 (Tex. Crim.
App. 2000); see Gallups v. State, 151 S.W.3d 196, 199 (Tex. Crim. App. 2004)
(noting that this rule is “well-settled”). “Our task, then, is to determine whether the
trial court could have reasonably [granted Appellee’s] motion to suppress given the
record evidence and given the applicable federal and state law.” Armendariz v. State,
123 S.W.3d 401, 404 (Tex. Crim. App. 2003).
By its express terms, a warrantless arrest under Article 14.01 must be
committed within the arresting officer’s presence or view. “An offense is deemed
to have occurred within the presence or view of an officer when any of his senses
afford him an awareness of its occurrence.” Steelman, 93 S.W.3d at 107 (citing
1
The statutory exception for a warrantless arrest that is set out in Article 14.04 is inapplicable
because the alleged theft was not a felony. See CRIM. PROC. art. 14.04.
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Clark v. State, 35 S.W.2d 420, 422 (Tex. Crim. App. 1931)); see Amador v. State,
275 S.W.3d 872, 878 (Tex. Crim. App. 2009) (citing Steelman).
As noted previously, the State asserts that Appellee completed the theft prior
to leaving the store. However, there is no evidence or finding that Appellee
committed the alleged theft in the presence or view of the arresting officers; the
officers were outside the store, and Appellee is alleged to have completed the theft
inside the store.2 In this regard, the trial court found that Moffett told Detective
Whitefield that all of the merchandise had been recovered inside the store before
Detective Whitefield arrested Appellee for theft. Accordingly, Appellee did not
commit the alleged theft in the presence or view of the officers. Furthermore, there
is no evidence or finding by the trial court of any of the other statutory exceptions
for a warrantless arrest.
The State asserts an alternative ground to justify a search of Appellee’s
vehicle. The State contends that the police officers had probable cause to search the
car for evidence of theft. See Marcopoulos v. State, 538 S.W.3d 596, 599 (Tex.
Crim. App. 2017) (“The automobile exception allows for the warrantless search of
an automobile ‘if it is readily mobile and there is probable cause to believe that it
contains contraband.’” (quoting Keehn v. State, 279 S.W.3d 330, 335 (Tex. Crim.
App. 2009))). Specifically, the State asserts that “[i]t is entirely possible that they
could have hidden store merchandise on their persons and made it out of the store.”
However, the record and findings by the trial court do not support this contention.
The trial court found that the police officers searched the vehicle as a search incident
to arrest and inventory after the officers arrested Appellee for theft. Furthermore,
the trial court specifically found that all of the allegedly stolen merchandise had been
2
The Texas Court of Criminal Appeals did not address Article 14.01 in Ford. However, the
defendant in Ford obviously committed the alleged offense of theft in the officer’s presence or view because
the officer encountered her in the store with the allegedly stolen merchandise in her possession. Ford, 537
S.W.3d at 20–21.
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recovered prior to Appellee’s arrest and the search of his car. While there is
testimony from Detective Whitefield that there may have been stolen merchandise
inside of the car, the trial court did not make a finding to this effect. Accordingly,
we disagree that the officers conducted a search of the vehicle under the automobile
exception.
We overrule the State’s sole issue on appeal.
This Court’s Ruling
We affirm the order of the trial court in each cause.
JOHN M. BAILEY
CHIEF JUSTICE
February 21, 2020
Publish. See TEX. R. APP. P. 47.2(b).
Panel consists of: Bailey, C.J.,
Stretcher, J., and Wright, S.C.J.3
Willson, J., not participating.
3
Jim R. Wright, Senior Chief Justice (Retired), Court of Appeals, 11th District of Texas at Eastland,
sitting by assignment.
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