If this opinion indicates that it is “FOR PUBLICATION,” it is subject to
revision until final publication in the Michigan Appeals Reports.
STATE OF MICHIGAN
COURT OF APPEALS
LEWIS A. ZAJAC, UNPUBLISHED
March 24, 2020
Claimant-Appellee,
v No. 345580
Lapeer Circuit Court
DEPARTMENT OF LABOR AND ECONOMIC LC No. 2018-051853-AE
OPPORTUNITY/UNEMPLOYMENT
INSURANCE AGENCY, formerly known as
DEPARTMENT OF LABOR AND ECONOMIC
DEVELOPMENT/UNEMPLOYMENT
INSURANCE AGENCY,
Appellant,
and
CHAMPION BUS, INC.,
Appellee.
Before: RONAYNE KRAUSE, P.J., and K. F. KELLY and TUKEL, JJ.
RONAYNE KRAUSE, P.J. (dissenting.)
I respectfully dissent. I conclude that the trial court properly found that the ALJ and MCAC
clearly applied a wrong legal principle. I would affirm.
I. BASIC FACTS AND PROCEDURAL HISTORY
Much of the evidence in this matter is testimonial, and as the majority outlines, some of
that testimony is consistent, whereas some of it is not. Claimant worked for Champion Bus, Inc.
(Champion), from 2013 through 2017. On June 16, 2017, claimant was working as the lamination
team lead, building buses for Champion. It appears that claimant had a lengthy history of being
argumentative, but apparently this had never been considered cause for disciplinary warnings or
action. Claimant’s supervisor, Dustin Pennington, had been working for Champion for less than
two weeks and had been claimant’s supervisor for approximately three days. At some point during
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that afternoon, Pennington directed claimant to bring an additional bus into the production area.
Claimant refused, stating that the production line had become “jammed up” and that it was
impossible to fulfill Pennington’s request. A confrontation between the two men ensued, and—at
this point—their factual accounts diverge.
According to claimant, he attempted to explain why Pennington’s order was impossible to
fulfill and that Pennington would need to explain to claimant how to achieve it. Claimant initially
tried to walk away from Pennington, only to have Pennington follow and “cut claimant off” by
getting in front of claimant and blocking claimant’s path. Pennington then became angry and
aggressive toward claimant. Claimant then left the situation and proceeded directly to the HR
department. Two Champion employees, Michael Brown and Christopher Vyt, witnessed the
confrontation at some distance. Neither of them could hear what was said between claimant and
Pennington. However, they both generally confirmed claimant’s, and not Pennington’s, version
of what physical events occurred: claimant initially walked away, Pennington followed, and then
Pennington got in front of claimant. Brown believed moving the bus into the production area
would have been impossible, Vyt was “not too sure about that.” At HR, claimant spoke with HR
assistant Robin Pape. Pape testified that claimant felt harassed by Pennington, and “then also he
made some reference to next time it happens with [claimant] and him it – [claimant] may not be
as nice next time, but he said he would never act on that.”
Pennington testified that when he instructed claimant to bring the bus into the production
area, claimant “became very upset,” stated that “it was not going to happen.” Claimant proceeded
to advise Pennington that claimant believed Pennington ignorant of shop operations. Pennington
testified that he and claimant walked side-by-side to a podium, at which point claimant turned in
front of Pennington. Claimant then warned Pennington not to try to cut him off, because “that’s
going to piss me off and it won’t be very good.” Pennington felt threatened due to claimant’s large
size and serious demeanor. Pennington then left and also proceeded directly to the HR department.
Pennington reported claimant’s threat to HR manager Carolee Ehrke. Ehrke testified that “there
was nothing to investigate in terms of why [claimant] refused to do the job” and that claimant had
primarily been terminated due to Champion’s zero-tolerance policy regarding threats.
Confusingly, Ehrke admitted that claimant denied making any threats, but also testified that
claimant had admitted to making a threat but that he “didn’t really mean it.”
While claimant was speaking with Pape, Ehrke entered the office and informed claimant
he was suspended until further notice pending an investigation into his threat against Pennington.
Pennington testified that bringing in the additional bus could be achieved by moving the busses
into three lanes, and he successfully did so with the assistance of most of the production team on
the following day. Claimant, however, emphasized in his testimony that bringing the bus in was
possible as a general matter and he had done so many times previously, but it was impossible to
do immediately when Pennington gave him the instruction. On June 19, 2017, Ehrke informed
claimant by telephone that Champion was terminating his employment. A few days later, claimant
received a termination letter, signed by Pape, stating he had been terminated for making threats
and failing to follow directions.
Claimant sought benefits from the Michigan Unemployment Insurance Agency (Agency).
Initially, the agency determined that claimant had not committed misconduct and was, therefore,
not disqualified from receiving benefits. Champion appealed this determination and a hearing was
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held before an administrative law judge (ALJ). Over the course of several days, the ALJ heard
testimony by telephone regarding the circumstances concerning the termination of claimant’s
employment. The ALJ issued a written decision finding that claimant had threatened Pennington
and failed to follow Pennington’s directions. Together these actions, the ALJ concluded,
constituted misconduct that disqualified claimant from receiving unemployment benefits.
Claimant appealed the ALJ’s decision to the MCAC. Denying claimant’s request for written
argument, the MCAC determined that “the ALJ’s findings of fact accurately reflect the evidence
introduced during the hearing. The ALJ properly applied the law to those facts. It is our opinion
that the ALJ’s decision should be affirmed.”
Claimant next appealed the MCAC’s decision to the Lapeer Circuit Court. After oral
argument by claimant and the DLEO, the circuit court reversed the MCAC’s decision. In its
opinion, the circuit court found the ALJ erred in relying on the testimony of Pape and Ehrke in
determining that claimant threatened Pennington. The circuit court also determined the ALJ and
MCAC were incorrect in concluding that claimant’s behavior constituted misconduct disqualifying
claimant from receiving unemployment benefits. This appeal ensued.
II. STANDARD OF REVIEW AND PROCEDURAL PRINCIPLES
Under the Michigan Employment Security Act, MCL 421.1 et seq., “an individual is
disqualified from receiving benefits if he or she: . . . [w]as suspended or discharged for misconduct
connected with the individual’s work . . .” MCL 421.29(1)(b). After a hearing before an ALJ and
review by the MCAC, a party can appeal the administrative determination concerning whether he
or she is disqualified from receiving unemployment benefits to the circuit court. MCL 421.38.
The circuit court’s task on appeal from the MCAC is two-fold: to determine (a) whether the
MCAC’s affirmation of the ALJ’s decision was supported by “competent, material, and substantial
evidence on the whole record,” MCL 421.38(1), and (b) “whether the MCAC operated within the
correct legal framework.” Lawrence v Mich Unemployment Ins Agency, 320 Mich App 422, 435;
906 NW2d 482 (2017). “Substantial evidence is that which a reasonable mind would accept as
adequate to support a decision, being more than a mere scintilla, but less than a preponderance of
the evidence.” VanZandt v State Employees’ Retirement Sys, 266 Mich App 579, 584; 701 NW2d
214 (2005) (quotation marks and citation omitted). Similarly, “Evidence is competent, material,
and substantial if a reasoning mind would accept it as sufficient to support a conclusion.” City of
Romulus v Mich Dep’t of Environmental Quality, 260 Mich App 54, 63; 678 NW2d 444 (2003).
The circuit court may not substitute its judgment for that of the MCAC and is required to
affirm unless the ALJ and MCAC made an error of law or drew a factual conclusion unsupported
by the requisite quantum of evidence. Hodge v United States Security Ass’n, 497 Mich 189, 193-
194; 859 NW2d 683 (2015); Boyd v Civil Serv Comm, 220 Mich App 226, 232; 559 NW2d 342
(1996). Although the MCAC’s factual findings are entitled to great deference, they are only
conclusive if “any competent evidence” supports those findings. Brackett v Focus Hope, Inc, 482
Mich 269, 275; 753 NW2d 207 (2008). The factual deference owed to the MCAC and to the ALJ
is not absolute, and the trial court is not a mere “rubber stamp” capable of nothing more than the
illusion of review. See In re CW, unpublished opinion per curiam of the Court of Appeals, issued
February 16, 2010, (Docket No. 292866) slip op at dissent p 3 (SHAPIRO, J, dissenting), cited as
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the basis for reversing by our Supreme Court 488 Mich 935, 935-936; 790 NW2d 383 (2010).1 It
stands to reason that the MCAC’s decision cannot be reviewed without also undertaking some
degree of review of the ALJ’s decision. If the circuit court has no “latitude and discretion” to
substantively consider the ALJ’s factual determinations, then there is really no point to judicial
review at all. See Greene v Greene, 357 Mich 196, 205; 98 NW2d 519 (1959).
We effectively review the circuit court’s review of an administrative determination for
clear error. See Braska v Challenge Mfg Co, 307 Mich App 340, 351-352; 861 NW2d 289 (2014).
Under this standard, “the circuit court’s legal conclusions are reviewed de novo and its factual
findings are reviewed for clear error.” Id. at 352 (citation omitted). “A finding is clearly erroneous
where, after reviewing the record, this Court is left with the definite and firm conviction that a
mistake has been made.” VanZandt, 266 Mich App at 585. Under the clear error standard, we
will affirm if the trial court’s determination “is plausible in light of the record viewed in its
entirety.” Beason v Beason, 435 Mich 791, 803; 460 NW2d 207 (1990).
III. ANALYSIS
The DLEO asserts that the circuit court misapplied the standard of review when reviewing
the MCAC’s decision and impermissibly replaced the findings of fact made by the ALJ, and
affirmed by the MCAC, with its own reasoning. I disagree.
It is not disputed that claimant was terminated on the basis of misconduct. “Misconduct,”
as the term is used in MCL 421.29(1)(b),
is limited to conduct evincing such willful or wanton disregard of an employer’s
interests as is found in deliberate violations or disregard of standards of behavior
which the employer has the right to expect of his employee, or in carelessness or
negligence of such degree or recurrence as to manifest equal culpability, wrongful
intent or evil design, or to show an intentional and substantial disregard of the
employer's interests or of the employee’s duties and obligations to his employer.
On the other hand mere inefficiency, unsatisfactory conduct, failure in good
performance as the result of inability or incapacity, inadvertencies or ordinary
negligence in isolated instances, or good-faith errors in judgment or discretion are
not to be deemed “misconduct” within the meaning of the statute. [Carter v Mich
Employment Security Comm, 364 Mich 538, 541; 111 NW2d 817 (1961) (quotation
omitted); see also Hodge, 497 Mich at 192 n 1.]
The alleged misconduct in this matter consists of claimant refusing to carry out a “reasonable”
order followed by making a clear threat, which does necessarily constitute misconduct. Carter,
1
Peremptory orders from our Supreme Court are binding, even if they can only be understood by
reference to other opinions. Woodring v Phoenix Ins Co, 325 Mich App 108, 115; 923 NW2d 607
(2018). Although In re CW involved review under the “arbitrary and capricious” standard, I
understand it to stand for the principle that review of administrative agency decisions necessarily
includes some amount of actual review.
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364 Mich at 541-542. Importantly, the burden of proving misconduct is on the employer. Fresta
v Miller, 7 Mich App 58, 63-64; 151 NW2d 181 (1967).
As an initial matter, the testimony strongly suggested that the primary basis for claimant’s
termination was the threat. The ALJ was certainly empowered to choose to believe Pennington
over claimant and the two disinterested eyewitnesses regarding the actual events that transpired.
However, claimant’s termination for making a threat was based on Ehrke’s belief that claimant
violated Champion’s zero-tolerance policy. Even accepting the truth of that belief at face value,
which the ALJ may do, it is legal error to conclude that claimant committed misconduct on that
basis alone. Because certain conduct might be defined as a “threat” by a company’s zero-tolerance
policy, it does not necessarily make it misconduct within the meaning of MCL 421.29(1)(b).2 See
Hagenbuch v Plainwell Paper Co, Inc, 153 Mich App 834, 837-838; 396 NW2d 556 (1986);
Broyles v Aeroquip Corp, 176 Mich App 175, 178-180; 438 NW2d 888 (1989). Furthermore, I
believe the trial court was correct to observe that just because a statement is perceived as a threat
does not necessarily prove that it was intended as a threat and was made willfully or recklessly.
Carter clearly calls for an analysis of the employee’s conduct from the employee’s perspective,
not how that conduct is interpreted by others. It follows that merely because an employee breaks
their employer’s rule, that does not conclusively establish that the employee disregarded the
employer’s interests willfully and wantonly.
Furthermore, refusal to carry out an impossible task cannot be misconduct. Furthermore,
the statutory definition of misconduct necessarily implies bad faith. The ALJ observed that
Pennington was eventually able to get the bus into the production area. However, under the
particular circumstances of this case, that does not tend to show that Pennington’s order was not
impossible. The evidence uniformly established that claimant consistently maintained that
bringing in the bus was impossible at the time, an opinion supported by one of the disinterested
witnesses. What the ALJ failed to recognize was that the movement of the bus was accomplished
the next day, not on the date in question, after significant rearrangement of the busses had taken
place. Furthermore, even if claimant was mistaken, if he genuinely believed Pennington had given
him an impossible order, his refusal to carry out that order could not be “misconduct.” There is
simply no evidence, not even a scintilla, tending to show that claimant was incorrect at the time.
Because the burden of proof is on the employer, the ALJ and MCAC unambiguously applied a
wrong legal principle in finding that claimant committed misconduct by refusing to bring in the
bus as ordered.
I do not find that the trial court improperly substituted its judgment for that of the ALJ and
MCAC. The trial court accepted the facts as found by the ALJ to the extent those facts had any
actual evidentiary support. Rather, the trial court properly found that the ALJ and MCAC clearly
applied a wrong legal principle by effectively placing the burden of disproving misconduct on
claimant, presuming that a rule violation constituted misconduct per se, and totally failing to
consider the significance of impossibility at the moment versus impossibility at some other time.
2
Zero-tolerance policies might be warranted for any number of reasons, but they definitionally
exclude any consideration of context. Therefore, they are of little relevance to the context-based
inquiry necessary to determine whether a particular action constitutes misconduct.
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The trial court appropriately did not attempt to substitute its judgment for that of the ALJ and
MCAC, and it instead remanded for further consideration of the facts on the basis of a corrected
apprehension of the applicable legal principles. I would affirm.
/s/ Amy Ronayne Krause
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